Test11?275ceremoniallife,anelaboratetechnology,andoneof

theworld*sgreatartstyles.

TheNorthwestCoast,acomplexpatternof

islands,coastalplains,foothills,andmountain1.Whichofthefollowingisthemain

ranges,extendsfromCalifornianorthtoAlaska,pointtheauthormakesaboutNative

encompassingalltheterritorywestoftheCascadeAmericansoftheNorthwestCoast?

andCoastRanges.Itsclimateisoneofeven,

moderatetemperatures(exceptinthemountains)Theyraisedcropsuniqueto

andrelativelyheavyrainfall.ThiscombinationofmildNorthAmerica.

temperaturesandabundantrainfallproducesalush,Theymadegooduseofthe

denseforestvegetationofconifers,deciduoustrees,environmenttobuilda

mosses,andferns.successfulsociety.

ToitsNativeAmericaninhabitantsofthe1400's,Theirtechnologyhelpedthem

thelong,slendercoastalregionpresentedbothasurviveinthearea*sharsh

favorableandaforbiddingenvironment.Theseaandclimate.

theriversheldmanyresources,buttoexploitthemTheirculturewasheavily

requiredthedevelopmentofsupercrafttonavigateinfluencedbythecultureof

watersthatwereoftenstormyandrough.TheforestsMexico.

wererichwithgameandmanyedibleplantfoods,but

thevegetationofmuchoftheareawassodensethat

landtravelwasextremelydifficult,andlargepartsof

theheavilyforestedfoothillsandruggedmountains

wereunsuitableforhumansettlements.Villages

insteadwerelocatedalongtherivers,onthe

shoresofbaysandlow-lyingoffshoreislands,and2.TheclimateoftheNorthwestCoast

occasionallyevenatshelteredlocationsfrontingontheregionisgenerally

openocean.

ItisestimatedthattheNorthwestCoastofthewarmanddry

1400'shadapopulationofabout130,000andthusextremelycold

wasoneofthemostheavilypopulatedareasofneitherveryhotnorverycold

NorthAmericanorthofMexico.Thepeoplehadconstantlychanging

noagriculturebut,overthousandsofyears,had

developedtechniquesandequipmenttoexploittheir3.Thewordgameinthepassageis

environment,basingtheireconomyonfishinginclosestinmeaningto

streamsandcoastalwatersthatteemedwithsalmon,

halibut,andothervarietiesoffish;gatheringabalone,sport

mussels,clams,andothershellfishfromtherockytricks

coastline;huntinglandandseamammals;andwood

collectingwildplantfoods.Bytheendofthecentury,animals

theyreachedahighculturallevelusuallyfoundonly

amongagriculturalpeople,enjoyingastabilitythat4.Accordingtothepassage,what

allowedthedevelopmentofacomplexsocialandprobablydiscouragedpeoplefrom

tryingtogofromonepartofthe

NorthwestCoastregiontoanother?

Largeareasthickwithbushes

andtrees

Vastfieldsofbrokenice

Inabilitytounderstandother8.Thewordtheyinthepassage

languagesrefersto

Disagreementsoverhunting

areaslandandseamammals

wildplantfoods

5.Accordingtothepassage,theNativethepeopleoftheNorthwest

AmericansoftheNorthwestCoastCoast

regiongenerallydidnotliveagriculturalpeople

invillages9.Allofthefollowingarementionedin

onoffshoreislandsthepassageasbeingimportantto

closetoriversthepeopleoftheNorthwestCoast

inthemountainsEXCEPT

6.Thephraseteemedwithintheboatbuildingsk川s

passageisclosestinmeaningtoforestplantsforfood

woodforbuildingdurablehomes

variedaccordingtoplentifulsuppliesofseafood

competedfor

werecombinedwith10.Itisclearthattheauthorhasahigh

werefullofopinionoftheregion'straditional

7.TheauthorimpliesthattheNativegardens

AmericansoftheNorthwestCoastart

differedfrommostotherhighlyarchitecture

developedsocietiesofthetimemusic

because

11.Theauthormentionsthearea's

theydidnotdependonpopulationinorderto

agriculturedemonstratethat

theylackedgoodmeansof

transportationtheenvironmentcouldsupport

theirsocietyaroseinanarcticmanypeople

climatetradewithMexicowasofgreat

theirsocietywasbasedonimportance

ownershipofdomesticanimals.environmentalproblemswere

likelytoarisetheUnitedStatestherearepronouncedeconomic

manypeoplehadmigratedfromcontrastsbetweencentralcityandsuburbanresidents.

MexicototheareaThatis,therehasbeenmuchless

'?flighttothesuburbs"bymiddle-incomeCanadians.

Asaresult,theCanadiancityshowsgreatersocial

Thecityisaglobalphenomenon.Itisstability,employmentopportunities,andurban

alsoaregionalandculturalvariable.EvenamenitiesthanitsUnitedStatescounterpart.In

withintheseeminglyhomogenousNorthAmericanparticular,itdoesnothavetherivalryfromwell-

culturalrealm,thecityshowssubtlebutsignificantdefinedcompetitive“outercities"ofsuburbiathat

differences—notonlybetweenoldereasternandsospreadandfragmentUnitedStatesmetropolitan

newerwesternUnitedStatescitiesbutalsobetweencomplexes.

citiesofCanadaandthoseoftheUnitedStates.

Althoughtheurbanexpressionissimilarinthetwo12.Whatdoesthepassagemainly

countries,itisnotidentical,andthetruly"Northdiscuss?

American”cityismoreamyththanareality.

TheCanadiancity,forexample,ismorecompactFeaturesthatcharacterizethe

thanitsUnitedStatescounterpartofequalpopulationtypicalNorthAmericancity

size,withahigherdensityofbuildingsandpeopleThedevelopmentofsuburbs

andalesserdegreeofsuburbanizationofpopulationsinNorthAmerica

andfunctions.Space-saving,multiple-familyhousingMajordifferencesbetween

unitsaremoretheruleinCanada,soasimilarUnitedStatesandCanadian

populationishousedonasmallerlandareawithcities

muchhigherdensities,onaverage,withinthecentralPopulationmigrationtoward

areaofcities.TheCanadiancityisbetterservednewercities

byandmoredependentonmasstransportation

thanistheUnitedStatescity.Thisdependence13.Whatdoestheauthormeanby

givesformandstructuretotheCanadiancentralreferringtothetrulyNorthAmerican

city,qualitiesnowlostinthesprawlingUnitedStatescityasmoreamyththanareality?

metropolis,whoseresidentsviewthecentraldistrictas

increasinglylesscentraltotheirlives.SinceCanadianCommonlystudiedhistoriesof

metropolitanareashaveonlyone-citiesinNorthAmericadistort

quarterthenumberofkilometersofsuperhighwaysreality.

percapitaasUnitedStatesmetropolitanareas—andCitiesinCanadaandthe

atleastasmuchresistancetoconstructingmore-UnitedStatesexhibitcultural

suburbanizationofpeoplesandfunctionsislesssimilarities.

extensivenorthoftheborderthansouth.ItislikelyThereisnocitythatcanbe

toremainthatway.consideredrepresentative

Besidesthesephysicaldifferences,Canadian-ofallNorthAmericancities.

UnitedStatescontrastsarealsoapparentintheirEasternandwesterncities

cities'socialstructures.Whilecitiesinbothcountriesdisplaygreaterdifferences

areethnicallydiverse—Canadiancommunities,inthanthedifferencesbetween

fact,havethehigherproportionofimmigrants—inCanadianandUnitedStates

cities.17.Thewordapparentinthepassage

isclosestinmeaningto

unique

obvious

decreasing

dependent

18.Thewordpronouncedinthe

passageisclosestinmeaningto

strong

14.Accordingtoparagraph2,whichrecent

ofthefollowingstatementsaboutdivisive

thetypicalCanadiancityistrue?growing

Canadiancitiesarespread19.Itcanbeinferredfromthe

outoveralargearea.passagethat,whencompared

CanadiancitiesvarylittletotheirCanadiancounterparts,

insize.middle-incomepeopleinthe

PeopleandfunctionsinUnitedStatestendto

Canadiancitiesarecentrally

concentrated.moveawayfromcitycenters

Canadiancitieshavetallermorefrequently

buildingsthanothercountries.representagreaterrangeof

income

15.Thephrasetheruleinthepassagepreferlivingclosertourban

isclosestinmeaningtoamenities

dominatetheoldereastern

spaciouscities

practical

well-built

usual

16.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassage

thatCanadiancitiesaremarkedby

20.Theworditinthepassagerefersto

narrowstreets

openspacesflighttothesuburbs

anabsenceofskyscrapersCanadiancity

acoherentcentralareasocialstability

UnitedStatescounterpart

Thus,theeraoftheAmericanpopularmusicindustry

21.Thewordfragmentinthepassageiswasborn—aninevitableresultoftheelectronicage's

closestinmeaningto“massmedia”(thoughthetermwasnotyetcoined).

NewYorkCitywasthecenterofthepopular

holddownmusicindustryduringthe1920's:ithadBroadway

breakupandSchubertAlley,centeroftheAmericanpopular

characterizemusicaltheater,andithadTinPanAlley,centerof

distinguishthesongwritingbusinessandthestill-powerfulsheet

musicpublishers.Therecordingstudiosandradio

22.WhichofthefollowingdoesnetworkswerealsobasedinNewYork.

theauthormentionasasimilarityInaddition,recordingsandradioopenedup

betweenCanadianandUnitedStatesnewpossibilitiesforastrikingnewdevelopment.

cities?Theymadeavailablekindsofpopularmusicheard

previouslyonlyinlimitedgeographicalareasorby

Thesizeofthelandareaspecificethnicandsocialgroups—especiallythe

Thequalityofmassblues,gospelsongs,andjazzofAfricanAmericans

transportationandthetraditionalmusicofthesouthernAppalachian

ThedensityofbuildingsincityMountainsandotherruralareasofthesouthernand

centerswesternUnitedStates.Thelattermusicwasnotto

TheresistancetoconstructingaffectthemainstreamofAmericanpopularmusic

newroadwaysuntilmuchlater,buttheformerinfluencedAmerican

popularmusicofthe1920'sinmanyways.Infact,

novelistF.ScottFitzgeraldcouldevencalltheera

The1920'ssawmajordevelopmentsin"TheJazzAge"-whichreflectedtheinroadsof

popularmusicintheUnitedStates.SomeofthemostAfricanAmericanmusicalinfluenceonthenation

importantweretechnological:theestablishmentofatlarge.

commercialradiostationsandthedevelopmentofthe

public-addresssystem,thesoundtrackforfilm,and23.Whataspectofmusicinthe1920'sin

theelectricalrecordingprocessusedforproducingtheUnitedStatesdoesthepassage

phonographrecords.Allusedthemicrophoneandmainlydiscuss?

thesoundamplifier,withsignificantimpactonthe

natureoforchestrationandpopularvocalstyle,andThegrowthofmusicaltheater

consequentlyontheideasofperformers,arrangers,Theeffectoftechnologyon

andevensongwriters.Alltendedtobroadenthethepopularmusicindustry

audienceforpopularmusic—inasensetonationalizeTechnologicaladvancesin

it-butatthesametimetheytendedtomakeitamoresoundrecordingforfilm

passiveone,anaudienceoflistenersratherthanTheinfluenceofprofessional

participants.Thisprocesstendedtoheightenthesongwritersonpopularmusic

importanceofprofessionalismandsophistication

amongbothperformersandarrangers;italso24.Thewordestablishmentinthe

tendedtoincreasecommercialisminthetransmissionpassageisclosestinmeaningto

(the,,distribution^^)ofpopularmusictoitsaudience.

necessity28.Theworditinthepassagerefers

formationtothe

connection

enrichmentaudience

process

25.WhichofthefollowingisNOTimportance

mentionedasatechnologicalcommercialism

developmentofthe1920's?

29.Thewordheighteninthepassageis

Thepublic-addresssystemclosestinmeaningto

Filmsoundtracks

Magneticrecordingtapeconsider

Theelectricalrecordingprocessannounce

increase

26.Accordingtothepassage,whatwasadjust

theimportanceofthemicrophone

andthesoundamplifiermentioned30.Whydoesthepassagemention

inparagraph1?NewYorkCityinparagraph2?

TheycausedmajorchangesinItwasamajorcenterforthe

thecreationandperformanceinventionofnewtechnology.

ofpopularmusic.Ithadasignificantconcentration

Theyhelpedtheperformanceofperforming,composing,and

ofpeoplewhowerenotmusicbusinessactivity.

professionals.Ithadthebroadestrangeof

Theywereusedtopreserveaaudiencesofanycityinthe

historicalrecordofolderstylesUnitedStates.

ofmusicandperformance.Itwasthesourceofapopular

Theyhelpedperformersmeetregionalstyleofmusic.

audiencedemandforlouder

music.31.Whatisthenewdevelopment

thattheauthordiscussesin

27.Thewordconsequentlyintheparagraph3?

passageisclosestinmeaningto

Ablendingoftraditional

otherwisemusicalstylesoccurred.

infactPopularmusicperformers

thereforebegantoavoidusing

althoughelementsoftraditionalmusic.

Thecenteroftherecording

industrymovedsouth.

Musicstylesformerlyknown

onlytoafewpeoplebecamesettlements,andtownscouldbecomeamajorproblem

knowntomanypeople.indesertregions.

Thedirection,strength,andvariabilityofthewind,

32.Thewordpreviouslyinthepassagethemoisturecontentofthesoil,thevegetationcover,

isclosestinmeaningtotheunderlyingtopography,andtheamountofmovable

soilexposedtothewinddeterminethesizeandform

beforeofsanddunes.Sanddunesgenerallyhavefourbasic

thereshapes,determinedbythetopographyofthelandand

inexpensivelypatternsofwindflow.Lineardunesalign

significantlyinroughlythedirectionofstrongprevailingwinds.

Theirlengthissubstantiallygreaterthantheirwidth,

33.Theworderainthepassageisandtheylieparalleltoeachother,sometimeswith

closestinmeaningtoawavypattern.Crescentdunes,alsocalled

barchans,aresymmetricallyshaped,withhorns

periodpointingdownwind.Theytravelacrossthedesert

nationatspeedsofupto50feetayear.Parabolicdunes

movementforminareaswheresparsevegetationanchorsthe

booksidearmswhilethecenterisblownoutward,causing

sandinthemiddletomoveforward.Stardunesform

byshiftingwindsthatpileupsandintocentralpoints

thatcanrise1,500feetandmore,withseveralarms

radiatingoutward,lookingmuchlikegiantpinwheels.

34.Whataspectofsanddunesdoes

Abouttenpercentoftheworld'sdesertsarethepassagemainlydiscuss?

composedofsanddunes,whicharedrivenacross

thedesertbythewind.SandgrainsmarchacrossTheirlocation

thedesertfloorundertheinfluenceofstrongwindsTheirdestructiveness

byaprocessknownassaltation.ThegrainsofTheirformation

sandbecomeairborneforamoment,anduponTheirdisappearance

landingtheydislodgeadditionalsandgrains,which

repeattheprocess.Inthismanner,sanddunes35.Theworddriveninthepassageis

engulfeverythingintheirpath,includingstructuresclosestinmeaningto

madebypeople,andposeamajorprobleminthe

constructionandmaintenanceofhighwaysandpushed

railroadsthatcrosssandyareasofdesert.Sand-smoothed

dunemigrationneardesertoasesposesanothercontrolled

seriousproblem,especiallywhenencroachingonstrengthened

villages.Methodstomitigatedamagetostructures

fromsanddunesincludebuildingwindbreaks36.Thewordtheyinthepassage

andfunnelingsandoutoftheway.Withoutsuchrefersto

measures,disruptionofroads,airports,agricultural

deserts

strongwinds41.Thewordsubstantiallyinthe

sandgrainspassageisclosestinmeaningto

structures

actually

specifically

37.Accordingtothepassage,inwhatfrequently

waydosanddunesinterferewithsignificantly

transportation?

42.Whichofthefollowingisprobably

Theycausetravelerstogetlost.mostinfluentialindeterminingthe

Theymakeitdifficulttobuildandshapeofparabolicdunes?

repairroadways.

TheyincreasethelikelihoodofMoisture

accidents.Vegetation

TheyblockthemostdirectWindspeed

routes.Soilcomposition

38.Thewordposeinthepassageis

closestinmeaningto

solves

positions

presents

interprets

39.Onepurposeofthewindbreaks

mentionedinthepassageisto

protectbuildings

removesanddunes43.Itcanbeinferredthatpinwheels

encouragetheprocessofresemblewhichofthefollowing

saltationshapes?

utilizethepowerofthewind

40.Thewordvariabilityinthepassage

isclosestinmeaningto

abilitytocausedamage

tendencytochange44.Lookatthetermssaltation,

forwardmovementmigration,oases,andtopography

speedinthepassage.Whichofthese

termsisdefinedinthepassage?locationbutwitheyesaverted,and(3)inacontrol

conditioninwhichnohumanwasvisible.Boththe

Saltationpresenceoftheowlandthedirecthumangaze

Migrationresultedinlongerrecoverytimesrelativetothe

Oasesrespectivecontrolconditions.Whenthehuman

Topographyeyeswer