會計學1bp辯論規則介紹GeneralFormatandRules

WorldUniversitiesDebatingChampionships--theMt.EverestofDebating

“World’sStyle”,orBritishParliamentaryStyle(“BP”)

第1頁/共61頁Thereare4teamscompetingineachdebate(2teamsonthegovernmentside,and2teamsontheopposition)Themotiontobedebatedandthepositionsisreleasedonly15minutesbeforethestartofthedebateDebatersmaystandupandask“pointsofinformation”(or“POIs”)duringthespeechofadebateronanopposingteamEachspeakermayspeakfor7minutes,includingthetimetakentoreceiveandanswerPOIsfromopposingteams第2頁/共61頁Teams

4Teams(twoGovernmentandtwoOpposition).EachteamhastwospeakersGovernmentBench:-OpeningGovernment(PrimeMinister&DeputyPrimeMinister)-ClosingGovernment(MemberofGovernment&GovernmentWhip)OppositionBench:-OpeningOpposition(LeaderofOpposition&DeputyLeaderofOpposition)-ClosingOpposition(MemberofOpposition&OppositionWhip)第3頁/共61頁Howdoesitworkwith4teams?Eachteamisseparate,andiscompetingagainsttheotherthree.Eachteam(oftwodebaters)preparesseparately,andisnotallowedtotalktoanyoftheotherthreeteamsduringpreparation.Attheendofthedebate,theadjudicatorswillranktheteamsfrom1stthroughto4th.ThetwoteamsontheGovernmentBenchwillsupportthemotion,andthetwoteamsontheOppositionBenchmustopposethemotion.However,whilethetwoteamsoneachbenchareonthesameside,theyhavetohavedifferentreasonsforsupporting/opposingthemotion.Soforexample,fortheClosingGovernmenttocome1stinthedebate,theymustshowtwothings:(1)thatthemotionshouldstand,and(2)thatthenewperspective(extension)andnewreasonstheygaveforthemotiontostandaremoreimportantormoreconvincingthanthereasonsgivenbytheOpeningGovernment.第4頁/共61頁Whyarethere4teamsinaBPdebate?Thisiswhyit’scalled“BritishParliamentaryStyle”Debating.OftenintheBritishParliament,governmentisformedbyacoalitionoftwoparties.Here’sanexampleofhowitworks:imagineifafteranelection,theLabourPartyandtheGreenPartyformacoalitiongovernment.Eventhoughtheyare“onthesameside”,theyarestillcompetingagainsteachotherforvotersupport.Thatmeansthatwhenanissueisdebated,theywilltotakethesameposition,butfordifferentreasons.Soiftheissueofnuclearpowerisdebated,forexample,theGreenPartywillopposethepolicyforenvironmentalreasons,whereastheLabourPartymightopposeitbecauseitmeanscoalworkerswilllosetheirjobs.Sotheybothopposenuclearpower–theyhavethesamestance–theytakethestancefordifferentreasons.第5頁/共61頁Speakingorder1stopeninggovernment(PrimeMinister)1stopeningopposition(LeaderofOpposition)2ndopeninggovernment(DeputyPrimeMinister)2ndopeningopposition(DeputyLeaderofOpposition)1stclosinggovernment(MemberofGovernment)1stclosingopposition(MemberofOpposition)2ndclosinggovernment(GovernmentWhip)2ndclosingopposition(OppositionWhip)第6頁/共61頁SpeechdurationSpeechesshouldbeSEVENminutesinduration.InBritishParliamentaryStyle,speakersarenotpenalisedforexceedingthetimelimit,howeverbyabout7:20-7:30theadjudicatorswillsimplystoplistening.Ifyougoover7:30,theadjudicatorswillprobablythrowsomethingatyou.第7頁/共61頁Pointsofinformation(POI)ThisisthefunpartofBritishParliamentaryStyleDebating.Pointsofinformationareimpromptuquestionsraisedbyopposingteams.Theymaybedeliveredanytimebetweenthe1minuteand6minutebells.POIsmayonlybegiventospeakersontheotherBench.SoifyouareontheOpeningOpposition,youcanonlyaskPOIstotheOpeningGovernmentandClosingGovernmentbutnottotheClosingOpposition.POI’sshouldnotbemorethan15seconds.ThechairmanmayrequestaspeakertoendaPOIathis/herdiscretion.第8頁/共61頁Preparation

Themotionisreleased15minutesbeforethedebate.Membersarepermittedtouseprintedorwrittenmaterialduringpreparationandduringthedebate.Printedmaterialincludesbooksjournals,newspapersandothersimilarmaterials.Theuseofelectronicequipmentisprohibitedduringpreparationinthedebate.第9頁/共61頁Addressingmembersofthehouse

YoushouldaddressthechairofthedebateasMr.SpeakerorMadameSpeaker.Somespeakerswillalsoacknowledgeothermembersofthehouse,itisbasicallyjustamatterofpersonalpreferenceastohowyoubeginyourspeechafteracknowledgingthechair.Soyoushouldbeginyourspeechshouldwith:"MrSpeaker…”or“MadameSpeaker…”第10頁/共61頁PointsofInformation(‘POIs’)ThisisthefunpartaboutBritishParliamentaryStyleDebating.UnderthePointofInformation(“POI”)rule,debaterscanaskquestionsoftheiropponentsinthemiddleoftheopponent’sspeech.Ifaskedwell,a15secondPOIcanhaveahugeimpactonthedebate.第11頁/共61頁HowtoaskaPointofInformation:

onlyaskPOIstospeakersfromtheotherbench!"PointofInformation"Thespeakercanchoosetoacceptornottoacceptthepoint.Ifthespeakerdoesnotacceptyourpoint,youshouldsitbackdownquietlyYoucanofferasmanyPOIsasyouliketoeachspeaker,butifyoustanduptoooften(orjustafterthespeakerrejectedaPOI)thenitcanbecomeannoying.Waituntilthespeakerfinishesthatpointormovesontoanotherpoint,beforeofferinganotherPOI.Timingisimportant.YouwantyourPOIstobeaccepted.TrytoanticipatewhenthespeakerwillacceptaPOI.POI’sshouldbeaddressedtotheChairperson,NOTtothespeaker第12頁/共61頁

WhencanIaskaPointofInformation?

Eachspeakergetsone“protectedminute”atthebeginningofher/hisspeech.Atthe1-minutemark,thetimekeeperwilldingthebell.AfterthistimespeakersontheopposingbenchmyofferPOIsEachspeakergetsanother“protectedminute”attheendofher/hisspeech.Soatthe6-minutemark,thetimekeeperwilldingthebell.AfterthistimenomorePOIsmaybeoffered第13頁/共61頁HowtoacceptaPOIThememberwhoisspeakingmayacceptorrejectthePointofInformationYoucaneitherdothisverbally,oryoucanwaveforthepersonofferingthePOItositdownMembersshouldanswertwoPointsofInformationduringtheirspeech.Youshouldacceptonefromeachoftheteamsontheopposingbench.IfyouacceptonlyonePOI–orevennoPOIs–itlookslikeyouarescaredofwhattheotherteamhastosay.Howeverifyouacceptmorethantwo,itmightlooklikeyouhavenothingtosayyourselfandaretryingtofillintime!Twoisjustright.OnemustrespondtoaPOIonceitisaccepted.Youcannotjustignoreitandcarryon.Ifitreallyisinthemateriallaterinyourspeech,youcanstatethatyouwilladdressitinthen,butyoumustcomebacktoit.Itisbetterifyousimplyaddressthequestionbrieflyimmediately.Attention!Theyget15secondsandthat’sit:don’tletthemhaveaconversationwithyou.Oncethey’vemadetheirpointthat’sitandyoucanpolitelyaskthemtositbackdown.第14頁/共61頁WhatkindofPOIcanIask?TherearelotsofthingsyoucandowithaPOI,forexampleyoucould:Attackthespeaker’scase,perhapsby:Pointingoutafactthatdisprovesher/hispointShowinghowher/hisreasoningisflawedShowingthatthepointorexamplethatthespeakerismakingisnotrelevantDefendyourcase(youcanusethesametechniquesasforattacking)Remindtheadjudicatorsofapointyoumadeearlierinthedebatethatisrelevant(thisisparticularlyusefulifyouareanopeningteamandtheclosingteamsarenowspeaking)Introducesomethingthatyourteamwillsaylaterinthedebate–called“flagging”(ifyouareaclosingteamandtheopeningteamsarespeaking.Becarefuldoingthisthough–cleveropeningteamswillhearthisandwillstealyourarguments!)第15頁/共61頁第16頁/共61頁OK,soIhave15seconds,howcanIdomaximumdamage?ThekeytoagoodPOIisthatitisshortandsharp.Youonlyhave15seconds,soyoucan’twasteanytimeatall.AgoodPOIshouldbeonly2or3sentenceslongYourteamwillprobablyonlygettoaskeachopposingspeakeronePOI,sodon’twasteitattackingsmallpointsorexamples.IfyouaregoingtogiveanattackingPOI,youmustidentifythecentralidea/argumentinthatspeaker’sspeechandaddressyourPOItothatConferwithyourpartner(inaquietwhisper),ass/hemayhaveabetterPOItoaskthanyouThinkthroughtheexactwordingofthePOIbeforeyoustandup–youdon’twanttostandupandthenstruggletogetthepointoutinaconciseway第17頁/共61頁SpeakerRolesandResponsibilitiesOpeningGovernment(OG)Thisteam’sjobistosetupthedebate.Ifthedebatesucks,afterthedebateeveryonewillblameOG!!Settingupisn’ttoohardthough:itjustmeansyouneedtoproperlydefinethetopic–telluswhatthedebateisallabout–andprovideapositivecase.第18頁/共61頁-1stSpeaker(PrimeMinister):Definesthetopic,stateswhatthesplitwillbebetweenthe1stand2ndspeakers,andthenproducesargumentsandreasonsforsupportingthemotion.-2ndSpeaker(DeputyPrimeMinister):RebutstheOppositionLeader,producesmorepositivereasons.ExceptforPOIs,thisthelasttimeOGwillgettospeakinthedebate,sotheDeputyPrimeMinisterwillnormallyprovideaquicksummaryofOG’scase.第19頁/共61頁OpeningOpposition(OO)OOmainjustistorespondtoOG.Theyalsoneedtoproducetheirowncase.-1stSpeaker(LeaderofOpposition):RebutsthePM,providesthesplitandproducesOO’sarguments.-2ndSpeaker(DeputyLeaderofOpposition):RebutstheDeputyPrimeMinistercaseandproducespositivematter,brieflysumsupOO’scase.第20頁/共61頁ClosingGovernment(CG)CGrebutsOOandproducesacaseextension(seesection6:Extensions).

-1stSpeaker(MemberofGovernment):RebutsOOandthenoutlinestheirteam’scaseextension.Thenproducespositivematter/arguments.-2ndSpeaker(GovernmentWhip):RebutsOOandCOwithparticularreferencetotheirteam’scaseextension.SumupthecaseoftheGovernmentbenchandthedebate.Thespeakershouldavoidintroducingnewmatter.第21頁/共61頁ClosingOpposition(CO)COrebutsOOandCGandproducesacaseextension.-1stSpeaker(MemberofOpposition):RebutstheGovernmentbenchandthenoutlinestheirteam’scaseextension.Thenproducespositivematter/arguments.-2ndSpeaker(OppositionWhip):RebutstheGovernmentbenchwithparticularreferencetotheirteam’scaseextension.SumupthecaseoftheOppositionbenchandthedebate.Undernocircumstancescanthisspeakeroftheteamintroducenewmatter.第22頁/共61頁Definitions(Settingupthedebate)DefinitionThedefinitionshouldstatetheissue(orissues)fordebatearisingoutofthemotionandstatethemeaningofanytermsinthemotionthatrequireinterpretation.ThePrimeMinistershouldprovidethedefinitionatthebeginningofhisorherspeech.Thedefinitionshouldbefair–itshouldsetupthedebate,notwinit.Ifthemotionis“ThisHouseBelievestheTelevisionistheRootofAllEvil”,andthePrimeMinisterdefines‘television’assomethingthatistherootofallevil,thenthedebatewon’tbeveryinteresting.第23頁/共61頁Adefinitionisnotallowedtobe:wherethereisnologicallinkbetweenthedefinitionandthemotion;self-proving,whenthecaseisthatsomethingshouldorshouldnotbedoneandthereisnoreasonablerebuttal(liketheTVdefinitionabove);Moraltruism,somethingtowhichnorealoppositionexists(like“Genocideisbad”.)timeset,whereadebateissetinthepastorthefutureSquirreling,whenamotionhasanobviousmeaning,youcannottwistthewordingofthemotiontodebateontosomethingelse.Don’thangyourcase第24頁/共61頁HowcantheOpeningGovernmentsetupthedebate?Thisdependsonthemotion.Broadly,therearetwokindsofmotions:thosethatcreatepolicydebates,andthosethatcreateprincipledebates.Anexampleofaprincipledebatewouldbethemotionsuggestedabove:“ThisHouseBelievesThatTVIsTheRootofAllEvil.”TheGovernmentteamsarenotaskedtoprovideassolution–theydon’tneedtoconvinceustodoanything.

第25頁/共61頁Apolicydebaterequirestheteamstoprovideasolutiontoaproblem–thatmeanstheyhavetoconvinceusthatweshouldactuallydosomething.Indebating,thissolutioniscalledamodel.Anexampleofadebatewheremodelisneededwouldbe:“ThisHouseBelievesThatWeShouldBanSmokingInPublicPlaces”.Tosetupthisdebate,theOpeningGovernmentteamwouldhavetodoafewthings:(1)telluswhatpublicplacesare(i.e.thedefinition)andoutlinethespecificsofsuchaban(“wewouldbantheproduction,sale,andconsumptionoftobaccoinallforms),(2)tellusexactlyhowsmokingshouldbebanned(themodelcouldbefines,orperhapsjail?);(violatorswouldbesubjecttocriminalandcivilsanctionscommensuratewiththeseverityoftheviolation,rangingfromsimplefinesforpossessiontoincarcerationforrepeatedattemptstoproduceanddistribute”);(insomecases,agent,financing,otherterms)(3)telluswhysmokingshouldbebanned;

(4)telluswhythebanshouldbethekindofbanthattheypropose(soifthebantheyproposewouldseepublicsmokersarejailed,theOpeningGovernmentmustexplainwhythisisso).第26頁/共61頁Here’saneasy4-stepguidetosettingupapolicydebate:GovCase(4steps)Thereisaproblem,whichis…Thecauseoftheproblemis…Oursolution(model)is…Anditwillworkbecause…第27頁/共61頁第28頁/共61頁第29頁/共61頁第30頁/共61頁第31頁/共61頁第32頁/共61頁第33頁/共61頁第34頁/共61頁第35頁/共61頁第36頁/共61頁Firstopposition第37頁/共61頁ShouldIchallengetheproposition’sdefinition?OnlythefirstspeakeroftheoppositionallowedintheoryButdon’tdoitbecausedebatesaboutthedefinitionisbadandhorribletowatch.Itislegitimatetodefinewherenodefinitionshasbeenoffered.第38頁/共61頁Toestablishtheclashinthedebate第39頁/共61頁第40頁/共61頁第41頁/共61頁第42頁/共61頁第43頁/共61頁第44頁/共61頁第45頁/共61頁第46頁/共61頁第47頁/共61頁第48頁/共61頁secondingFault–toomuchtimeonrebuttalandnotenoughsubstantivearguments第49頁/共61頁ExtensionsTheroleoftheClosingGovernmentandClosingOppositionteamsinthedebateistoprovidean“extension”.Thismeansthattheymustintroducesomethingnewintothedebate.Thiscanbeawhollynewsetofarguments,itcanbeafreshperspectiveontheissue,oritcanbeadeeperlevelofanalysis.Don’tforget,yourextensionhastobeconsistentwithyouropeningteam’spositionandarguments!Youcan’tcontradicttheirpoints.Theonlyrulestorememberaboutcaseextensionsisthat:(a)Yourcasemustbeclear.(b)Itmustbedifferentfromthe1stteam’scase.(c)Itmustnotcontradictthe1stteam’scase.Extensionscanbe:adifferentperspectiveontheissueamorein-depthanalysisontheopeningteam’scaseHerearesomeexampleextensions:第50頁/共61頁Sointhisexample,theClosingGovernment’spositionisconsistentwithOpeningGovernment–theybothopposenuclearpower–buttheyhaveprovidedafreshsetofreasonsforsupportingtheOG’spolicy.Example1::“ThisHouseWouldNotAllowNuclearPower.”TheOpeningGovernment--nuclearpowerisdangerous,andthatusednuclearmaterialisbadforhumansandtheenvironment.Thisistheenvironmentalconcern.

TheClosingOpposition’sextension--nuclearpowershouldbeopposedbecausethetechnologycanbeeasilymisusedtomakenuclearweapons.Thisextensionisthesecurityperspective.第51頁/共61頁Example2:Thishousewouldabolishthedeathpenalty.OG--thedeathpenaltyisinhumane,andthatitisalwayswrongtotakelife;thedeathpenaltydoesnotdetercrime.CG--useofthedeathpenaltyintheUSA,showingthatuseofthedeathpenaltytherehastargetedracialminoritiesandpeoplefrompoorersocio-economicbackground(theraceandsocio-economicargument).--highlightsomeexamplesintheUSAwhereinnocentpeoplewereexecuted,andtheyquotethemaximthat:“Itisbetterthatonehundredguiltymengofreethanthatoneinnocentmanisexecuted”(thepossiblemiscarriageofjusticeargument).--showhowthepredictionsmadebyOGwereprovedtobetrueintheUSA,bypointingoutthat,sincetheintroductionofthedeathpenaltyintheUSA,crimerateshadinfactgoneup.第52頁/共61頁MatterandManner

SpeakersandteamsinBPdebatesarejudgedontwoelements:matterandmanner.Mattercontentofthespeechargumentsadebaterusestofurtherhis/hercaseandpersuadetheaudienceincludesargumentsandreasoning,examples,casestudies,factsandothermaterialthatattemptstofurtherthecaseincludespositivematerial,rebuttals,pointsofinformationofferedandpointsofinformationtakenmattershouldberelevant,logicalandconsistentMannerpresentationofthespeechstyleandstructureadebaterusestofurtherhis/hercaseandpersuadetheaudience第53頁/共61頁Style-elementsofstyleincludeeyecontact,voi