StressSignalinginPlants

賈文鎖中國農業大學當前第1頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第2頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第3頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第4頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點一

“感知”和“反應”

——生物生存和發展的基礎

當前第5頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第6頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第7頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點

敏感植物當前第8頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第9頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第10頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第11頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點

一般植物當前第12頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第13頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第14頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點Rain,Wind,andTouch-InducedExpressionofCalmodulinandCalmodulin-RelatedGenesinArabidopsis

Cell

60,357-364,1990當前第15頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第16頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點二“刺激/逆境”——“反應/應答”當前第17頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點1.形態、解剖當前第18頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點ClusterRoots當前第19頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點2.整體生理當前第20頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第21頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點生命周期—短命菊當前第22頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點3.細胞生理及生化(1)解毒機制(2)自由基清除(3)區隔化機制(4)代謝調控(5)滲透調節(6)保水機制(7)結構避損機制(8)修復機制當前第23頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點滲透調節脯氨酸甜菜堿山梨醇海藻糖當前第24頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點保護酶系統與自由基清楚劑游離的帶有不成對電子的分子、原子或離子當前第25頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第26頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第27頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點區隔化機制當前第28頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點結構避損機制當前第29頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點功能蛋白代謝調控蛋白（滲透調控系統，保護酶）Lea蛋白（Late-Embryogenesis-AbundantProtein）通道蛋白：離子通道，水通道熱擊蛋白：親水，保護酶活損傷修復蛋白調節蛋白信號蛋白轉錄因子當前第30頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第31頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點基因功能蛋白基因調節蛋白基因當前第32頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第33頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點應答反應與傷害反應當前第34頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點三

信號系統與信號組分當前第35頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點CellularSinglingSystem?當前第36頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第37頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點細胞信號系統當前第38頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點1Receptor/Sensor2.SecondMessenger3.ProteinKinase4.ProteinPhosphatase5.G-protein6.TranscriptionFactor7.Ubiquitination8.MethylationSignalComponents當前第39頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點(1)Receptor/Sensor?當前第40頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第41頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第42頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第43頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點Receptortyrosinekinase

當前第44頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點

細胞內受體當前第45頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點ExamplesofPhytohormoneRecepor

andSignalTransduction當前第46頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第47頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點ABAReceptor

當前第48頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第49頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點BRI1isamembrane-associatedreceptorthatcyclesbetweentheplasmamembraneandendosomalcompartments.Theextracellularleucine-richrepeatdomainbindsbrassinosteroidsandtransducesthesignalthroughanintracellularkinasedomain.GTG1andGTG2areGPCR-typeGproteinsthatbindabscisicacid.TheyhaveinherentGTPaseactivitybutalsointeractwiththeonlycanonicalGsubunitinArabidopsis.PYR1/RCAR1isasolubleABAreceptorthatrepressesPP2CphosphatasesinthepresenceofABA.ThecytokininreceptorsCRE1,AHK2andAHK3areplasma-membrane-associatedandperceivecytokininthroughtheirextracellulardomains.Cytokininbindingtriggersaphosphorylationcascadethatisultimatelytransmittedtoresponseregulatorsinthenucleus.Likethecytokininreceptors,theknownethylenereceptorsaretwo-componentregulators.AllfivereceptorsareactiveintheendoplasmicreticulumandtransmittheirsignalthroughacommondownstreamcomponentcalledCTR1.TIR1andCOI1areF-boxproteinsthatareintegralcomponentsofSCF-typeE3ligasesandrecognizetheplanthormonesauxinandjasmonicacidrespectively.GID1isanuclear-localizedreceptorforgibberellins.GibberellinbindingtoGID1resultsintheenhanceddegradationDELLAproteins

當前第50頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第51頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點自由基信號轉導當前第52頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第53頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點(3)ReversibleProteinPhosphorylaton

當前第54頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第55頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第56頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第57頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點(4)TranscriptionFactors當前第58頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點

泛素(ubiquitin)是一種存在于大多數真核細胞中的小蛋白。它的主要功能是標記需要分解掉的蛋白質，使其被水解。當附有泛素的蛋白質移動到桶狀的蛋白酶的時候，蛋白酶就會將該蛋白質水解。也可能被轉移到細胞或細胞外的特定部位，也有可能導致靶蛋白的功能發生變化。泛素76個氨基酸組成，分子量大約8.5KDUbiquitination

當前第59頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第60頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第61頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點四細胞逆境信息傳遞——

舉例介紹當前第62頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點鹽脅迫和營養脅迫—

離子通道的調節當前第63頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第64頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第65頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點Figure12.FreezingandDroughtToleranceofthe35S:DREB1Aband35S:DREB1AcTransgenicPlants.

Control,3-week-oldplantsgrowingundernormalconditions;freezingstress,plantsexposedtoatemperatureof-6°Cfor2daysandreturnedto22°Cfor5days;droughtstress,waterwithheldfromplantsfor2weeks.Percentagesofsurvivingplantsandnumbersofsurvivingplantspertotalnumberoftestedplantsareindicatedunderthephotographs.wt,wildtype.

當前第66頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點HistoryofAbscisicAcid(ABA)

In1963,abscisicacidwasfirstidentifiedandcharacterizedbyFrederickAddicottandhisassociates.Theywerestudyingcompoundsresponsiblefortheabscissionoffruits(cotton).TwocompoundswereisolatedandcalledabscisinIandabscisinII.AbscisinIIispresentlycalledabscisicacid(ABA)(Addicot,1963).Twoothergroupsataboutthesametimediscoveredthesamecompound.OnegroupheadedbyPhilipWareingwasstudyingbuddormancyinwoodyplants.TheothergroupledbyVanSteveninckwasstudyingabscissionofflowersandfruitsfromlupine.Plantphysiologistsagreedtocallthecompoundabscisicacid(SalisburyandRoss,1992).

當前第67頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第68頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點SignalingFromWaterStressSensingtoABAAccumulation

當前第69頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點五系統逆境信息傳遞SystematicSignalinginPlantsorlong-distancesignaling,orintercellularsignaling當前第70頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第71頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第72頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點RootToShootSignalingUnderWaterDeficitCondition當前第73頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第74頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第75頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第76頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第77頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點pHSignaling當前第78頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第79頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點Image2.PseduColorRatio-imagesofpHindicatorBCECF

insunflowerstemandleafvascularsystempHindicatorBCECFwasloadedintothevascularsystemofanindividualsunflowerplantandimageswereacquiredasdescribedin‘MaterialandMethod’.A,vascularsystematstembase;B,vascularsystematmidribofleafblade.

Image3.PseduColorRatio-imagesShowingtheEffectoftranspirationrateonleafapoplasticpHofCommelinacommunisL.

pHindicatorNERFwasfirstloadedintointactplantthroughrootsystem,thentheplantswereallowedtotranspirefor1hundereither35%or85%humidity,followingwhichfluorescenceimageswereacquiredasdescribedin‘MaterialandMethod’.AandB,transpirationat35%humidity;CandD,transpirationat85%humidity.當前第80頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點Image3.PseduColorRatio-imagesShowingtheEffectoftranspirationrateonleafapoplasticpHofCommelinacommunisL.pHindicatorNERFwasfirstloadedintointactplantthroughrootsystem,thentheplantswereallowedtotranspirefor1hundereither35%or85%humidity,followingwhichfluorescenceimageswereacquiredasdescribedin‘MaterialandMethod’.AandB,transpirationat35%humidity;CandD,transpirationat85%humidity.當前第81頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點干旱條件下ABA可以作為長距離傳遞信號使植物產生系統抗逆性當前第82頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第83頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點SystematicSignalingofLargeMolecularSignals當前第84頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點當前第85頁\共有91頁\編于星期四\2點Fig.3.Newmodelforthephotoperiodresponseinplants.(A)ThepictureontheleftrepresentsthecurrentlyacceptedmodelforArabidopsis,inwhichlight-activatedCOovercomesthetemperature-dependentinhibitionfromFLCandinducestheexpressionofFTinthephloemcompanioncells.FTismovedtothephloemandchannelledtotheapicalmeristemwhereitbindstoFDandthecomplexisrecruitedintothenucleus.FT–FDbindstot