Pre-ReadingTask

While-ReadingTask

After-ReadingTaskUnit2:TextB第1頁第1頁P(yáng)re-readingTaskText-relatedInformationPre-readingActivity第2頁第2頁NuclearPowerText-relatedInformation第3頁第3頁Text-relatedInformationNuclearPower:Theenergyconsumedorproducedinmodifyingthecompositionoftheatomicnucleusandpoweringelectricity-generatingplantsincountriesthroughouttheworld.Itisseenbymanyasthesourceofinexpensive,cleanpower;butbecauseofthehazardousradiationemittedinproducingthatpowerandtheradioactivityofthematerialsused,othersfeelthatitmaynotbeaviableenergyalternativetotheuseoffossilfuelsorsolarenergy.第4頁第4頁Text-relatedInformationAtpresent,onlythefissionprocessisusedinthecommercialproductionofenergy,usuallytomakeelectricity,butalsooccasionallytoproducesteamfordistrictheatingorindustrialapplications.Publicopinionremainslargelyfavourabletowardnuclearenergy.However,questionsaboutthesafetyandeconomyofnuclearpowerhavecreatedperhapsthemostemotionalbattleyetfoughtoverenergy.Nuclearopponentsemphasizeanumberofunansweredquestionsabouttheenvironment,suchastheeffectsoflow-levelradiationoverlongperiods,thelikelihoodofmajoraccidentsatanuclearpowerplant,andnuclearpower’swasteproducts.第5頁第5頁1.Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofnuclearpower?2.Fromthetitleofthepassage,guesswhethertheauthorisfororagainsttheuseofnuclearpower.Nowreadthepassageandseeifyouagreewithwhattheauthorsays.Pre-readingTaskExercise1Beforereadingthepassage,thinkoverthequestions.第6頁第6頁TextBDetailedStudyoftheTextWhile-ReadingTask第7頁第7頁TextBNuclearPower:AdvantagesThatOutweightheRisks1Theviewsexpressedinthedebateonthesafetyofnuclearpowerhavecomemainlyfromtheinterestedparties—theUnitedKingdomAtomicEnergyAuthorityandBritishNuclearFuelsLimitedontheonehand,andthevariousenvironmentalgroupsontheother.Itisnotsurprisingthereforethatthepublicisconfusedbythemanycontradictorystatements,someofwhichhavebeensensational.While-ReadingTask第8頁第8頁Furthermore,mostoftheresponsiblecontributionstothedebatehavebeenwritteninsuchhighlytechnicaltermsastobeincomprehensibletothelayreader.Webelievethereisaneedforanimpartialanddispassionateanalysisoftheissuesinvolvedinlanguagethepubliccanunderstand.2

Whileeveryeffortshouldbemadetodevelopthemorepromisingnaturalsourcesasquicklyaspossible,webelieveitwillbevirtuallyimpossibleforanyofthemtomakeasignificantcontributiontotheenergygapbeforethebeginningofthenextcentury.While-ReadingTask第9頁第9頁3Iftheworldisnottofaceasubstantialfallinlivingstandardswithaveryrealriskofcivilupheaval—ifnotwar—thereisnoalternativebuttorelyonamajorcontributionofenergyfromnuclearsources.However,asitis,therearegenuineanxietieswhichmustbeansweredobjectively.Thesefallunderthefollowingbroadheadings:(I)Thelong-termeffectsofthelowlevelradiationtowhichworkersintheplantsandthepublicmaybeexposed;(II)thepossibilityofa“runaway”leadingtoanatomicexplosion;(III)thedisposalofradioactivewaste.While-ReadingTask第10頁第10頁4

Wewilldealwiththeseinturn.5

[1]Acceptablelimitsofradiation:Thelong-termeffectoflowdosesofradiationisaparticularlydifficultsubjectsincemedicalexpertsdisagreeontheinterpretationofsuchstatisticalevidenceasisavailable.However,twofactsemergewhichseemtoussignificant:(a)thereisnoevidencethattheincidenceofcancerorotherdiseasesamongthework-forceoftheUnitedKingdomnuclearplantsishigherthanthenationalaverage.(b)theaverageexposureofthepublictoradiationasaresultofnuclearpowerisonlyaminutefraction(0.2percent)oftheradiationfromothersources—mainlynatural.While-ReadingTask第11頁第11頁6[2]Theworstconceivableaccident:Itmustbeacceptedthatnoprocessormechanismcanbe100percentsafe.However,undernocircumstancescouldathermalpowerreactorofanytypeexplodelikeanatomicbomb.Theworstthatcouldhappenintheimprobableeventofawholeseriesofunlikelyincidentshappeningtogether,wouldbeanescapeofradioactivitytothesurroundingatmosphere.7

IthasbeencalculatedbyProfessorRasmussen,oftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,thatthechancesofsuchanaccidentcausing100deathsforagroupof100powerplantswouldbeoneincidentin100000years.While-ReadingTask第12頁第12頁While-ReadingTask8

[3]Thedisposalofradioactivewaste.Thespentfuelelementsfromanyreactorarehighlyradioactiveandcontainfissionandotherproductswithhalflivesrangingfromafewsecondstomanythousandsofyears.9Itshouldberealized,however,thattheradiation(ofwhateversort)emittedbyaparticularelementiscausedbytheprocessofitsradioactivedecay.Theelementswithahighrateofdecay(shorthalflives)thereforeemitveryintenseradiation,whilethosewithlowratesofdecay(longhalflives)emitonlylowlevels.第13頁第13頁10Afterchemicalseparation,someoftheelements(uraniumandplutonium)arerecycledforfurtheruse;theremainderhavetobestoredordisposedofinsomeway.Thehighlyactiveconcentratedwastesinliquidformareatpresentstoredinstainlesssteeldouble-walledtanksforadditionalsafety.Therewouldbeobviousadvantagesfromthepointofviewoflong-termstorageiftheconcentratescouldbeconvertedtoasolid,andaprocesshasbeenworkedoutforturningthemintoaninsolubleglass.While-ReadingTask第14頁第14頁11

Thereareareasintheearth’scrustwherethenaturallevelsofradioactivityarealreadyhigh,andasinsomanyotherinstances,theadditionalradiationduetoman’seffortswouldbeinsignificantcomparedwithnaturalsources.While-ReadingTask第15頁第15頁—NuclearPower:MoreAdvantagesThanRisksNuclearPower:AdvantagesThatOutweightheRisks第16頁第16頁—Thedifferentopinionswhichcomefromadiscussiononthesafetyofnuclearpower...Theviewsexpressedinthedebateonthesafetyofnuclearpowerhavecomemainlyfromtheinterestedparties...andthevariousenvironmentalgroupsontheother.第17頁第17頁e.g.

Thetopicarousedaninterestingdebate.Truthdevelopsthroughdebatebetweendifferentviews.debate:

n.apublicmeetinginwhichaquestionistalkedoverbyatleast2peopleorgroups,eachexpressingadifferentpointofview;argumentordiscussioningeneral第18頁第18頁e.g.

Thereisurgentneedtodebatethisissueopenly.Thesubjectwashotlydebated.cf.debate:

v.toargueabout(something)inanefforttopersuadeotherpeople第19頁第19頁thegroupsthataredirectlyconcernedwiththeissueandarelikelytobeaffectedbyitsresultstheinterestedparties:第20頁第20頁groupswhoareconcernedwiththeprotectionoftheenvironmentfrompollution,etc.theenvironmentalgroups:第21頁第21頁—Soitisnotsurprisingthatthepublicdoesn’tknowwhoisrightbecausemanyviewsinthedebatearecontradictoryandsomeofthemhavebeenshocking.Itisnotsurprisingthereforethatthepublicisconfusedbythemanycontradictorystatements,someofwhichhavebeensensational.第22頁第22頁e.g.

Thedetailsoftheagreementneedmoreexactstatement.Weneedfurtherfactstobackupourstatements.statement:n.1)anexpressioninwords第23頁第23頁e.g.

Doyoubelievethewitness’sstatement?Theeducationalauthoritiesgaveoutthefollowingstatement.statement:n.2)awrittenorspokendeclaration,esp.ofaformalkind第24頁第24頁—...mostofthesensibleandreliablearticlesforthedebatehavebeenwritteninsuchhighlytechnicaltermsthatthenon-professionalreadercannotunderstandthem....mostoftheresponsiblecontributionstothedebatehavebeenwritteninsuchhighlytechnicaltermsastobeincomprehensibletothelayreader.第25頁第25頁e.g.

layopinion(外行意見)tothelaymind(對外行人來說)lay:

v.nottrainedinorhavingknowledgeofaparticularprofessionorbranchoflearning,suchaslawormedicine第26頁第26頁

—Webelievethatitisnecessarytohaveafairandobjectiveexplanationoftheproblemsconcernedusingnocomplicatedtechnicallanguagethatthepubliccan’tunderstand.Webelievethereisaneedforanimpartialanddispassionateanalysisoftheissuesinvolvedinlanguagethepubliccanunderstand.第27頁第27頁e.g.TheFBIwantsacompleteanalysisofhowthecrimewascommitted.Onanalysis,itgavethefollowingresults.analysis:

n.anexaminationofsomethingtogetherwiththoughtsandjudgmentsaboutit第28頁第28頁e.g.

Thatissuemustbedecidedbeforeanyotherquestionscanbedealtwith.WhetherIgothereornotisadebatableissue.issue:

n.1)aquestionthatarisesfordiscussion第29頁第29頁e.g.

Themotorvehicledepartmenthandlestheissueofdrivinglicences.Theissueofwaterfromthecrackedpipegrewsoseriousthatwecalledthediredepartment.issue:

n.

2)theactofcomingout第30頁第30頁e.g.

Haveyoureadtoday’sissueof“TheTimes”?Thelastissueofourweeklypaperconsistedof1000copies.issue:

n.

3)somethingprinted第31頁第31頁—...webelieveitwillbealmostimpossibleforanyofthemtohelptofilltoanimportantdegreetheenergygap......webelieveitwillbevirtuallyimpossibleforanyofthemtomakeasignificantcontributiontotheenergygap...第32頁第32頁e.g.

Penicillinwasanextremelysignificantmedicaldiscovery.Doesthereportgiveallthesignificantfactsofthecase?significant:

a.ofnoticeableimportanceoreffect第33頁第33頁—...theonlytypeofenergywecanrelyonisfromnuclearsources....thereisnoalternativebuttorelyonamajorcontributionofenergyfromnuclearsources.第34頁第34頁—But,infact,therearerealworries...However,asitis,therearegenuineanxieties...第35頁第35頁e.g.

Ithoughtthingswouldgetbetter,butasitistheyaregettingworse.

Asitis,wecanhardlygettotheairportby5o’clock.asitis:inreality;accordingtothesituationthatactuallyexists,esp.whenthatsituationisdifferentfromwhatoneexpectedorneed第36頁第36頁e.g.

Inmanywayschildrenlive,asitwere,inadifferentworldfromadults.cf.asitwere:asitmightbesaidtobe;asifitreallywere;seemingly(usedtoindicatethatthespeakerisgivingherorhisownimpressionofasituationandmaynotbeusingwordsintheirexactsense)第37頁第37頁e.g.

Thesmallcraftwasexposedtothedangersoftheopensea.Itcannotbeexposedtothesun.cf.Hebelievesinregularlyexposinghispupilstogreatworksofart.beexposedto:tobeleftwithoutprotection(fromsomething)第38頁第38頁—Wewillexplaintheseonebyoneindetails.Wewilldealwiththeseinturn.第39頁第39頁e.g.

Allthestudentsrecitedthepoeminturn.Eurn:successively;inorder第40頁第40頁—...becausemedicalexpertshavetheirownexplanationoftheexistingstatisticalevidence/havedifferentopinionsabouttheexplanationofthestatisticalevidencethatcanbeobtainednow....sincemedicalexpertsdisagreeontheinterpretationofsuchstatisticalevidenceasisavailable.第41頁第41頁

e.g.

Thesedataarereadilyavailable.Isthepresidentavailableforthegraduationceremonytomorrow?available:

a.abletobegot,obtained,used,seen,etc.第42頁第42頁—Howevertherearetwofactswhichseemimportanttous:...However,twofactsemergewhichseemtoussignificant:...第43頁第43頁e.g.

Thesunemergedfrombehindtheclouds.Manyfactsemergedasaresultoftheinvestigation.emerge:

v.tocomeorappear;becomeknown第44頁第44頁—However,itisabsolutelyimpossiblethatanytypeofthermalpowerreactorcouldexplodelikeanatomicbomb.However,undernocircumstancescouldathermalpowerreactorofanytypeexplodelikeanatomicbomb.第45頁第45頁e.g.

Undernocircumstancesareyoutoleavethehouse.under/innocircumstances:never;regardlessofevents(usedtoemphasizethatsomethingmustdefinitelynothappen)第46頁第46頁e.g.

Underthecircumstances,therewasnothingIcouldsay.cf.under/inthecircumstances:becauseoftheconditions;becausethingsareastheyare(usedtosaythataparticularsituationmakesanaction,decision,etc.necessaryoracceptablewhenitwouldnotnormallybe)第47頁第47頁e.g.

Underanycircumstancesagentlemanhasnorighttohurtawoman.under/inanycircumstances:inanycase第48頁第48頁—Theworstthingthatcouldhappenifawholeseriesofunlikelyincidentshappenedtogether,...Theworstthatcouldhappenintheimprobableeventofawholeseriesofunlikelyincidentshappeningtogether,...第49頁第49頁e.g.

Intheunlikelyeventofanaccident,contactusatthisnumberintheeventof:(formal)ifsomethinghappen第50頁第50頁e.g.

—Didshecalculatethecost?—Yes,shecalculatedthatitwouldcost$100.Thescientistcouldnotcalculatewhenthespaceshipwouldreachthemoon.calculate:

v.toestimate;findoutbyworkingwithnumbers第51頁第51頁thehalflifeofaradioactivesubstanceisthelengthoftimeittakestolosehalfofitsradioactivityhalf(-)life:第52頁第52頁e.g.

Thosedressesrangeinpricefromeighteentofiftydollars.Hislecturesranged

frommusictomathematics.rangefrom...to:tovary(betweenlimits)第53頁第53頁e.g.Thepatienthasanintensewilltorecover.Tense:

a.strong(inqualityorfeeling)第54頁第54頁—Afterchemicaltreatment,...Afterchemicalseparation,...第55頁第55頁—Theconcentratedwastesinliquidformwithhighlevelofradiationarenowkeptinstainlesssteeldouble-walledtanksformoresafety.Thehighlyactiveconcentratedwastesinliquidformareatpresentstoredinstainlesssteeldouble-walledtanksforadditionalsafety.第56頁第56頁e.g.

Thechargeforthedeliveryofthefurnitureisadditional.Thatisanadditionalreasonfornotleaving.additional:

a.extra;added第57頁第57頁e.g.

Coalcanbeconverted

togasbyburning.Thesofacanbeconverted

intoabedatnight.convert...to/into:tocausetochangetoorintoanotherform,substance,orstate,orfromoneuseorpurposetoanother第58頁第58頁After-ReadingTaskOutlineReadingComprehensionVocabularyandStructure第59頁第59頁OutlineAfter-ReadingTaskParas.1-2Nuclearpower–anissueinthedebate:a.animpartialanddispassionateanalysisrequired;b.animpossiblecontributionbyanyothernaturalresourcestotheenergygap.第60頁第60頁OutlineAfter-ReadingTaskParas.3-11Nuclearpower–apromisingenergyalternative:a.nooptionbutthenuclearpowerthatcounts;b.questionsraisedconcerningthenuclearpower:1)thelong-termeffectsofthelowlevelradiation2)the“runaway”leadingtoanatomicexplosion3)thedisposalofradioactivewastec.answerstothequestions(Toeachofthequestions,anegativeanswerhasbeengivenbytheauthortogetherwithmanyfigureandfacts.)第61頁第61頁Exercise2DecidewhetherthestatementsareTrue(T)orFalse(F)accordingthepassage.ReadingComprehension1.Onthesafetyofnuclearpower,theviewsexpressedbytheenvironmentalgroupsarequitedifferentfromthosebytheUnitedKingdomAtomicEnergyAuthorityandBritishNuclearFuelsLimited.2.Whetherthepubliccanbetterunderstandtheproblemofnuclearpowertotallydependsonhowmuchandhowwelltheyknowaboutthetechnicaltermsinvolved.3.Theauthorbelievesthatifwedevelopmorenaturalpowersourceswecansolvetheenergyshortage.4.Accordingtotheauthor,nuclearenergy,thoughwithsomerisks,istheonlyalternativethatwecanrelyontofillintheenergygap.5.Throughtheexplanationsgiveninparagraphs5to11,theauthorintendstodrawaconclusionthattheadvantagesofnuclearpoweroutweightherisks.TTFFT第62頁第62頁Exercise3Fillintheblankswiththegivenwords.Changetheformwherenecessary.issueemergeanalysisobjectivesubstantialdebateintensecalculatestatementsignificantVocabularyandStructure1.ItwassohotinAfricathatwecouldnotstandthe________heat.2.Anysuccessofyoursmaybe____________foryourwholefuture.3.Inhislastlecturehegaveanintelligent____________ofthepoliticalsituationinEastEurope.4.Oneofthebiggest____________wewerefacingwaswhetherweshouldsetupanuclearpowerplanthere.5.Throughoutthedebate,membersofbothsideslistenetoeveryspeaker’s____________withgreatattention.statementintensesignificantanalysisissues第63頁第63頁Exercise3Fillintheblankswiththegivenwords.Changetheformwherenecessary.VocabularyandStructureissueemergeanalysisobjectivesubstantialdebateintensecalculatestatementsignificant6.Participantsarefreetospeaktheirminds,astruthismadeclearthrough____________betweendifferentviews.7.Ithinkthereare____________differencesintheviewsheldbythetwogroupsaboutthesafetyofnuclearpower.8.ThroughthejointeffortsofBritishandFrenchpoliceforces,thenewevidence____________fromtheinvestigation.9.Ifyouwanttostudyabroad,you’llneedto____________theoverallcost.10.Scienceisusuallyconcernedonlywith____________factsthatcanbeprovedordisapproved.objectivedebatesubstantialemergedcalculate第64頁第64頁Exercise4

Completethesentenceswiththegivenexpressions.CoasitiscomparewithundernocircumstancesVocabularyandStructure1.Ithoughtthingswouldgetbetter,but________theyaregettingworse.2.Theirplant________crudeoil_______