Pricing

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Newwordsandexpressionsmonopolyn.壟斷；專賣Monopolyenterprise/monopolypowerActn.法案；法令Discriminationn.差別對待，歧視Pricediscrimination---價格歧視/差別取價Discriminatev.Deceptiveadj.騙人的，靠不住的Deceptivepricing---欺騙性定價Withhold---Misinterpret---v.誤解，曲解Misinterpretation---n,誤解TacticsStandingGroupdiscussionWeknowthatinplannedeconomy,thegovernmentintervenedalotintheeconomy;whileatpresent,doyouthinkitisstillnecessaryforthegovernmenttoregulatepricesinamarketeconomy?Pleasegiveyourreasons.Whatpracticesareillegalinthematterofpricing?Whatgoalsshouldonehaveinmindwhensettingthepriceofaproduct?StructureReadingcomprehensionParagraphtwo:Whatisthecentralideaofthefederallaws?(topreventunfaircompetitionandmonopoly)Whatismonopoly,accordingtoourpassage?Whatarethemaincontentsofthelawsmentionedinourpassage?MonopolyIntheory,anindustrywhereonefirmproducestheentireoutputofamarket.Inpractice,intheUKanyonefirmthathas25%ofamarketisconsideredtohavemonopolycontrol.原指站在市集的高地上操縱貿易，后來泛指把持和獨占。

在資本主義經濟里，壟斷指在生產集中和資本集中高度發展的基礎上，1個大企業或少數幾個大企業對相應部門產品生產和銷售的獨占或聯合控制。

壟斷（或者稱賣者壟斷），一般指唯一的賣者在一個或多個市場，通過一個或多個階段，面對競爭性的消費者---與買者壟斷(Monopsony)剛剛相反。壟斷者在市場上，能夠隨意調節價格與產量（不能同時調節）。ThemajorformsofMonopolyTrust（托拉斯；壟斷的最高形式）Cartel（卡特爾）Syndicate（辛迪加）Konzern

（康采恩）ChineseAntimonopolyLaw

(adoptedatthe29thsessionoftheTenthNationalPeople'sCongressonAugust30,2007)TheShermanAntitrustActof1890TheClaytonActof1914TheRobinson-PatmanActof1936Paragraph3-8Whatpricingactivitiesshouldthegovernmentkeepaneyeon?Pricingfixing(maybethereisaminorspellingmistakeinourbooks:pricingmixing)定價Pricediscrimination價格歧視Resalepricemaintenanceresalepricemaintenance

(美國廠商之間關于)不得低價轉售商品的規定Deceptivepricing

beconcernedwith:beinvolvedin;interveneinsth.c.f.:beconcernedabout:beworriedabout;payattentiontosth.ParagraphfourWhatactcanberegardedas“pricingfixing”?Whatarethebehaviorsofpricingfixing?Itisanagreementbetweenbusinesscompetitorstosellthesameproductorserviceatthesameprice.or:theestablishingofpricesatadeterminedlevel,eitherbyagovernmentorbymutualconsentamongproducersorsellersofacommodity.conspire:tojoininasecretagreementtodoanunlawfulorwrongfulactoranactwhichbecomesunlawfulasaresultofthesecretagreement共謀；陰謀ParagraphfiveInwhatsituationdoespricediscriminationexist?thepracticeofofferingidenticalgoodstodifferentbuyersatdifferentprices,whenthegoodscostthesame.ParagraphsixWhydomanufacturersgiveretailpricesfortheirgoods?Andwhywasthissortofbehaviorabolishedlater?Resalepricemaintenance:istheeffectofrulesimposedbyamanufactureronwholesaleorretailresellersofitsownproducts,topreventthemfromcompetingtoofiercelyonpriceandthusdrivingprofitsdownfromtheresellingactivity.Themanufacturermaydothisbecauseitwishestokeepresellersprofitable.SuchcontractprovisionsareusuallylegalunderUSfitmargin:aratioofprofitabilitycalculatedasearningsdividedbyrevenues.Itmeasureshowmuchoutofeverydollarofsalesaretailbusinessactuallykeepsinearnings.剩余價值量或利潤量同預付總資本的比率。它表示的是資本增值的程度。利潤率

repeal:torevokeorwithdrawformallyorofficially撤銷廢除withhold:toholdback;refrain保留；抑止Paragraph7－8Whatarethetwokindsofdeceptivepricing?Misinterpretedcreditterms信用術語的曲解Misinterpretedsaleprices銷售價格的曲解WhatcontentdoestheConsumerCreditProtectionActcover?Whatbehaviorshouldbepunishedbylawconcerningthesale?TohaveasalebasedonanartificialpriceTheConsumerCreditProtectionActof1968－whichlaunchedTruthinLendingdisclosures－waslandmarklegislation.Forthefirsttime,creditorshadtostatethecostofborrowinginacommonlanguagesothatyou--theconsumer--couldfigureoutwhatthechargesare,comparecosts,andshopforthebestcreditdeal.authentic:notfalseorcopied;genuine;realerode:toeatintooraway;destroybyslowconsumptionordisintegration侵蝕市場營銷觀念(Themarketingconcept)

?企業應以目標顧客及其需求為中心，集中企業一切資源和力量，適當安排市場營銷組合手段，從而比競爭者更好地滿足顧客的需求，達到擴大銷售，取得長期合理的利潤的目的。GoalsofPricingDoesasuccessfulbusinessonlymeanagreatprofit?Whatarethegoalsofpricingmentionedinthispart?ToobtainaspecificmarketshareToachieveaspecificreturnfromsales(or:togaincertainamountofprofit)Tomeetcompetitionsacrifice:todisposeof(goods,property,etc.)regardlessofprofitParagraph11-13Whatis“marketshare”?thespecificpercentageoftotalindustrysalesofaparticularproductachievedbyasinglecompanyinagivenperiodoftime市場份額Whatis“marketposition”?市場地位Whatshouldacompanydotomaintainitsmarketposition?succeeding:subsequent隨后的Paragraph14-15Whatistargetreturn?目標收益(thedesiredprofitreturn)指一個廠商希望用成本加成的方法所獲得的合意的收益率。

Whatistheaimofsettingsuchatargetreturnonsales?utility:apublicservice,asatelephoneorelectric-lightsystem,astreetcarorrailroadline,orthelike公用事業Paragraph16－19Inwhatindustrycanyoufindthecompany’smajorpricinggoalis