地質工程專業英語地質工程專業英語32/32PAGE32地質工程專業英語地質工程專業英語1地形地貌geographicandgeomorphic工程地質條件engineeringgeologicalconditions地形地貌條件geographicandgeomorphicconditions地形landform地貌geomorphology,relief微地貌microrelief地貌單元landformunit,geomorphicunit坡度grade地形圖reliefmap河谷rivervalley河道rivercourse河床riverbed(channel)沖溝gully,gulley,erosiongully,stream(brook)河漫灘floodplain(valleyflat)階地terrace沖積平原alluvialplain三角洲delta古河道fossilrivercourse,fossilstreamchannel沖積扇alluvialfan洪積扇diluvialfan坡積裙talusapron分水嶺divide盆地basin巖溶地貌karstlandfeature,karstlandform溶洞solutioncave,karstcave落水洞sinkhole土洞Karsticearthcave2地層巖性地層geostrome(stratum,strata)巖性lithologiccharacter,rockproperty巖體rockmass巖層bedstratum巖層layer,rockstratum母巖matrix,parentrock相變facieschange硬質巖strongrock,film軟質巖weakrock硬質的competent軟質的incompetent基巖bedrock巖組petrofabric覆蓋層overburden交錯層理crossbedding層面beddingplane片理schistosity層理bedding板理（葉理）foliation波痕ripple-mark泥痕mudcrack雨痕raindropimprints造巖礦物rock-formingminerals粘土礦物claymineral高嶺土 kaolinite蒙脫石montmorillonite伊利石illite云母mica白云母muscovite黑云母biotite石英quartz長石feldspar正長石orthoclase斜長石plagioclase輝石pyroxene,picrite角閃石hornblende方解石calcite構造structure結構texture組構fabric(tissue)礦物組成mineralcomposition結晶質crystalline非晶質amorphous產狀attitude火成巖igneous巖漿巖magmaticrock火山巖（熔巖）lava火山volcano侵入巖intrusive(invade)rock噴出巖effusiverock深成巖plutonicrock淺成巖pypabysalrock酸性巖acidrock中性巖inter-mediaterock基性巖basicrock超基性巖ultrabasicrock巖基rockbase(batholith)巖脈（墻）dike巖株rockstock巖流rockflow巖蓋rocklaccolith(laccolite)巖盆rocklopolith巖墻rockdike巖床rocksill巖脈veindyke花崗巖granite斑巖porphyry玢巖porphyrite流紋巖rhyolite正長巖syenite粗面巖trachyte閃長巖diorite安山巖andesite輝長巖gabbro玄武巖basalt細晶巖aplite偉晶巖pegmatite煌斑巖lamprophyre輝綠巖diabase橄欖巖dunite黑曜巖obsidian浮巖pumice火山角礫巖vulcanicbreccia火山集塊巖volcanicagglomerate凝灰巖 tuff沉積巖sedimentaryrock碎屑巖clasticrock粘土巖clayrock粉砂質粘土巖siltyclaystone化學巖chemicalrock生物巖biolith礫巖conglomerate角礫巖breccia砂巖sandstone石英砂巖quartzsandstone粉砂巖siltstone鈣質粉砂巖calcareoussiltstone泥巖mudstone頁巖shale鹽巖saline石灰巖limestone白云巖dolomite泥灰巖marl泥鈣巖argillo-calcareous泥砂巖argillo-arenaceous砂質arenaceous泥質argillaceous硅質的siliceous有機質organicmatter粗粒coarsegrain中粒medium-grained沉積物 sediment(deposit)漂石、頑石boulder卵石cobble礫石gravel砂sand粉土silt粘土clay粘粒 claygrain砂質粘土sandyclay粘質砂土clayeysand壤土、亞粘土loam砂壤土、亞砂土輕亞粘土sandyloam浮土、表土regolith(topsoil)黃土loess紅土laterite泥灰 peat軟泥 ooze淤泥mire,oozedmud,sludge,warpclay沖積物（層）alluvion沖積的alluvial洪積物（層）proluvium,diluvium,diluvion洪積的 diluvial坡積物（層） deluvium殘積物（層） eluvium殘積的 eluvial風積物（層） eoliandeposits湖積物（層） lakedeposits海積物（層） marinedeposits冰川沉積物（層）glacier(drift)deposits崩積物（層）colluvialdeposits,colluvium殘積粘土residualclay變質巖metamorphicrock板巖slate千枚巖phyllite片巖schist片麻巖gneiss石英巖quartzite大理巖marble糜棱巖mylonite混合巖migmatite碎裂巖cataclasite3地質構造地質構造geologicstructure結構構造structuraltexture大地構造geotectonic構造運動tectogenesis造山運動orogeny升降運動verticalmovement水平運動horizontalmovement完整性perfection(integrity)起伏度waviness尺寸效應sizeeffect圍壓效應confiningpressureeffect產狀要素elementsofattitude產狀attitude,orientation走向strike傾向dip傾角dipangle,angleofdip褶皺fold褶曲fold單斜monocline向斜syncline背斜anticline穹隆dome擠壓squeeze上盤uppersection下盤bottomwall,footwall,lowerwall斷距separation相交intersect斷層fault正斷層normalfault逆斷層reversedfault平移斷層parallelfault層理bedding,stratification微層理lightstratification地塹graben地壘horst,faultridge斷層泥gouge,pug,selvage,faultgouge擦痕stria,striation斷裂fracture破碎帶fracturezone節理joint節理組jointset裂隙fissure,crack微裂隙finefissure,microscopicfissure劈理cleavage原生裂隙originaljoint次生裂隙epigeneticjoint張裂隙tensionjoint剪裂隙shearjoint卸荷裂隙reliefcrack裂隙率fractureporosity結構類型structuralpattern巖體結構rockmassstructure巖塊blockmass結構體structuralelement塊度blockness結構面structuralplane軟弱結構面weakplane臨空面freeface碎裂結構cataclastictexture板狀結構platystructure薄板狀lamellose塊狀的lumpy,massive層狀的laminated巨厚層giantthick-laminated薄層狀的finelylaminated軟弱夾層weakintercalatedlayer夾層interbedding,intercalatedbed,interlayer,intermediatelayer夾泥層clayeyintercalation夾泥inter-clay連通性connectivity切層insequent影響帶affectingzone完整性integrityn.Integratev.&a.degreeofintegrality破碎crumble膠結cement泥化argillization尖滅taper-out錯動diastrophism錯動層面faultedbeddingplane斷續的intermittent破碎crumble共軛節理conjugatedjoint散狀loose透鏡狀的lens-shapeda.巖石碎片crag巖屑cuttings,debris薄膜membrane,film層理stratification高角度highdipangle緩傾角lowdipangle反傾anti-dip互層interbedv.Interbeddingn.起伏的unplanar波狀起伏的undulate,undulating粒徑particlesize構造層tectonosphere擠壓compression均一的homogeneous剪切錯動面shearfaulted,beddingzone切割dissection切割的dissected致密close,compact構造巖tectonite糜棱巖mylonite斷層角礫巖faultbreccia方解石脈calcitevein碎塊巖clasticrock角礫breccia巖粉rockpowder巖屑debris,debry固結consolidation定向排列orientedspread構造應力tectonicstress殘余應力residualstress4水文地質條件hydrogeologicalconditions水文循環hydrologiccycle大氣圈atmosphere水圈hydrosphere巖石圈geosphere地表徑流surfacerunoff地下徑流subsurfacerunoff流域valley,drainagebasin流域面積drainagearea,riverbasinarea匯水面積catchmentarea地下水groundwater,subsurfacewater地表水surfacewater大氣水atmosphericwater氣態水aqueous(vapour)water液態水liquidwater固態水solidwater上層滯水perchedwater潛水phreaticwater承壓水confinedwater吸著水hygroscopic(adsorptive)water介質medium空隙void孔隙水壓力porewaterpressure滲透壓力osmoticpressure,seepageforce揚壓力upliftpressure靜水壓力hydrostaticpressure外靜水壓力externalhydrostaticpressure動水壓力hydrodynamicpressure滲透力seepagepressure外水壓力externalwaterpressure內水壓力internalwaterpressure水力聯系hydraulicinterrelation水力折減系數hydraulicreductioncoefficient水頭損失waterheadloss滲透途徑filtrationpath,seepagepath滲透系數penetrationcoefficient潛水位watertablelevel水位waterlevel,stagelevel水頭waterhead含水層aquifer弱含水層（弱透水層）aquitard滯水層aquiclude透水層permeablelayer,perviouslayer不透水層（隔水層）aquifuge,imperviouslayer,impermeablelayer,aquiclude潛水含水層phreaticaquifer承壓含水層confinedaquifer,artesianaquifer承壓面bearingsurface潛水面phreaticsurface,watertable浸潤線phreaticcurve不透水邊界imperviousboundary地下分水嶺groundwaterridge粘滯性viscosity富水性abundance透水性（滲透性）permeability淋濾（溶濾作用）lixiviation,leaching反濾層invertedgravelfilter水銹incrustation滲滴seep飽和saturation,saturated潛水位變化帶zoneofvariablephreaticlevel氣象因素meteorologicalfactor飽水帶zoneofsaturation包氣帶aerationzone,zoneofaeration包氣帶水aerationzonewater上層滯水perchedwater孔隙水porewater裂隙水fissurewater巖溶水karsticwater結合水boundwater,combinedwater吸著水hydroscopicwater薄膜水pellicularwater毛細水capillarywater重力水gravitationalwater凝結水condensationwater地下水埋藏條件conditionofgroundwateroccurrence地下水埋藏深度depthofgroundwateroccurrence壓水試驗packerpermeabilitytest抽水試驗pumpingtest5物理力學性質物理力學 physicalmechanicsn. Physico-mechanicala.屈服準則yieldcriteria米賽斯屈服準則VonMisesyieldcriteria朗肯土壓力理論Ranking’searthpressuretheory劍橋模型 Cambridgemodel,Cam-model鄧肯-張模型 Duncan-changmodel本構方程 constitutiveequation局部剪切破壞 localshearfailure整體剪切破壞 generalshearfailure巖體完整性指數intactnessindexofrockmass安全系數 factorofsafety埋深 embedmentdepth試件 coupons撓度 deflection里氏震級 Richterscale設計烈度 designintensity基本烈度 basicintensity場地烈度 siteintensity地震烈度 seismicintensity,intensityscale卓越周期 predominantperiod持力層 sustainedyield超載 surcharge圍巖壓力 surroundingrockstress附加壓力 superimposedstress應力松弛 stressrelaxation應力路逕 stresspath卸荷unload滲透率 specificpermeability飽和度 degreeofsaturation含水量 moisturecontent平均粒徑 meandiameter顆粒 grain,granule,particle顆粒級配 distributionofgrain-size, graincomposition,sizedistribution級配 graduation,grain-sizedistribution,gradation,grading粒度 coarsenessgrainsize,granularity,lump不均勻系數coefficientofnon-uniformity, variationcoefficient,variationfactor顆粒分級 gradation,sizegrading孔隙水porewater孔隙比 voidratio(ration)空隙率 airvoids孔隙率 porosity裂隙率 crackity溶隙率 karstity密度density重度 unitweight,bulkweight浮重度 buoyantunitweight折減系數reductionfactor壓力消散dissipationofpressure抗力系數coefficientofresistance軟化系數softeningcoefficient含水量watercontent稠度consistency塑限 plasticlimit液限 liquidlimit塑性指數 plasticityindex液性指數 liquidityindex流變rheological蠕變creep塑性 plastic脆性 brittleness(fragility)粘性 stickness剛性 rigidity彈性的elastic粘彈性viso-elasticity彈塑性elasto-plasticity壓縮性compressibility均質性 homogeneity非均質性 nonhomogeneity(heterogeneity)各向同性 isotropy各向異性 anisotropy總應力totalstress有效應力effectivestress超孔隙水壓力excessporepressure孔隙水壓力porewaterpressure抗壓強度 compressivestrength抗拉強度 tensilestrength抗剪強度shearstrength不排水抗剪強度undrainedshearstrenght峰值抗剪強度 peaksharestrength長期抗剪強度 long-termshearstrength殘余抗剪強度 residualshearstrength負摩擦力 negativeskinfriction,dragdown摩擦角angleoffriction內摩擦角 angleofinternalfriction外摩擦角 angleofexternalfriction內聚力 cohesion粘聚力cohesion假凝聚力 pseudo-cohesion粘著力adhesion摩爾圓Mohr’scircle包絡線envelope休止角angleofrepose,angleoffriction(repose,rest),reposeangle峰值peak模量modulus彈性模量modulusofelasticity，Young’smodulus,elasticmodulus壓縮模量modulusofcompressibility變形模量modulusofdeformation卸荷模量 unloadingmodulus切線模量 tangentmodulus剪切模量 shearmodulus割線模量 secantmodulus旁壓模量 pressurmetermodulus泊松比poisson’sration固結consolidation固結系數coefficientofconsolidation固結度 degreeofconsolidation超固結比overconsolidationration應變strain壓縮比compressibilityratio壓縮系數coefficientofcompressibility壓縮指數compressionindex初始曲線virgincurve正常固結土 normallyconsolidatedsoil欠固結土 under-consolidatedsoil超固結土 over-consolidatedsoil被動土壓力 passiveearthpressure主動土壓力 activeearthpressure靜止土壓力 earthpressureatrest覆蓋壓力 overburdenpressure初始應力 initialstress地應力場 ground(geostatic)stressfield有效應力 effectivestress動應力 dynamicstress動荷載 dynamicload偏心荷載 eccentricloads循環荷載 inclinedloads地應力groundstress,geostaticstress初始應力initialstress應力場stressfield縱波 longitudinalwave液化勢 liquefactionpotential液化指數 liquefactionindex交角 angular巖石抗力系數 coefficientofrockresistance容許承載力 allowablebearingcapacity臨塑壓力 criticalpressure接觸壓力 contactpressure6工程地質問題工程地質問題engineeringgeologicalproblem定性評價qualitativeestimate定量評價quantitativeestimate極限平衡法limitequilibriummethod不良地質現象unfavorablegeologicalcondition風化weathering變形deformation位移displacement不均勻位移 differentialmovement相對位移 relativedisplacement沉陷settlement山崩avalanche,toppling崩塌toppling,topplingcollapse滑坡、地滑creep,slide切層滑坡insequentlandslide深層滑坡deepslide淺層滑坡shallowslide順層滑坡consequentlandslide滑動面slidingsurface,slidingplane,slipsurface滑動帶slidingzone滑床slidebed滑坡體slide(sliding)mass古滑坡fossillandslide推移式滑坡slumpingslide牽引式滑坡retrogressiveslide管涌piping,internalerosion滲漏leakage流砂quicksand滲流seepage液化liquefaction7工程勘察engineeringinvestigation工程地質勘察 engineeringgeologyinvestigation巖土工程勘察 geotechnicalinvestigation工程地質條件 engineeringgeologicalcondition工程地質評價 engineeringgeologicalevaluation勘測 survey巖芯采取率 corerecovery,coreextraction巖芯獲得率 RQD（巖石質量指標）rockqualitydesignation程序（步驟） procedure勘察階段 investigationalstage選點踏勘reconnaissance初步設計primarydesign初步規劃preliminaryscheme初步勘探preliminaryprospecting初步踏勘groundreconnaissance可行性研究階段feasibilitystage初步設計階段 preliminarystage施工階段 constructionsage踏勘 reconnaissance,inspection地質測繪 geologicalsurvey工程地質測繪 engineeringgeologicalmapping鉆探 boreholeoperation,boring物探 geophysicalexploration洞探 exploratoryadits釬探 rodsounding坑探 exploringmining槽探 trenching天然建材調查 naturalmaterialssurveying(examination)巖土工程勘察報告geotechnicalinvestigationreport鑒定 identification,appraisal鑒定書 expertisereport鑒定人 identifier,surveyor校核 verification總監 chiefinspector比例 proportion地形圖 geographicmap地貌圖 geomorphologicalmap地質圖 geologicalmap工程地質圖 engineeringgeologicalmap實測地質剖面圖field-acquiredgeologicalprofile(section)構造地質圖 geologicalstructuremap第四紀地質圖 quarternarygeologicalmap地質詳圖 detailmapofgeology地質柱狀圖 geologiccolumnarsection,geologiclog鉆孔柱狀圖 logsofborehole縱剖面圖 longitudinalsection橫剖面圖 crosssection展示圖 revealdetailmap節理玫瑰圖 roseofjoints基巖等高線 bedrockcontour層底等高線 contourofstratumbottom巖層界線 strataboundary巖面高程 elevationofbedrocksurface坐標 coordinate分層 bedseparation地質點 geologicalobservationpoint勘探點 exploratorypoint(spot)勘探線 exploratoryline勘探孔 explorationhole平洞 adit豎井 riser,shaft,verticalshaft探槽 exploratorytrench探井 exploratorypit鉆孔 borehole,drillhole機鉆孔 ordinarydrillhole套鉆孔 sleevedrillhole管鉆孔 pipedrillhole巖芯 core巖芯鉆探 coredrilling回轉鉆探（進）rotarydrilling沖擊鉆探 churndrilling,percussiondrilling鋼砂鉆探 shotdrilling鐵砂鉆進 ironshotdrilling跟管鉆進 follow-downdrilling振動鉆進 vibro-boring,vibro-drilling泥漿鉆探 mudflushdrilling金剛石鉆進 diamonddrilling單動式 singleacting雙層 doublelayer空氣鉆探 airflushdrilling鉆機 drillingrig鉆頭 drillbit,drillingbit螺旋鉆頭 auger勺鉆 spoonbit沖擊鉆頭 percussionbit,choppingbit桶式鉆頭 bucketauger鉆桿 drillrod套管 casing巖芯管 corebarrel沖洗掖 flushfluid正循環沖洗 directcirculation反循環沖洗 reversecirculation泥漿 mud,slurry泥皮 mudcake護壁 dado止水 seal,waterseal掃孔 cleaningbottomofhole鉆進drilling平硐adit豎井shaft鉆探drillingboring8工程地質試驗擊實試驗compactiontest壓縮試驗 compressiontest固結試驗 consolidationtest單軸試驗uniaxialcompressiontest現場剪切試驗in-situsheartest單剪試驗simplesheartest直剪試驗directsheartest慢剪試驗 slowtest單剪試驗 simplesheartest快剪試驗 quicktest三軸剪切試驗triaxialsheartest三軸壓縮試驗triaxialcompressiontest動三軸試驗dynamictriaxialtest不固結不排水剪試驗unconsolidatedundrainedtest(quicktest)固結不排水剪試驗consolidatedundrainedtest(consolidatedquicktest)固結排水試驗consolidateddrainedtest(slowtest)原位測試 in-situtest現場監測 on-site(in-site)monitoring現場檢測 on-site(in-site)inspection觀測孔 observationborehole靜力觸探試驗conepenetrationtest,staticpenetrationtest,staticconetest標貫試驗standardpenetrationtest十字板剪切試驗vanesheartest,vanetest檢層法 up-holemethod,boreholemethod旁壓試驗 pressuremetertest動力觸探試驗 dynamicpenetrationtest,dynamicsounding點荷載試驗 pointloadtest巖石試驗 rocktest應力解除法stressreliefmethod應力恢復法stressrecoverymethod套孔法over-coringmethod9巖土體加固掌子面 breast,drivingface,headingface,tunnelface頂拱 vault底拱 invert洞室開挖 excavation超挖 overbreak風鉆 pneumaticdrill開挖斷面 excavatedsection塌落 slump細骨料混凝土 concretemadewithfineaggregate細骨料 fineaggregate,fineadjustment料場 stockground土料 earthmaterial礦渣 cinder,mineralwaterresidue,scoria,slag性能 function,performance,property,nature凝結coagulate,congeal,congealment,coagulation合格 qualified,ontest,uptostandard初凝 initialset初凝時間 initialsettingtime終凝 finalset配合比 mixproportion塌落度 slump水化熱 heatofhydration,hydrationheat,settingheat水灰比 water-cementratio粉煤灰 flyash梅花狀 quincuncialpattern噴射 shotcrete澆注 pouring鋼筋網 coiremesh加固 reinforce錨桿 anchoredbar,rockbolt錨索 anchoredcable錨緊端 anchorstation錨樁 anchoredpeg采石場 rockquarry開挖 excavation清基 cleanupfoundation明挖 open-cut爆破 explosion光面爆破 smoothblasting預裂法 presplitting10水工概論壩址 toeofdam壩踵heel壩段 monolith壩頂 crest壩肩 shoulders左壩肩 leftdamabutment副壩 saddledam三壩址 thethirddamsite標高 heightmark上游水位 headwater正常庫水位 normalreservoirlevel地下洞室undergroundopening(tunnel)壓力隧洞 pressuretunnel無壓隧洞 gravitytunnel交通洞 accesstunnel灌漿洞 groutingtunnel明流洞 free-flowtunnel孔板洞 orificetunnel排砂洞 sedimenttunnel尾水洞 tailracetunnel排水洞 drainagetunnel導流洞 diversiontunnel隧道tunnel圍巖surroundingrock,ambientrock圍巖應力secondarystressstatic應力集中stressconcentrate覆蓋層overburden冒頂cavein,rooffall底鼓bottomheave回彈rebound巖爆rockburst凍結法freezingmethod超載overbreak襯砌lining圍堰cofferdam堤dike近壩岸坡abutments施工（收縮）縫constructionjoint心墻core截水墻cutoffwall防滲墻 diaphragmwall排水井 drainagewells排水幕drainagecurtain減壓井 reliefwells反濾層 filterzone灌漿材料 grout水力劈裂hydraulicfracturing帷幔線 curtainline上游圍堰 upstreamcofferdam混凝土防滲墻 concretecutoffwall截流 interimcompletion導水墻 channeltrainingwall正常溢洪道渠首工程 servicespillwayheadwork消力塘 linedplungepool隔墻 dividerwalls混凝土護坦 concreteapron副廠房 auxiliarypowerhouse閘門室 gatechamber中閘室 midgatechamber開關站 switchyard電梯井 elevatorshaft尾水渠 tailrace非常溢洪道 emergencyspillway11橋梁及基礎工程江陰大橋 JiangyinBridge懸索橋 suspensionbridge錨碇 anchorage重力式嵌巖錨gravitysocketedanchorage北錨碇前（后）錨面 front(back)surfaceofnorthernanchorage塔墩 tower墩pier散索鞍 splaysaddle貓道 footbridge主纜 maincable索股 cablestrand主鞍 mainsaddle,towersaddle主跨 mainspan邊跨 sidespan引橋 approach鋼箱梁 steelboxmaingirder埋深embedmentdepth北塔墩基礎 northtowerbase基礎foundation,footing淺基礎shallowfoundation深基礎deepfoundation聯合基礎combinedfooting筏形基礎 raft(mat)foundation鋼模 steelform樁 pile基樁foundationpile群樁 pilegroups樁基礎 pilefoundation樁承臺pilecap高樁承臺high-risepilecap低樁承臺buriedpilecap摩擦樁frictionpile端承樁endbearingpile嵌巖樁socketedpile板樁sheetpile旋噴樁jet-groutedpile灌注樁cast-in-placepile沉管灌注樁drivencast-in-placepile支護樁soldierpiles,tangentpiles剛性樁 rigidpile柔性樁 flexiblepile側向受荷樁 laterallyloadedpile軸向受荷樁 axiallyloadedpile預制樁 precastconcretepile振動打樁vibratorypiledriving振動鉆進vibratorydrilling沉箱caisson沉井（沉箱） (open)caisson地下連續墻diaphragmwall,slurrywall支撐bracing超載surcharge接觸應力contactpressure井點降水well-pointdewatering樁極限承載力