Unit2ChildhoodMemories12CulturalChildhoodSuperman

TextExercisesReadingandunderstandingDealingwithunfamiliarwordsReadingandinterpreting

DevelopingcriticalthinkingReadingandunderstanding3Readthepassageagainandcompletethetable.4Choosethebestwaytocompletethesentences.

ExercisesReadingandunderstanding3Readthepassageagainandcompletethetable.1WeareAmericancolonialpeople.Welivedinthe17thand18thcenturiesontheeastcoastofAmericaandourfamiliessettledherefromEurope.Inourtime,childrenwereexpectedtobegoodandindustrious.Thatwasthemaincharacteristicofchildhood.Forexample,whenourgirlswerefourtheyknittedstockingsandmittens;whentheyweresixtheyspunwool.Wecalledthem“Mrs.”toshowthegirlsourappreciation.Exercises2WeareInuitpeoplefromtheArcticregions.SomeofusarefromCanadaandGreenland,Denmark,othersfromRussiaandAlaskaofUS.Forus,childrenneedtogetihuma–youwouldcallthistheprocessofacquiringthought,reasonandunderstanding.That’sthemaincharacteristicofchildhood.Forexample,asparentswearetolerantandlenientwithchildrenuntiltheyareoldenoughtodevelopihuma,thenwecanteachthemanddisciplinethem.Exercises3 WearefromTonga,akingdomofabout170islandsinthesouth-westPacificOcean.As parents,wemayregularlybeatourchildreniftheyhaven’tyetdevelopedpoto.Youwouldthinkofpotoassocialcompetence.Forus,it’sthemainqualitythatourchildrenneedtodevelop.Sowetreatthemwithdisciplineandphysicalpunishmentwhentheyaremischievousorwilful.Exercises4 WearetheBengpeople.WeliveindifferentpartsofWestAfrica.The maincharacteristicofchildhoodisthatyoungchildrenarethoughttobeincontactwiththespiritworld.Theycometotheworldreluctantlybecauselifeinthespiritworldissopleasant.Asparents,wehavetolookafterourchildrenproperly,ortheymayreturntothespiritworld.Wehavetotreatthemwithcareandreverence.Theycanknowandunderstandeverythingwetellthem,whateverlanguagesweuse.Exercises5 WeareparentsfromtheWesternworldtoday.SomeofusarefromEurope,othersfrom NorthAmerica,Australiaandotherplaces.Themaincharacteristicofchildhoodinourcountriesisthatchildrenareincompetentanddependent,sotheyshouldplay,bepartofthefamilyandgotoschool.Childrenshouldnotwork.Forexample,achildunder14can’tlookafterayoungerchildunsupervisedbecausetheyaren’tcompetentorresponsibleyet.Ifwefoundachildof12workinginafactoryorinamarket,thesocialservicescouldinterveneandthefamilycouldbeprosecuted.Exercises6WeareFulanipeople.MostofusliveinWestAfrica.Forus,themaincharacteristicofchildhoodisthatchildrenarecompetentandresponsible.Sobytheageoffourourgirlscancarefortheiryoungersiblings;bysixtheycanpoundgrainorproducemilkandbutterwhichtheycansellinthemarketalongsideus.Exercises7 WearetheYanamam?peoplefromtheAmazonianrainforest.WeliveamongthehillswhereyouprobablycalltheborderbetweenBrazilandVenezuela.Themaincharacteristicofchildhoodisthatchildrenareresponsibleandcompetent.Ourgirlshelptheirmothersfromayoungageandbytheageoftentheywillberunningthehouse.Thisisimportantbecausetheywillprobablybemarriedat12or13.Ourboyshavefewerresponsibilities.Theycanplaybecausetheydon’tgetmarrieduntillater.ExercisesCompletethetableExercisesCulture/EthnicgroupCharacteristicsofchildhoodAmericancolonialInuitTongaexpectedtobegoodandindustriousdevelopaprocessofacquiringthought,reasonandunderstandingRegularlybeatenandtoldoffbyparentsandoldersiblings,seenasbeingverynaughty,untiltheydevelopsocialcompetenceExercisesCulture/EthnicgroupCharacteristicsofchildhoodBengWesternworldtodayFulaniYanamam?treatedwithgreatcareandreverence,believedthattheyareincontactwiththespiritworldSeenasincompetentandirresponsible;playingnotworking,goingtoschoolnotlabouring,consumptioninsteadofproductionCompetentandresponsible;expectedtoworkCompetentandresponsible;girlsexpectedtoworkfromayoungage,bemarriedandhavechildrenat12or13;boyshavingfewerresponsibilitiesandgettingmarriedlater4Choosethebestwaytocompletethesentences.

1Thecharacteristicsofchildhoodahundredyearsago________.(a)wouldhaveinterferedintheireducation(b)aresimilartothoseoftoday(c)wouldbeillegaltoday(d)meantthatchildrenweretreatedmorelikeadultsExercises(d)2Theideathatchildhoodisasocialconstruction

suggeststhat________.

(a)

childrenexperiencechildhoodindifferentways

accordingtothesocietyinwhichtheylive

(b)enormoustransformationshavetakenplacewithin

arelativelyshorttime

(c)

childreninthepastworkedharder

(d)

allchildrenaredifferentfromadultsExercise

Exercises(a)3BothInuitandTonganparentsunderstandthat______.

(a)theirchildrenneedtobetreatedinaway

which

wouldbeconsideredharshbyoutsiders(b) their

children

don’t

yet

possess

certain

prized qualities,

such

as

reasoning

and

social competence (c)growingupisaprocessofacquiringthought,not

socialskills(d)bringinguptheirchildrenrequirestoleranceand

disciplineExerciseExercises(b)4 Parents

of

Beng children

treat

them

with great care

because

they________.(a)

thinkchildrenknowallhumanlanguagesandunderstandallcultures(b)thinklifeintheearthlyworldisunpleasant(c)believethechildrenstillliveinaspiritworld(d)fearthechildrenmaychoosetoreturntothespiritworldwheretheylivedbeforetheywerebornExercises(d)5

Western

childcare

practices________.

(a)includeallowingeight-year-oldgirlstoworkand12-

year-oldgirlstomarry

(b)

treat

the

child

in

a

bizarre and

possibly harmful

way

(c)

seethechildasbeingincompetent,dependenton

theparents,andincapableoflookingafterother

children

(d)

are

only

similar

to

Yanamam?

childcare

practices

in

that

girls

help

out

at

home,

and

boys

are

allowed

toplaywellintotheirteens

Exercises(c)6Themainideaofthepassageisthat________.(a)historyshowsushowourperceptionofchildhood

haschanged(b)childhoodisviewedindifferentwaysaccordingto

thechild’sculturalandsocialupbringing(c)bothhistoryandsocietycanaffectourperception

ofchildhood(d)

Westernnotionsofchildhoodareoutdatedand

notinformedExerciseExercises(c)Dealingwithunfamiliarwords5Readthepassageagainandfindthewordsinthebox.Choosethebestdefinitioninthecontextofthepassage.6

Replacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthewordsandexpressionsinthebox.7Answerthequestionsaboutthewordsandexpressions.ExercisesDealingwithunfamiliarwords

5Readthepassageagainandfindthewordsinthebox.

Choosethebestdefinitioninthecontextofthepassage.

1consumption(a)theprocessofbuyingorusinggoods(b)theprocessofeating,drinking,orsmoking

somethingExercisescolonialconsumptioncontactharshimposeknitperspective2colonial(a)relatingtoasystemorperiodinwhichonecountryrulesanother(b)madeinastylethatwascommoninNorthAmericainthe18thcentury

Exercisescolonialconsumptioncontactharshimposeknitperspective3knit

(a)tomakesomethingsuchasapieceofclothingusing

woolandstickscalledknittingneedles

(b)tojointogetherorworktogetherasonegroupor

unit

Exercisescolonialconsumptioncontactharshimposeknitperspective4 harsh(a)unpleasantanddifficulttolivein (b)strict,unkind,andoftenunfair5 contact (a)communicationbetweenpeople,countries,ororganizationseitherbytalkingorwriting(b)asituationinwhichpeopleorthingstoucheach

other

Exercisescolonialconsumptioncontactharshimposeknitperspective6impose

(a)toforcesomeonetohavethesameopinion,beliefasyou(b)tocauseextraworkforsomeonebyaskingthemtodosomethingthatmaynotbeconvenientforthem

Exercisescolonialconsumptioncontactharshimposeknitperspective7perspective

(a)awayofthinkingaboutsomething

(b)asensiblewayofjudginghowgood,bad,importantetcsomethingisincomparisonwithotherthings

Exercisescolonialconsumptioncontactharshimposeknitperspective6Replacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthewordsandexpressionsinthebox.

Our(1)knowledgeandunderstandingofchildhoodis

undergoingaprocessof(2)nonstopchange.

IntheWestweseechildrenasbeing(3)inneedof

adult

control.

However, among

other

(4)

socio-culturalgroups

withsimilar

traditions

children

are

(5)

mainlyconsidered

tobecapableofassuminggreater

responsibilities.

Sothereisa(6)

strongdesirefor

ExercisesKey:(1)notion(2)continual(3)dependenton(4)

ethnic(5)

largely

(6)temptation

continualdependentonethnicexternallargelynotionoutsiderreluctanttempt(7)someonewhodoesnotbelongtothisgrouptothinkthat

such

practices

might

be

odd

or

even

harmful.

But

while

most ethnic

groups

may

at

first

show(8)hesitationaboutintegratingothertraditionsandcustomswiththeirown,(9)outsidepressuresusuallymakethemchangetheirtraditionalviewofchildhood.

Exercises(7)anoutsider(8)reluctance(9)externalaboutthewordsandexpressions.continualdependentonethnicexternallargelynotionoutsiderreluctanttempt7Answerthequestionsaboutthewordsandexpressions.1Isprosecutionlikelytobe,or(a)theactofaccusingsomeoneofacrime

(b)theprocessofsupervisionbythesocialservices?2Isintricatelikelytobe(a)verybasic,or(b)very

detailedindesign?3Isleniencylikelytoinvolve(a)kindnessandunderstanding,or(b)strictdiscipline?4 Ifsomeonetellsyouoff,arethey(a)criticizing,or(b)praisingyou?Exercises7Answerthequestionsaboutthewordsandexpressions.1Isprosecutionlikelytobe,or(a)theactofaccusingsomeoneofacrime

(b)theprocessofsupervisionbythesocialservices?2Isintricatelikelytobe(a)verybasic,or(b)verydetailedindesign?3Isleniencylikelytoinvolve(a)kindnessandunderstanding,or(b)strictdiscipline?4 Ifsomeonetellsyouoff,arethey(a)criticizing,or(b)praisingyou?5 Is

a

mischievouschildlikelyto(a)bewellbehaved,or(b)enjoyhavingfunbycausingtrouble?6Ifachildiswilful,aretheylikelytocausedamageorharm(a)deliberately,or(b)bymistake?7Whenachildisunsupervised,aretheylikelytobe(a)lookedafterbyadults,or(b)withoutanadultlookingafterthem?8 Is

something

bizarrelikelytobe(a)

strange

and

difficult

to

explain,or(b)veryusual?

Exercises5 Is

a

mischievouschildlikelyto(a)bewellbehaved,or(b)enjoyhavingfunbycausingtrouble?6Ifachildiswilful,aretheylikelytocausedamageorharm(a)deliberately,or(b)bymistake?7Whenachildisunsupervised,aretheylikelytobe(a)lookedafterbyadults,or(b)withoutanadultlookingafterthem?8 Is

something

bizarrelikelytobe(a)

strange

and

difficult

to

explain,or(b)veryusual?

Readingandinterpreting8Workinpairs.Lookatthesentencesfromthepassage,anddecidewhichfactorsinfluencingchildhoodtheyreferto:

history

culture1 Today,childrenhavefewr