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托福閱讀真題1

PASSAGE4

ThetermHudsonRiverschoolwasappliedtotheforemostrepresentativesofnineteenth-centuryNorthAmericanlandscapepainting.ApparentlyunknownduringthegoldendaysoftheAmericanlandscapemovement,whichbeganaround1850andlasteduntilthelate1860s,theHudsonRiverschoolseemstohaveemergedinthe1870sasadirectresultofthestrugglebetweentheoldandthenewgenerationsofartists,eachtoassertitsownstyleastherepresentativeAmericanart.Theolderpainters,mostofwhomwerebornbefore1835,practicedinamodeoftenself-taughtandmonopolizedbylandscapesubjectmatterandweresecurelyestablishedinandfosteredbythereigningAmericanartorganization,theNationalAcademyofDesign.TheyoungerpaintersreturninghomefromtraininginEuropeworkedmorewithfiguralsubjectmatterandinaboldandimpressionistictechnique;theirprospectsforpatronageintheirowncountrywereuncertain,andtheysoughttoattractitbyattainingacademicrecognitioninNewYork.OneoftheresultsoftheconflictbetweenthetwofactionswasthatwhatinpreviousyearshadbeenreferredtoastheAmerican,native,or,occasionally,NewYorkschool—themostrepresentativeschoolofAmericanartinanygenre—hadby1890becomefirmlyestablishedinthemindsofcriticsandpublicalikeastheHudsonRiverschool.

Thesobriquetwasfirstappliedaround1879.Whileitwasnotintendedasflattering,itwashardlyinappropriate.TheAcademiciansatwhomitwasaimedhadworkedandsocializedinNewYork,theHudsonsportcity,andhadpaintedtheriveranditsshoreswithvaryingfrequency.Mostimportant,perhaps,wasthattheyhadallmaintainedwithacertainfidelityamanneroftechniqueandcompositionconsistentwiththoseofAmericasfirstpopularlandscapeartist,ThomasCole,whobuiltacareerpaintingtheCatskillMountainsceneryborderingtheHudsonRiver.Apossibleimplicationinthetermappliedtothegroupoflandscapistswasthatmanyofthemhad,likeCole,livedonornearthebanksoftheHudson.Further,theriverhadlongservedastheprincipalroutetoothersketchinggroundsfavoredbytheAcademicians,particularlytheAdirondacksandthemountainsofVermontandNewHampshire.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)TheNationalAcademyofDesign

(B)PaintingsthatfeaturedtheHudsonRiver

(C)NorthAmericanlandscapepaintings

(D)ThetrainingofAmericanartistsinEuropeanacademies

(A)Figuralpainting

(B)Landscapepainting

(C)Impressionisticpainting

(D)Historicalpainting

3.Thewordstruggleinline5isclosestinmeaningto

(A)connection

(B)distance

(C)communication

(D)competition

4.Thewordmonopolizedinline7isclosestinmeaningto

(A)alarmed

(B)dominated

(C)repelled

(D)pursued

5.Accordingtothepassage,whatwasthefunctionoftheNationalAcademyofDesignforthe

paintersbornbefore1835?

(A)Itmediatedconflictsbetweenartists.

(B)Itsupervisedtheincorporationofnewartistictechniques.

(C)Itdeterminedwhichsubjectswereappropriate.

(D)Itsupportedtheirgrowthanddevelopment.

6.Theworditinline12refersto

(A)matter

(B)technique

(C)patronage

(D)country

7.Thewordfactionsinline13isclosestinmeaningto

(A)sides

(B)people

(C)cities

(D)images

8.Thewordflatteringinline18isclosestinmeaningto

(A)expressive

(B)serious

(C)complimentary

(D)flashy

9.Wheredidtheyoungergenerationofpaintersreceiveitsartistictraining?

(A)InEurope

(B)IntheAdirondacks

(C)InVermont

(D)InNewHampshire

PASSAGE4BBDBDCACA

托福閱讀真題2

PASSAGE5

Perhapsthemostobviouswayartisticcreationreflectshowpeopleliveisbymirroringtheenvironment—thematerialsandtechnologiesavailabletoaculture.Stone,wood,treebark,clay,andsandaregenerallyavailablematerials.Inaddition,dependingonthelocality,otherresourcesmaybeaccessible:shells,horns,gold,copper,andsilver.Thedifferentusestowhichsocietiesputthesematerialsareofinteresttoanthropologistswhomayask,forexample,whypeoplechoosetouseclayandnotcopperwhenbothitemsareavailable.Althoughtherearenoconclusiveanswersyet,thewayinwhichasocietyviewsitsenvironmentissometimesapparentinitschoiceanduseofartisticmaterials.Theuseofcertainmetals,forexample,maybereservedforceremonialobjectsofspecialimportance.Orthebeliefinthesupernaturalpowersofastoneortreemaycauseasculptortobesensitivetothatmaterial.

Whatisparticularlymeaningfultoanthropologististherealizationthatalthoughthematerialsavailabletoasocietymaytosomeextentlimitorinfluencewhatitcandoartistically,thematerialsbynomeansdeterminewhatisdone.WhydotheartistsinJapanesesocietyrakesandintopatterns;andtheartistsinRomansocietymeltsandtoformglass?Moreover,evenwhenthesamematerialisusedinthesamewaybymembersofdifferentsocieties,theformorstyleoftheworkvariesenormouslyfromculturetoculture.Asocietymaysimplychoosetorepresentobjectsorphenomenathatareimportanttoitspopulation.AnexaminationoftheartoftheMiddleAgestellsussomethingaboutthemedievalpreoccupationwiththeologicaldoctrine.Inadditiontorevealingtheprimaryconcernsofasociety,thecontentofthatsocietysartmayalsoreflecttheculturessocialstratification.

1.Accordingtothepassage,gold,copper,andsilverare

(A)moredifficulttohandlethanwoodand

(B)oftheirstablesocialconditions

(C)oftheuniquestylisticfeaturesoftheirart

(D)availableonlyinspecificlocations

2.Thewordconclusiveinline7isclosestinmeaningto

(A)definitive

(B)controversial

(C)concurrent

(D)realistic

3.Thewordapparentinline8isclosestinmeaningto

(A)attractive

(B)logical

(C)evident

(D)distinct

4.Whydoestheauthormentionthesupernaturalpowersofastoneortreeinline10?

(A)toshowthatsomesculptorsavoidworkingwithspecificmaterials

(B)toemphasizetheunusualpropertiesofcertainmaterials

(C)asanexampleofhowartcanbeinfluencedbyculturalbeliefs

(D)asanillustrationoftheimpactoftheenvironmentonreligiousbeliefs

5.Theworditinline13refersto

(A)realization

(B)society

(C)extent

(D)influence

6.ItcanbeinferredthattheauthormentionstheJapaneseandRomansocietiesbecause

(A)theyinfluencedeachotherstone

(B)commonlyusedbyartistsinallsocieties

(C)essentialtocreateceremonialobjects

(D)theyusedthesameartisticmaterialinverydifferentways

7.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingstatementsaboutsandaretrueEXCEPT

(A)Itisusedtocreateglass.

(B)Romanartistsmixitintotheirpaints.

(C)Itsusevariesfromculturetoculture.

(D)Japaneseartistsuseittocreateartisticpatterns.

8.ThewordMoreoverinline16isclosestinmeaningto

(A)similarly

(B)inaddition

(C)incontrast

(D)frequently

9.Thewordpreoccupationinline20isclosestinmeaningto

(A)involvement

(B)separation

(C)relationship

(D)argument

10.Thewordprimaryinline21isclosestinmeaningto

(A)discrete

(B)preliminary

(C)ideal

(D)fundamental

PASSAGE5DACCBDBBAD

托福閱讀真題3

PASSAGE6

Potash(theoldnameforpotassiumcarbonate)isoneofthetwoalkalis(theotherbeingsoda,sodiumcarbonate)thatwereusedfromremoteantiquityinthemakingofglass,andfromtheearlyMiddleAgesinthemakingofsoap:theformerbeingtheproductofheatingamixtureofalkaliandsand,thelatteraproductofalkaliandvegetableoil.TheirimportanceinthecommunitiesofcolonialNorthAmericaneedhardlybestressed.

Potashandsodaarenotinterchangeableforallpurposes,butforglass-orsoap-makingeitherwoulddo.SodawasobtainedlargelyfromtheashesofcertainMediterraneanseaplants,potashfromthoseofinlandvegetation.HencepotashwasmorefamiliartotheearlyEuropeansettlersoftheNorthAmericancontinent.

ThesettlementatJamestowninVirginiawasinmanywaysamicrocosmoftheeconomyofcolonialNorthAmerica,andpotashwasoneofitsfirstconcerns.Itwasrequiredfortheglassworks,thefirstfactoryintheBritishcolonies,andwasproducedinsufficientquantitytopermittheinclusionofpotashinthefirstcargoshippedoutofJamestown.ThesecondshiptoarriveinthesettlementfromEnglandincludedamongitspassengersexpertsinpotashmaking.

Themethodofmakingpotashwassimpleenough.Logswaspiledupandburnedintheopen,andtheashescollected.Theasheswereplacedinabarrelwithholesinthebottom,andwaterwaspouredoverthem.Thesolutiondrainingfromthebarrelwasboileddowninironkettles.Theresultingmasswasfurtherheatedtofusethemassintowhatwascalledpotash.

InNorthAmerica,potashmakingquicklybecameanadjuncttotheclearingoflandforagriculture,foritwasestimatedthatasmuchashalfthecostofclearinglandcouldberecoveredbythesaleofpotash.SomepotashwasexportedfromMaineandNewHampshireintheseventeenthcentury,butthemarketturnedouttobemainlydomestic,consistingmostlyofshipmentsfromthenortherntothesoutherncolonies.FordespitethebeginningofthetradeatJamestownandsuchencouragementsasaseriesofactstoencouragethemakingofpotash,beginningin1707inSouthCarolina,thesoftwoodsintheSouthprovedtobepoorsourcesofthesubstance.

1.Whataspectofpotashdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Howitwasmade

(B)Itsvalueasaproductforexport

(C)Howitdiffersfromotheralkalis

(D)ItsimportanceincolonialNorthAmerica

2.AllofthefollowingstatementsaretrueofbothpotashandsodaEXPECT:

(A)Theyarealkalis.

(B)Theyaremadefromseaplants.

(C)Theyareusedinmakingsoap.

(D)Theyareusedinmakingglass.

3.Theyphrasethelatterinline4refersto

(A)alkali

(B)glass

(C)sand

(D)soap

4.Thewordstressedinline6isclosestinmeaningto

(A)defined

(B)emphasized

(C)adjusted

(D)mentioned

5.Thewordinterchangeableinline7isclosestinmeaningto

(A)convenient

(B)identifiable

(C)equivalent

(D)advantageous

6.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatpotashwasmorecommonthansodaincolonialNorth

Americabecause