《2016中山大學834語言學概論C考研復習精編注重聯系，強化。復習指南分析各章節在考試中的地位和作用，并將各章節對知識的,提取和應用。2、穩扎穩打，夯實基礎考生C：本科院校和所學專業都不是我理想的，所以我信誓旦旦準備考研，跨考的壓力很大，我又是不大總結歸納和分析的人，博學的給我吃了一顆小小的，有對的講解，更有對的詳細解析，以及對出題規律的把握，相信我一定能考好！目I序言II必III復習方略IV考試分析V復習指南VI考點解Chapter1InvitationstoLinguisticsChapter2SpeechSoundsChapter3Chapter4FromWordtoTextChapter5MeaningChapter6LanguageandCognitionChapter7Language,Culture,andSocietyChapter8LanguageinUseChapter9LanguageandLi Chapter10LanguageandComputerChapter11LinguisticsandForeignLanguageTeachingChapter12TheoriesandSchoolsofModernLinguisticsQuestions&AnswersfromtheCourseBookVII往年試卷與答案解中山大學2014年招收攻讀入學考試試中山大學2013年招收攻讀入學考試試中山大學2012年招收攻讀入學考試試中山大學2011年招收攻讀入學考試試中山大學2010年招收攻讀入學考試試中山大學2009年招收攻讀入學考試試中山大學2008年招收攻讀入學考試試題中山大學2014年招收攻讀入學考試試題答案解中山大學2013年招收攻讀入學考試試題答案解中山大學2012年招收攻讀入學考試試題答案解中山大學2011年招收攻讀入學考試試題答案解中山大學2010年招收攻讀入學考試試題答案解中山大學2009年招收攻讀入學考試試題答案解中山大學2008年招收攻讀入學考試試題答案解 專業課IX專業課輔導班習指《語言學Chapter12TheoriesandSchoolsofModern一、本章復習提示本章主要介紹了語言學界各大流派的語言學觀點以及其發展歷史,主要包括布拉格學派，倫敦學派，結構主義學派，以及轉換生成學派等。作為的最后一章，本章的重要性二、本章知識框架圖Ⅵ考點解《語言學Chapter12TheoriesandSchoolsofModern一、ModernlinguisticsbeganfromtheSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussure,whoisoftendescribedas“fatherofmodernlinguistics”and“amasterofadisciplinewhichhemademodern”.SaussurebelievedthatlanguageisaSYSTEMOFSIGNS.ThisSIGNistheunionofaformandanidea,whichSaussurecalledtheSIGNIFIERandtheSIGNIFIED.ManypeoplebelievethatSaussurewasalsoinfluencedbywesterneconomictheoriesofthetime.HisLinguistictheoriesonthenatureofthelinguisticsign,LANGUEvs.PAROLE,SYNTAGMATICvs.PARADIGMATIC,andSYNCHRONICvs.DIACHRONIC,canfindtheirtracesintheeconomictheoriesofEuropean二、ThePragueThePragueSchoolcanbetracedbacktoitsfirstmeetingundertheleadershipofV.Mathesiusin1926.Thisschoolpracticedaspecialstyleofsynchroniclinguistics,anditsmostimportantcontributiontolinguisticsisthatitseeslanguageintermsoffunction.PhonologyandPhonologicalThePragueSchoolisbestknownandrememberedforitscontributiontophonologyandthedistinctionbetweenphoneticsandphonology.ThephonologicaloppositionscanbesummarizedasBilalIfthefeatureswhichtwophonemessharebelongonlytothem,theyarebilal lItisamorelooselyestablishedrelationship:/a/and/i/forinstancearealikeonlytotheextentthatbotharevowels,aqualitysharedbyanyotherpairsovowels.Twophonemesareproportionalifthesamecontrastivefeaturesalsoserveasthedifferentiatingcriterionforotherpairsofphonemes.IsolatedIfthecontrastivefeatureisuniquetothepair,thatis,itisnotacontrastivefeatureofotherpairsofphonemesinthelanguage,thenthephonemesareinisolatedPrivativeOnememberofacontrastivepairmaybecharacterizedbythepresenceofacertainfeature,theotherbyitsabsence.GradualIfthepairssharedifferentdegreesofafeature,theirrelationisgradualIfthepairisnotingradualopposition,norinprivativeopposition,theyarelogicallyNeutralisableTheoppositionoccurswhentwosoundscontrastinsomepositionsbutnotinConstantThepairofsoundsoccursinallpossiblepositionswithoutneutralizingFunctionalSentenceFUNCTIONALSENTENCE (FSP)isatheoryoflinguisticysiswhichreferstoanysisofutncesortextsintermsoftheinformationtheycontain.Theprincipleisthattheroleofeachutncepartisevaluatedforitssemanticcontributiontothewhole.Thepointofdepartureisequallypresenttothespeakerandtothehearer—itisthegroundonwhichtheymeetandiscalledtheTHEME.Thegoalofdiscoursepresentstheveryinformationthatistobeimpartedtothehearer,andiscalledtheRHEME.Inresearchintotherelationbetweenstructureandfunction,J.FirbasdevelopedthenotionofCOMMUNICATIVEDYNAMISM,basedonthefactthatlinguisticcommunicationisnotastaticphenomenon,butadynamicone.三、heLondonMalinowskiwasProfessorofAnthropologyattheLondonSchoolofEconomicsfrom1927onwards.Themostimportantaspectofhistheorizing,asdistinctfromhispurelyethnographicwork,concernedthefunctioningoflanguage.Hedistinguishedthreetypesofcontextofsituation:（1）situationsinwhichspeechinterrelateswithbodilyactivity;（2）narrativesituations;and（3）situationsinwhichspeechisusedtofillaspeechvacuum—PHATICCOMMUNION.FirstWhileFirthinheritedthetraditionbytakingupsomeofSaussure’sandMalinowski’sviews,hedevelopedtheirtheoriesandputforwardhisownoriginalpointsofview.ByCONTECTOFSITUATION,Firthmeantaseriesofcontextsofsituation,eachsmalleronebeingembeddedintoalarger,totheextentthatallthecontextsofsituationyessentialpartsinthewholeofthecontextofculture.Inyzingatypicalcontextofsituation,onehastotakeintoconsiderationboththeSITUATIONALCONTEXTandtheLINGUISTICECONTEXTofatext:SecondFirth’ssecondimportantcontributiontolinguisticsishismethodofPROSODIC calledPROSODICPHONOLOGY,putforwardinapaperpresentedatLondonPhilologicalSocietyin1984.Ⅶ往年試卷與答案解析往年考研試卷中山大學2008年攻讀入學考試試科目名稱：語言學概論TranscribethefollowingwordsintoIPAsymbols,withstressmarkingwherenecessary.(10points)Fillinthefollowingblanks.(15 proposesa ,interalandtextualfunctions.Therehasbeen whichclaimsthat“YouarewhatyouThetheoryofconversationalimplicaturewasproposedSystemic-FunctionalGr r,unliketraditionalgr rwhichtakessentenceasthelargestunit,takes asthebasicunit.referstoacollectionoflinguisticdata,eithercompiledaswrittentextsorasatranscriptionofrecordedspeech.Inlinguistics, referstothestudyoftherules erningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.Atdifferenttimes,differentpatternsofmetreandsoundhavedeveloped acceptedaswaysofstructuringpoems.Amongthem, consistsoflinesiniambicpentameterwhichdonotrhyme.Thetypeoflanguageconstructedbysecondorforeignlanguagelearnerswhoarestillintheprocessoflearningalanguageisoftenreferredtoas Erroristhegrticallyincorrectform; appearswhenthelanguageiscorrectgrticallybutimproperinacommunicationalcontext.Inresearchintotherelationbetweenstructureandfunction,J.Firbasdevelopedthenotionof.Thisnotionisbasedonthefactthatlinguisticcommunicationisnotastaticphenomenon,butadynamicone.InHallday’ssystemicGrr,asystemisalistofthingsbetweenwhichitispossibletochoose.Sotheyaremeanings,whichthegrrcandistinguish.Theitemsinasystemarecalled.Thepresentsystemofthe derivesmainlyfromonedevelopedinthe1920sbytheBritishphonetician,DanielJones(1881-1967),andhiscolleaguesatUniversityofAsthelexicalwordscarrythemaincontentofalanguagewhilethegrticalonesservetolinkitsdifferentpartstogether,thelexicalwordsarealsoknownascontentwordsandgrticalones Thetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandsfor,isknownasthe Atwhatpointismeaningextractedfromthewordsinatext?Thereaderissupposedtocarryouttheprocessesrequiredtounderstandeachwordanditsrelationshiptopreviouswordsinthesentenceassoonasthatwordisencountered;thisisknownastheDefinethefollowingterms.(50textualExinthefollowingstatementswithexamples.(30Linguisticsisnottheonlyfieldconcernedwithlanguage.Otherdisciplinessuchassociology,psychology,ethnographyarealsopreoccupiedwithlanguage.SemanticchangeysaveryimportantroleinwideningthevocabularyofaLanguageisamirrorofthemindinadeepandsignificantAnswerthefollowingquestionswithexampleswherenecessary.(45WhyshouldweteachorlearnWhatarethemajortypesoflanguageWhatisthemaindifferencebetween llanguageandfigurative往年考 解中山大學2008年攻讀入學考試試題答案解科目名稱：語言學概論Ⅰ.TranscribethefollowingwordsintoIPAsymbols，wit