Wearingmasksandcostumes,theyoftenimatedotherpeople,animals,orsupernaturalbeings,andminedthedesiredeffect–successinhuntorbattle,thecomingrain,therevivaloftheSun–asanactorButthesefactorsdonotaccountfortheinterestingquestionofhowtherecametobesuchaconcentrationofpregnantichthyosaursinaparticularceveryclosetotheirtimeofgivingbirth.3．Aseriesofmechanicalimprovementscontinuingwellintothenineteenthcentury,includingtheintroductionofpedalstosustaintoneortosoftenit,theperfectionofametalframe,andsteelwireofthefinestquality,finallyproducedaninstrumentscapableofmyriadtonaleffectsfromthemostdelicateharmoniestoanalmostorchestralfullnessofsound,fromaliquid,singingtonetoaship,percussivebrilliance.到一個成熟管弦或從一個清澈的歌聲到輝煌的敲擊樂的效果－的Accustomedthoughwearetospeakingofthefimadebefore1972as“silent”,thefilmhasneverbeen,inthefullsenseoftheword,Foranumberofyearstheselectionofmusicforeachfilmrestedentirelyinthehandsoftheconductororleaderoftheorchestra,andveryoftentheprincipalqualificationsforholdingsuchapositionwasnotskillortastesomuchastheownershipofalarge allibraryofmusicalpieces.多年以來音樂的選擇程序完全掌握在導演和音樂督導手中，通常擁有這些權力的主要資格并非是自身的技藝和品味而的是因為擁有大 theyweremadeofatoplayerofwoolenorglazedworstedwoolfabric,consistingofsmooth,compactyarnfromlongwoolfibers,dyeddarkblue,green,orbrownwithabottomlayerofacoarserwoolenmaterial,eithernaturalorashadeofyellow.Forgoodmeasure,duringthespringandsummerdrought,heat, grasshoppers,andotherfrustrationsmightawaitthewearygrowers.WhatwetodaycallAmericafolkartwas,indeed,artof,by,andforordinary,everyday“folks”who,withincreasingprosperityandleisure,createdamarketforartofallkinds,andespeciallyforportraits.我們今天所謂的民間藝術，實際上是普通 Thepeoplehadnoagriculturebut,overthousandsofyears, developedtechniquesandequipmenttoexploittheirenvironment,basingtheireconomyonfishinginstreamsandcoastalwatersthatteemedwithsalmon,halibut,andothervarietiesoffish;gatheringabalone,mussels,clams,andothersfishfromtherockycoastline;huntinglandandsea ls;andcollectingwildntfoods.域和水岸捕魚的經濟；基于從落基山水岸了鮑魚、蚌類、蛤和其他Themusicianswithintheorchestra’sranksenrichtheircommunityimmeasurablybyensuringthatnewgenerationsofmusicians,orsimplymusiclovers,aregiventhekindofsuperiorinstructionthatonlyanactivelyengaged,practicingmusiciancanimpart. 過確保給新一代的音樂家們或簡易的音樂者們一種高級的指導，這SinceCanadianmetropolitanareashaveonlyone-quarterthenumberofkilometersofsuperhighwayspercapitaasUnitedStatesmetropolitanareas–andatleastasmuchtoconstructingmore–suburbanizationofpeoplesandfunctionsislessextensivenorthoftheborderthansouth.因為地大都市區域每城市高速公路公里總數量只有的四分之一，而且至少根據相當的居民數量去建設的高速公路，比較南Theymadeavailablekindsofpopularmusicheardpreviouslyonlylimitedgeographicalareasorbyspecificethnicandsocialgroups–especiallytheblues,songs,andjazzofAfricanAmericansandthetraditionalmusicofthesouthernAppalachianMountainsandotherruralareasofthesouthernandwesternUnitedStates.洲人的爵士樂和奇亞山脈南部和其他南部和西部的鄉村Thedevelopmentoftherailroadandegraphsystemsduringthemiddlethirdofthenineteenthcenturyledtosignificantimprovementsinthespeed,volume,andregularityofshipmentsandcommunications,makingpossibleafundamentaltransformationintheproductionanddistributionofgoods.Addtothisthetimiditywithwhichunschooledartisans–originallytrainedasstonemasons,carpenters,orcabinetmakers–attackedthemediumfromwhichtheyweretomaketheirimages,andoneunderstandsmorefullythedevelopmentofsculpturemadeintheUnitedStatesinthelateeighteenthcentury.匠或家具師，了在中他們以前造就的自我形象和一個理解，這Insteadoftryingtokeepdownthebodytemperaturedeepinsidethebody,whichwouldinvolvedtheexpenditureofwaterandenergy,desertm lsallowtheirtemperaturestorisetowhatwouldnormallybefeverheight,andtemperaturesashighas46degreesCelsiushavebeenmeasuredinGrant’sgazelles.Solitaryroostersshelterindensevegetationorentera–hornedlarksdigholesinthegroundandptarmiganburrowintosnowbanks–buttheeffectofshelteringismagnifiedbyseveralbirdshuddlingtogetherintheroots,aswrens,swifts,browncreepers,bluebirds,andanisdo.EachSMSAwouldcontainatleast(a) onecentralcitywith50000inhabitantsormoreor(b)twocitieshavingsharedboundariesandconstituting,forgeneraleconomicandsocialpurposes,asinglecommunitywithacombinedpopulationofatleast50000,thesmallerofwhichmusthaveapopulationofatleast15000.－－－－－－中間n條待補充Rather,theyweremadeofatoplayerofwoolenorglazedworstedwoolfabric,consistingofsmooth,compactyarnfromlongwoolfibers,dyeddarkblue,green,orbrownwithabottomlayerofacoarserwoolenmaterial,eithernaturalorashadeofyellow.Forgoodmeasure,duringthespringandsummerdrought,heat,hail,grasshoppers,andotherfrustrationsmightawaitthewearygrowers.WhatwetodaycallAmericafolkartwas,indeed,artof,by,andforordinary,everyday“folks”who,withincreasingprosperityandleisure,createdamarketforartofallkinds,andespeciallyforportraits.我們今天所謂的民間藝術，實際上是普通 百姓創造的藝術和為普通和日常提到的“民間”的藝術，是★26．Thepeoplehadnoagriculturebut,overthousandsofyears,haddevelopedtechniquesandequipmenttoexploittheirenvironment,basingtheireconomyonfishinginstreamsandcoastalwatersthatteemedwithsalmon,halibut,andothervarietiesoffish;gatheringabalone,mussels,clams,andothersfishfromtherockycoastline;huntinglandandseamls;andcollectingwildntfoods.水岸捕魚的經濟；基于從落基山水岸了鮑魚、蚌類、蛤和其他貝殼★27．Themusicianswithintheorchestra’sranksenrichtheircommunityimmeasurablybyensuringthatnewgenerationsofmusicians,orsimplymusiclovers,aregiventhekindofsuperiorinstructionthatonlyanactivelyengaged,practicingmusiciancanimpart. 保給新一代的音樂家們或簡易的音樂者們一種高級的指導，這種指SinceCanadianmetropolitanareashaveonlyone-quarterthenumberofkilometersofsuperhighwayspercapitaasUnitedStatesmetropolitanareas–andatleastasmuchtoconstructingmore–suburbanizationofpeoplesandfunctionsislessextensivenorthoftheborderthansouth.因為地大都市區域每城市高速公路公里總數量只有的四分之一，而且至少根據相當的居民數量去建設的高速公路，比較南部邊Theymadeavailablekindsofpopularmusicheardpreviouslyonlylimitedgeographicalareasorbyspecificethnicandsocialgroups–especiallytheblues,songs,andjazzofAfricanAmericansandthetraditionalmusicofthesouthernAppalachianMountainsandotherruralareasofthesouthernandwesternUnitedStates.國人的爵士樂和奇亞山脈南部和其他南部和西部的鄉村區域Thedevelopmentoftherailroadandegraphsystemsduringthemiddlethirdofthenineteenthcenturyledtosignificantimprovementsinthespeed,volume,andregularityofshipmentsandcommunications,makingpossibleafundamentaltransformationintheproductionanddistributionofgoods.★31．Addtothisthetimiditywithwhichunschooledartisans–originallytrainedasstonemasons,carpenters,orcabinetmakers–attackedthemediumfromwhichtheyweretomaketheirimages,andoneunderstandsmorefullythedevelopmentofsculpturemadeintheUnitedStatesinthelateeighteenthcentury.家具師，了在中他們以前造就的自我形象和一個理解，這個理解就是雕塑的發展在十八世紀晚期的更加完全的發生了。32．Insteadoftryingtokeepdownthebodytemperaturedeepinsidethebody,whichwouldinvolvedtheexpenditureofwaterandenergy,desert lsallowtheirtemperaturestorisetowhatwouldnormallybefeverheight,andtemperaturesashighas46degreesCelsiushavebeenmeasuredinGrant’sgazelles.★33．Solitaryroostersshelterindensevegetationorentera–hornedlarksdigholesinthegroundandptarmiganburrowintosnowbanks–buttheeffectofshelteringismagnifiedbyseveralbirdshuddlingtogetherintheroots,aswrens,swifts,browncreepers,bluebirds,andanisdo.★34．EachSMSAwouldcontainatleast(a)onecentralcitywith50000inhabitantsormoreor(b)twocitieshavingsharedboundariesandconstituting,forgeneraleconomicandsocialpurposes,asinglecommunitywithacombinedpopulationofatleast50000,thesmallerofwhichmusthaveapopulationofatleast15000.★35．Thegrowingcustomofregularlyassemblingfromafartherepresentativesofallkindsofgroups,notonlyforpoliticalconventions,butalsoforcommercial,professional,learned,andvocationalones?inturnsupportedthemultiplyinghos.★36．Twospeciesofthesefinches,namedforthewaytheupperandlowerpartsoftheirbillscross,ratherthanmeetinthemiddle,resideintheevergreensofNorthAmericanandfeedontheseedsheldwithintheconesofconiferoustrees.名，這兩種雀類居住在四季常青的森林里并且以包含在錐狀的松果Thebeginningofamajorchangewasforeshadowedinthelater1860’s,whentheUnionPacificRailroadatlastbegantobuildwestwardfromtheCentralinscityofOmahatomeettheCentralPacificRailroadadvancingeastwardfromCaliforniathroughtheformidablebarrieroftheSierraNevada.鐵路，它推進了從加利福尼亞穿過SierraNevada的重重險阻向東的鐵路Theargumentthathumans,eveninprehistoric,hadsomenumbersense,atleasttotheextentofrecognizingtheconceptofmoreandlesswhensomeobjectswereaddedtoortakenawayfromasmallgroup,seemsfair,forstudieshaveshownthatsomeanimalpossesssuchasense.39．Ausefuldefinitionofanairpollutantisacompoundaddeddirectlyorindirectlybyhumanstotheatmosphereinsuchtiesastoaffecthumans,animals,vegetation,ormaterialsadversely.ThetightarrangementenabledtheMandanstoprotectthemselvesmoreeasilyfromtheattacksofotherswhomightseektoobtainsomeofthefoodthesehighlycapablefarmersstoredfromoneyeartonext.緊湊Noothersetofcoloniststooksoseriouslyoneexpressionoftheperiod,“Leisureistimeforngsomethinguseful,”inthecountrysidefarmersthereforerelievedtheburdenofthedailyroutinewithsuchdouble-purposerelaxationsashunting,fishing,andtrap.沒有其他的殖LifeonEarthhascontinuallybeeninfluxasslowphysicalandchemicalchangeshaveoccurredonEarth,butlifeneedstimetoadapt–timeformigrationandgeneticadaptationwithinexistingspeciesandtimefortheproliferationofnewgeneticmaterialandnewspeciesthatmaybeabletosurviveinenvironments.地球上的生命不斷地演化，就象Somefossilboneshavealltheinterstitialspacesfilledwithforeignminerals,includingthemarrow,ifthereisone,whileothershavetakenupbutlittlefromtheirsurroundings.一些的骨頭的所有裂縫的By1776thefineartofpaintingasithaddevelopedinEuropeuptothistimehadbeenintroducedintotheAmericancoloniesthroughbooksandpaints,Europeanvisitorsandimmigrants,andtravelingcolonistswhobroughtbackcopies(andafeworiginals)ofoldmasterpaintingsandacquaintancewithEuropeanartinstitutions.杰出的繪畫藝術，在西歐發展，直到現在通過書、繪畫、歐洲者和被介紹給Theterminologybywhichsweredescribedatthetimesuggeststheirstatus:“limner”wasusuallyappliedtotheanonymousportraitpainteruptothe1760’s:“painter”characterizedanyonewhocouldpaintaflatsurface.藝術家們當時描述的術語表明了他們的狀態，如“畫匠”一詞通常應用在的肖像畫家；直到十七世紀60年代，“油漆46．AfewartcollectorsJamesBownIIIofBoston,WilliamByrdofVirginia,andtheAliensandHamiltonsofPhiladelphiaintroducedEuropeanarttraditionstothosecolonistsprivilegedtovisittheirgalleries,especiallyaspirings,andestablishedintheirrespectivecommunitiestheideaofthevalueofartandtheneedforinstitutionsdevotedtoitsencouragement.一些藝術收藏家，如波士頓的JamesBownIII、亞的WilliamByrd和鳳凰城的AliensandHamiltons，介紹歐洲的藝術他們的藝術機構的需求。Theachievementsofthecolonials,particularlythoseofCopley,West,andPeale,lentcredencetotheboastthatthenew