國際貿易實務(下劃線為重點記憶和理解，無的為一般記憶和了解)Chapterone.國際貿易概念：Internationaltradeisalsoknownasworldtrade,foreigntrade,overseastrade.Itreferstotheprocessoffairanddeliberateexchofgoodsorservicesbetweentwoormorecountries,involvingtheuseoformorecurrencies.Besides,internationaltradeconcernstradeoperationsofbothimportandexportandincludesthepurchaseandsaleofbothvisibleandinvisiblegoods..國際貿易產生的原因：(了解)Resourcereasons(naturalresource,humanresourceandtechnology)Economicreasons(economicbenefits,comparativeadvantageandeconomiesofscale)Otherreasons(politicalreasons,differencesintastes,preferencesandconsumptionpatterns).國際貿易與國內貿易的不同：Inparticular,internationaltradeismoresubjectto:LanguagehabitsandculturaldifferencesForeignlaws,customsandregulationsorinternationalrulesExchangeratefluctuationsandinterestrateHigherlevelofpolitical,financialandtransportationrisksMorecomplexbusinessproceduresthereforemanagersneedabroaderrangeofmanagementskills.國際貿易的分類：1)從貨物流向(directionofcargoflowexporttrade,importtradeandtransittrade過境貿易)2)從參與的貿易方(thenumberofparticipants:directtrade,indirecttradeandentrepottrOdi(貿易)轉口貿易:entrepottradereferstothetransactionwhichinvolvesimportinggoodsfromoverseasforfurtherprocessingorassemblingandthere-exportingthegoodsabro轉口貿易又稱中轉貿易或再輸出貿易，是指國際貿易中進出口貨物的買賣，不是在生產國和消費國之間直接進行，而是通過第三國轉手進行的貿易。對于第三國來說，就是轉口貿易，與過境貿易的最大區別在于貨物的所有權會發生轉移，并且只涉及一個貿易方。國際上有很多中轉地，如新加坡，香港，鹿特丹等3)從商品形式(formofgood分：有形貿易(visible/tangiblegoodstrade和無形貿易(invisible/intangiblegoodstrade4)按結算方式(thesettlementinstrument:易貨貿易(bartertrade和自由結匯貿易(free-liquidationtrade5.進出口貿易的程序：Exportandimportprocedures:Generalspeaking,fromthebeginningtotheendofatransaction,thewholeoperationundergoesfour stages:the preparation of atransactionthe negotiation of thecontractthe performance of thecontractthesettlementofdisputes其中第二個環節：①Negotiationcanbeconductetwonforms:Inwords(face-to-facenegotiationornegotiationthroughtelephone)Inwriting(businesscorrespondencewhichincludesletters,faxes,e-mails)②Fourmainsteps:詢盤(enquiry),發盤(offer),還盤(counter-offer),接受(acceptance)Chapter1國際貿易術語1.三種貿易術語的解釋規則(threesetsofrules193年華沙牛津規則(Warsaw-OxfordRules1932美國對外貿易修正案1941(RevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions19419200年國際貿易術語解釋通則(InternationalRulesfortheInterpretationofTradeTerms20900incoterms2000的具體內容(E、F、C、D組的劃分，重點在F、C類(這個不知道怎么寫，看書本P34-42)裝運合同術語和到貨合同術語區別Shipmentcontrac起運前交付(thedeliverywillhappenatthetimeorbeforethetimeofshipmentEF類CArrivalcontra:到達目的地后交付(deliveratthetimeof)arrival5.象征性交接合實際交接Symbolicdeliver買方并沒有實質性的接受到貨物，而是通過一系列運輸單據證明其交接。(thebuyerdoesnotphysicallyreceivethegoods,thedeliveryisprovedbythesubmissionoftransportdocumentbytheseller只tothebuyer意味著買方同意了買方交貨的事實，并不代表買方接受了該批貨物就是與合同一致的貨物。Actualdeliverthebuyer(orhisagent)physicallyreceivesthegoodsuponthetimeofdeliveryChapterthrees口商品的價格1.出口商品價格的表達(expressionofexport)priceThestandardformatofapriceininternationaltradehasfourcomponents通常一個標準出口價格包括四個部分：貨幣(acodeofcurrency金額(anumberindicatingthe)price數量單位(aunitformeasuringquantity貿易術語(acertaintrade±erm例如：USD22.5/PieceCIFNewYork這是一種出口價格的表現形式，在紐約市用CIF貿易術語進行交易，每件貨為22.5美元.價格的計算FOB價格：以出口國貨幣計算FOB=totalcost+profit以外國貨幣計算FOB=(Totalcost+profit)/ExchangerateCFR價格：CFR=FOB+OceanfreightCIF價格：CIF=FOB+Oceanfreight+InsurancePremiumInsurancepremium=CIF*(1+markup)*Premiumrate(R)CIF=CFR/(1-markup*R)包含傭金(commission)的價格：Commission(C)=contractvalue*commissionratePriceincludingC=net_priceC/rates)Netprice=priceincludingC(1-Crates)Priceincluding指的是FOB或FCA條件下的價格折扣價：Discount=contractprice*discountrateActualprice=contr-ctdiprocent=contractprice*(1-discountrate).價格評估的兩個指標：出口利潤率(Exportprofitmargi:Exportprofitmargin二exportrevenueeXporB)cost(FOB)Exportrevenue(FOB)公式中用的是FOB價格，即不包含運費保險費的價格，并且使用的是出口國貨幣。反映的是一單位的銷售額能賺取多少的利潤，越大越好出口換匯成本(ExportCostforForeignExchan:eExportcostforforeignexchangxportcostinlocalcurrencyExportrevenueinforeigncurrency該指標反映的是要賺取一單位的外國貨幣需要花費的本國貨幣成本，越小越好.定價的四個步驟：(要求能夠知道概念和判斷)詢盤：Apotentialclientasksforinformationfromthecounterparttohisintention_inbuyingorsellingofacertaincommodity.發盤：Asufficientlydefiniteproposaladdressedtooneormorespecificperson:forconcludingacontract,necessarilyindicatingtheintention_oftheofferortobound_incaseofacceptance.還盤：Areplytoanofferwhichcontainsadditions,limitationsofothermodifications.接受:Anunconditionalstatementmadeformallybyoranactionconductedbtheoffereeindicatingassent_to_anofferorcounter-offer.參考書上67-72頁的幾個exampleChapterfouWj品條款1.品質條款：注：CISG規定，如果一項商品交易既憑描述性買賣又憑樣品實物買賣，那么賣方必須使交貨的商品同時符合這兩個條件1）商品質量用文字說明表示（sale_bydescription憑規格買賣（salebyspecification）:用商品質量的若干指標，如大小、容量、成分等憑等級買賣（salebygra）de:如一級二級，大中小號等憑標準買賣（匈e_bvstandard采用一些組織如ISO制定公布的標準。有兩種主要的標準：良好平均品質FAQ（多適用于農產品銷售）和上好可銷品質G.M.Q（多適用于木材，冷凍類產品）憑品牌和商標買賣（salebybrandnameortrademark憑產地買賣（salebyorigin憑說明書和圖樣買賣（salebydescriptionsorillustrations2）商品質量用實物樣品表示（sale_bysample①憑賣方樣品買賣（salebyseller’ssamp賣方提供原樣，買方選擇，賣方需留樣（duplicate）②憑買方樣品買賣：又叫來樣制作，但容易產生工業產權糾紛③憑對等樣品買賣（salebycountersample）:對等樣品又叫回樣areturnedsample或確認樣aconfirmedsample,是賣方根據買方來樣仿制的樣品。為避免糾紛，需由第三方或公證機關進行“封樣”（sealedsampleAcountersampleisareplicamadebythesellerofthesampleprovided,normallybythebuyer.Itisalsocalledareturnedsampleoraconfirmeds2.品質條款的注意事項（必須在合同中注明）1）品質機動（Qualitylatitude）:meansthepermissiblerangewithinwhichthequalityofthegoodsdeliveredbythesellermaybe是x指lycontrolled.對特定質量指標在一定幅度內可以機動。2）品質公差（Qualitytolerance:referstothequalitydeviationrecognized,whichallowsthequalityofthegoodsdeliveredtohavecertaindifferencewa 是指允許交付貨物的特定質量指標在公認的一定范圍內的差異。3）保障條款（SafeguardClause:保護賣方避免受到因工業產權和知識產權而受到不應該的控告.計量方法（measuringquantity國際貿易中主要使用的度量衡制度有四種：公制（metricsystem）,美制（U.S.system）,英制（Britishsystem和國際單位制（Internationalsystemofunits）.主要單位有：重量（weight）:ton,gram,kilogram,pound,ounce.注意：ton有metricton（1000KG）,longton（1016fKG）hortton（907KG之分，合同中如果未注明，很容易產生糾紛。容積（capacity）:gallon,liter,bushel…..個數（number）:piece,package,pair,set,gross,dozen,head,case,barrel,drumbag….長度（length）:yard,meter,foot,centimeter…..面積（area）:squareyard,squaremeter,squarefoot,squareinch...體積（volume）:cubicyard,cubitmeter…...重量的計算方法：1）毛重Grossweig:商品連同包裝的重量2）凈重Netweig:商品本身重量

3)條件重量Conditionedweight：Thedryweightofcommodityplusthestandardmoisturecontefeft含水分問題標準回潮率(standardregainrate):theratiobetweenthewatercontentandthedryweightofthegoods,whichisacceptedintheworldmarketoragreedupon_bythesellerandthebuyer實際回潮率(actualregainrate):theratiobetweentheactualregainingwatercontentinthegoodsandtheactualdryweightConditionedw=ighdriednetweight*(1+standardregainrate)actualweight*(1+standardregain=weight)4)理論重量(Theoreticalweigh：)whenthetotalweightoftheproductiscalculatedbymultiplyingthetotalquantityandtheunitweight,ratherthanmeasuredactually適用于固定規格和體積的商品。5)法定重量(Legalweight)：Theweightofgoodsincludingtheimmediate,inner,or5.包裝的類型directpackingofthinner,or5.包裝的類型1)包括裸裝貨(nudecargo,散裝貨(bulkcargo)包裝貨(packedcargo)2)運輸包裝(transportpacking)又稱shippingpacking,outerpacking,bigpacking,ismainlyadoptedtofacilitatecargotransportation.包裝容器(container):case,drums,bags,,balese…..包裝方法(methodofpacking):單位包裝(unitpacking)和集中包裝(collectivepacking其中集中包裝主要由托盤(pallet),集裝包(flexiblecontainer)和集裝箱(container).Chapter行丫國際貨物運輸班輪和租船運輸1)班輪運輸(linertransportation:是在一定航線上，在一定的?？扛劭?，定期開航的船舶運輸。⑴班輪運輸的特點：班輪四固定船期固定(regularscheduleddeparture航線固定(specifiedroute,停靠港口固定(routeswithfixedbaseports)和運費率相對固定(comparativelyfixedfreightra)tes⑵班輪的種類：工會同盟班輪(conferenceliners)和非工會同盟班輪(non-conferenceliner)s⑶貨物由承運人負責配載裝卸并承擔費用(包括如速遣費和滯期費等額外費用)⑷運費的構成(compositionoflinerfreight):基本運費basicfreight)和附費(surcharges_andadditionalsTotalFreight二TotalQuantityxBasicRatex(ASditchnrgeR/tes)⑸基本運費的計算標準①重量噸W(weightton)②體積噸M(measurementton)③W/M-重量和體積，取高者 (Note:1WT=1MT)④基于商品價值A.V.-根據商品FOB價值的百分比收費⑤W/M_匚從重量、體積、價值比較，取最高費率者，要先將W、M換算成basicratM比較。注意單位⑥Unit/Head⑦最低費率Minimum^ate對于數量太小的貨物設定最低費率⑧臨時議定運價OpenRate對于大宗價值低無包裝的貨物參考書本P121頁例題⑹附加費和附屬費(了解)Surcharge附力口費一beyondourcontrolOBunkerSurcharge(bunkeradjustmentfactor/BAF)燃油附加費(15%ofthecost)OCurrencySurcharge(currencyadjustmentfactor/CAF)貨幣貶值附加費OPortCongestionSurcharge口擁擠附加口費OTransshipmentSurcharg轉船附加費ODeviationSurcharg繞道附加費OPortSurchargg口附加費Additionals附屬費一underourcontrolOHeavyliftadditional/Extrachargeson］超重費l(otser5M/T)OLengthycargoadditional/Extrachargesonovjr長fengths(over9m)OBulkycargoadditional^費(over6cbm)OAdditionalondir直投亍附屬費ONotatbasicport,volumeover1000M/TOAdditionalonoptionaldischarging選卸or1附屬費OAdditionalforalternationofdestiSaiio卸港附屬費2)租船運輸(chartertransportation:定程租船(voyagecharter定期租船(timecharter光船租船(bareboatcharter/demisecharter定程和定期租船的區別(了解)p121F.I.O(freeinandout):theship-ownerdoesnotbearloadingandunloading其他運輸方式1)航空運輸Airtransportations費計算與海洋運輸中的一樣，只是單位不同(Note:6000cm3=1kg)2)鐵路和公路運輸Rail(way)transportationandRoad)3transportati國際多式聯運I.M.TInternationalmultimodaltransportation):meanthecarriageofcargofromtheplaceofsellersinonecountrytothesiteofinanothercountrybyatleasttwomodesoftransportationonthebasisofamulti-modaltransportationcontract.①Onlyonemulti-modaltransportationoperatorOnlyonemulti-modaltransportationcontractOnlyonefreightrate4）集裝箱運輸：Containerizationisamethodofdistributingmerchandiseinunitizedformadoptinganinter-modalsystemwhichprovidesapossiblecombinationofsea,roadandothermodesoftransportation.⑴特點：高效率，安全，節約成本OVarietyinserviceOInvolvingoneoperatorOUseofspecialequipmentOLowriskofdamageandpilferageOSubstantialcostsavings⑵集裝箱種類ODrycargocontain干貨集裝箱ORefrigerated/reefercontainers凍集裝箱OTankercontainett罐集裝箱OCarcontaine車輛集裝箱⑶集裝箱運輸服務①整箱裝（FCL）和拼箱裝（LCL）服務ser②CY_toCYservice,CFStoCFS_service,DRto_DRservice,DRtoCFSCFS_toDRservi集裝箱場CY,集裝箱貨站CFS,自有集裝箱DR）P127ser⑷運費計算FCL:_by_thecapOciiy據集裝箱容積）LCL:similartoliner$6與班輪運輸相似）海運提單Billoflading1）一提單的作用和功能functions①Areceipt__ofthe承承運人簽發給托運人的貨物收據②Evidence_of_thecontractof貨物運輸合同的證明③Adocumenttitle_to也6貨物所所有權憑證2）提單的種類⑴裝運提單（shippedB/和備運提單（receivedB/L:兩者之間的區別可能考瓶裝運提單是指承運人在貨物已經裝上指定船舶后所簽發的提單。必須注明裝船日期和具體船只名稱。①Issuedbytheshippingcompanyaftergoodsshippedonboardthedesignated②snelicatingdateofshipmentandnameofthevessel備運提單是指承運人已收到托運貨物等待裝運期間所簽發的提單。沒有具體的裝船時間和船舶名稱。①Goodsbeingreceivedbutnotyetloaded，isaconfirmation_ofgoodshanded_overtosh②Absewnerofdateofshipmentandnamejfthevessel,difficulttoanticipatedateofarrival,hencenotfav(bybuyer聯系：③WhenWordssucH'GowsdsshippedonboardS/SRed_StaronMay10,2008”addedandsignedbythecarrierortheagentonthereceivedB/L,itbecomesashippedB/L⑵清潔提單(cleanB/L和不清潔提單(uncleanB/L清潔提單是指貨物在裝船時表面狀況良好，承運人在提單上不帶有明顯宣稱貨物或包裝有缺陷狀況的文字或批注的提單。AcleanB/Lreferstoonewhichdoesnotdeclareadefectiveconditionoftheexteriorpackingofgoods.不清潔提單是指承運人在簽發的提單上帶有明顯宣稱貨物或包裝有缺陷狀況的文字或批注的提單。AnuncleanB/Listheonethatcontainsunfavorablenotationabouttheapparentconditionofthecargo.⑶記名提單(straightB/L),不記名提單(bearerB/L)，指示提單(orderB/L)記名提單是指提單上的收貨人欄內填明特定收貨人名稱的提單。①Madeouttoadesignatedconsigne②Onlythenamedconsigneeisentitledcargothe③Nottransferable不記名提單(openorblank)B/指提單上的收貨人欄內不寫明特定收貨人名稱的提單。①Theconsigneeboxleftblankoropen,orbearingthewording"'bearer”(至持有人)②Canbetransferredwithoutendorsementthereforewithhighris，kunfavorableininternationaltrade指示提單是指提單上的收貨人欄內填寫“憑指示”或“憑某某人指示”字樣的提單。①MadeouttotheorderofanamNdpefisoiteconsignee“Toorder”“Toorderofshtihpeper”o“rToorderofcotnhseignee”instead?Negotiable and transferateedendorsement，Widelyusedininternationaltrade⑷直運提單(directB/L和轉船提單(transshipmentB/L)直運提單是指貨物裝上船后，中途不再換船而直接駛往目的港卸貨所簽發的提單。轉船提單①Involvingadditionalcharges,longertimeandhigherrisksintransit,thereforeunfavorabletothe②Acceptableonlywhenthereisnodirectservice⑸正本提單(originalB/L和副本提單(copyB/L正本提單是指提單上有承運人或其代理人簽名蓋章并注明簽發日期的提單①Validonlyafterbeingsingedbytheshippingcompanyoritsagent②Showing“Original”andthenumberofthesignedoriginalsoriginals③Normallymadeoutinasetofthreeoriginalsofgoods④Anevidenceshowingtheownershipofgoods⑤Presentedfortakingthedeliveryofthegoodsatdestination,oneisused,othersbecomesvoidautomatically副本提單僅供參考和記錄之用，注明副本字樣。Normallyonlyusedforreferenceorforrecords.⑹全式提單（LongformB/L和略式提單（shortformB/L⑺運費付訖提單（freightprepaid和運費托收提單（freighttobecollected）⑻其他不規范提單到付提單（staleB/L:指提單簽發后超過信用證規定期限才交到銀行的提單，或者收貨人不能在船到目的港前收到的提單。倒簽提單（ante-datedB/L）:提單上簽發的日期早于實際起運時間的提單。（晚起運）預簽提單（advancedB/L:在貨物還未實際裝載前簽發的提單。（不知何時起運）甲板提單（on-deckB/L:承運人簽發的表明貨物裝于船舶甲板上的提單。3）其他運輸單證海上運單（seawaybill）：附于提單后，詳細解釋提單內容，與運輸合同一致,不具有所有權作用航空運單（airwayb）l:與海運提單作用幾乎一致，理論上不是貨物所有權證書鐵路運輸單據Consignmentnote（railwaybill）公路承運貨物收據Roadconsignmentnote多式聯運單據Multimodaltransportationdocument(MTD)4.裝船期色me_ofshipme和交貨期的區別(time_ofdelivery)Undershipmentcontracts,thesymbolicdeliverytakesplace,sotimeofshipment_isequalto_timeofdelivery.Thetimeis_theonelimitedforloa(goodsonboardvesselorinthehandofthecarrierattheportorplaceofshipment.)Underarrival contracts,theactualdelivery takes place, thus, time ofshiprisdifferentfrom timedelivery.Timeof shipmentreferstothe time limit foiloadingthegoodsonboardvesselattheportorplaceofshipment;timeofdeliveryrefers,o thetimelimitduring which the sellershall deliver the gothebuyer_atthe agreedplace..分批運(partialshipment和轉運(transshipment)的區別ijPartialshipmentmeansthegoodsunderacontractaretobeshippedinmthanone分批裝運是指一個合同下的貨物先后分若干批裝運。Transshipmentmeansunloadingandreloadingfromonevesseltoanotherduringthecourseofoceancarriagefromtheportofloadingtotheportodischargestipulated.轉運是指從裝運港至卸貨港過程中，進行轉裝或重裝，包括從一運輸工具移至另一運輸工具的行為。.滯期費(demurrage)和速遣費(dispatch)滯期費是指在規定的裝卸期限內，如果租船人未能完成裝卸作業，為了彌補船方的損失，對超過的實踐租船人應向船方支付一定的罰款。Demurrageistheamountofmoneypaidasapenaltyatanagreedratebychartererto