英語國家概況Unit4Customs李更春,博士講師

2015.31英語國家概況Unit4Customs李更春,博士講師11ModuleOne：Unit4CustomsAttheendofthisunit,youwillLearningobjectives1.haveabetterunderstandingofthefeaturesandorganizationalpatternsofprocessanalysisinparagraphwriting;2.becomefamiliarwiththerelevantlinkingdevicesinprocessanalysis;and3.beabletowriteparagraphsofprocessanalysisaccordingtotheinstructionsgiven.2ModuleOne：Unit4CustomsAtth2PART1Warm-upActivities3Writeaboutwhatdishesyouwouldliketocookwhenyouaregiventhechancetoshowofftoyourfamily,andhowyouaregoingtodoit.Trytoanswerthefollowingquestionsbeforeyouwrite:PART1Warm-upActivities3Writ3PART1Warm-upActivitiesArethereanypreparations?4Whatarethestepsinvolvedindoingit?Whatistheresultofyoureffort?PART1Warm-upActivities4PART1Warm-upActivitiesMakingdumplings:Step1:Buymeat,vegetables,flourordumplingwrappers.Step2:Cleanthemeatandvegetablesandcutthemintopieces.5Step3:Combinealltheseintoamixturewithsomecondiments(調味品，佐料).Step4:Rolloutdumplingwrappers;ifthewrappersarebought,justwrapthemixedmeatandvegetableintodumplingsoneafteranother.Step5:Cookthedumplingsinboilingwaterbeforeeatingthem.PART1Warm-upActivitiesMakin5PART1Warm-upActivitiesHowtomakesweetandsourspareribs(糖醋排骨):Step1:-->Fillawok(炒鍋)withhalf-fullofwaterandturnontheheat.Slowlyaddthespareribsections,andcoverthem.-->Oncethewaterisboiling,addinthecookingwine(料酒).Boilfor15-20minutesuntilthespareribsectionsare70%cooked.-->Removethemtoacolander(濾鍋，漏勺),andplaceinasmallbasin.Addthesalt,whitevinegarandwheatflour(全麥面粉).Cracktheeggintoitandstirwellwithchopsticks.Letitmarinate(腌泡)for10-15minutes.6PART1Warm-upActivitiesHowt6PART1Warm-upActivitiesHowtomakesweetandsourspareribs(糖醋排骨):Step2:Inanotherbowlorsmallbasincombinethewhitesugar,whitevinegar,cookingwine,soysauce(醬油),andcornstarch(玉米淀粉).Stirwell.7PART1Warm-upActivitiesHowt7PART1Warm-upActivitiesHowtomakesweetandsourspareribs(糖醋排骨):Step3:Placeawokoverhighheatuntilhot.Addsomecookingoil,-->andaddintheprocessed(處理過的)spareribsonebyonewithchopsticks.-->Whentheylookyellowish-white,turnoffthefireandremovethemtoaacolanderquickly.-->Removethebrokenbits,andaddthefriedspareribsbackintobefiredagainwhenthetemperatureoftheoilinthewokisheatedbackupto70centigrade.-->Frythespareribswelluntiltheyturngolden.-->Then,removethemfromthewok.8PART1Warm-upActivitiesHowt8PART1Warm-upActivitiesHowtomakesweetandsourspareribs(糖醋排骨):Step4:Leavesomecookingoilinthewok,swirlingtocoatthesides.-->Addinthegreenonion(大蔥)sectionsandpreparedseasoningsauce(調味醬)fromstep2,andstir-fry(用旺火炒)overhighheatforabout20seconds.-->Then,addinthefriedspareribsandfryandstew(燉煮)for2-3minutesoverhighheat-->untiltheseasoningsaucecoatstheoutsideskinofthefriedspareribs.9PART1Warm-upActivitiesHowt9PART1Warm-upActivitiesHowtomakesweetandsourspareribs(糖醋排骨):Step5:Now,turnoffthefire,pickthedelicioussweetandsourspareribsoutofthewok,andserve.Aplateofdelicioussweetandsourspareribsisreadyforyoutoenjoy.10PART1Warm-upActivitiesHowt10ProcessAnalysis

Processisaseriesofstepsoractionsleadingtoaspecificend.Processanalysisisatypeofwritingthatinformshowtodosomethingorhowsomethinghappensstepbystepsothatthereadercanperformtheprocessorunderstandtheprocessmoreeasily.Forthisreason,processparagraphsareoftenorganizedintimeorder.

11ProcessAnalysisProcessis11ProcessAnalysis

Processanalysisisoneofthecommonandusefulwaysinwritingslikedescriptionandnarration.Processwritingorganizesitsideasaccordingtothestepsoftheprocess.Forinstance,weoftenneedtoexplainhowsomethingisdoneorwhatprocedureswehavetofollowinordertocompleteaprocess.Suchstepsorprocedureshavetobearrangedastheyreasonablyorobjectively(notrandomly)occur.

12ProcessAnalysisProcessan12ProcessAnalysis

Thepurposeofprocessdescriptionisusuallytoinform,teachorgiveideastothereaderabouthowsomethingnew(orinterestingorconventional)happensorinwhatwayitcanbecompleted.

13howthebodyusesoxygenhowaCDplayerproducessoundhowpeoplecelebrateaholidayortraditionhowtoloseweight/stopsmokinghowtostudyforanexamProcessAnalysisThepurpos13ProcessAnalysis

Therearetwotypesofprocessanalysis.

14Directionalprocessanalysisgivesstep-by-stepinstructionstohelpreaderscarryoutaprocess(howtorunacomputerprogram,howtowriteanoutline,forexample.)

Whenyouencounterapersonatapartywhostartstotelljokeswithracialslurs(毀謗;詆毀;侮辱性的言辭),youshouldtakecertainsteps.First,youshouldnotlaughatthejokes,eventhoughyoumayembarassthatperson.Then...ProcessAnalysisThereare14ProcessAnalysis

15Informativeprocessanalysisexplainsaprocesstohelpreadersunderstandhowsomethinghappensorhowsomethingoperates(howantsareproduced(繁殖),howIbecameavideoholic(錄像迷),forinstance.)

Lastweekendataparty,amanstartedtellingracialjokes.Idecideditwastimetotakeastand(表明立場),andIdevelopedsomestrategiesIintendtousefromnowon.First,Ididn'tlaughatthisjob.Then...ProcessAnalysis15Infor15OrganizationalStructureReadthefollowingparagraphsandtellwhattypeofprocessanalysistheybelongto.16OrganizationalStructureReadt16SupplementaryReading17SupplementaryReading1717SupplementaryReading

ThecloningofDollyinvolvedseveralsteps.First,cellsthathadpreviouslybeentakenfromDolly’smotherwerestarvedforfivedays,whichcausedthemtostopdividing.Thisinterruptionofthecells’divisioncyclemadeiteasierforthemtoreprogramthemselvestostartgrowinganeworganism.Afterfivedays,thenucleiofthesecellswereremovedandtransferredintoanunfertilizedsheepegg,fromwhichthenaturalnucleushadpreviouslybeenremoved.Inthenextstep,theeggwasgrowninthelaboratoryforaperiodoftime.Thentheeggwasimplantedintoadifferentsheep,whereitgrewnormally.Whenthesheepfinallygavebirth,thelambwasanexactgeneticcopy,orclone,ofthesheepthathadprovidedthetransferrednuleus,notofthesheepthathadprovidedtheegg.18SupplementaryReadingThec18OrganizationalStructureReadthefollowingparagraphandanswerthequestions.19OrganizationalStructureReadt19SupplementaryReading

Britishhousewivesoftenmakechocolatechipcookies(巧克力曲奇)themselvesfortheirafternoontea.Tomakesuchcookies,however,isaquitecomplicatedtask.Hereistherecipe(食譜)forsuchcookiestobemade.Severalthings,likeflour,water,sugar,salt,eggs,andchocolate,needtobepreparedbeforethewholeprocessstarts.First,twocupsofflourandateaspoonofbakingsoda(發酵粉)aremixedtogetherwithwater.Thenaddateaspoonofsaltbeforeyouputtogetheracupofbutterandacupofsugarinaseparatebowl.Afterthis,twoeggscanbeaddedtothismixture.Nowalltheingredients((烹調的)原料)canbecombinedintoalargebowl,andyouslowlymixinacupofchocolatechipsandacupofnuts.Whenallthisisdone,littlecookiescanbeformedfromthemixtureandthenplacedontoacookiesheet(餅干紙(烘烤用)).Finally,bakethestufffor8minutesat375degreesFahrenheit.20SupplementaryReadingBriti20OrganizationalStructureQuestions:1.Whatisthetopicoftheparagraph?2.Whatarethecharacteristicsofthisparagraph?21OrganizationalStructureQuesti21OrganizationalStructureQuestions:1.Whatisthetopicoftheparagraph?Thisparagraphoffersarecipeformakingchocolatechipcookies.222.Whatarethecharacteristicsofthisparagraph?Theparagraphischaracteristicofprocessdescription.ItinformsusofaseriesofstepsBritishhousewivesusuallytakeinpreparingcookies.Thesestepsinvolvepreparations,specificsteps,andthefinalresultofchocolatechipcookiesmaking.Allthesestepsaredescribedaccordingtotheactualorderofdoingthework.OrganizationalStructureQuesti22OrganizationalStructureNow,completethetableaccordingtothestepsinSample1.23OrganizationalStructureNow,c23Step1(preparation):Getreadyflour,water,sugar,salt,eggs,andchocolate.Step2:Mixflourandbakingsodatogetherwithwater.Step3:Addsaltandputbutterandsugartogetherinaseparatebowl.Step5:Mixinchocolatechipsandnutsaftercombiningalltheingredients.Step6:Placethelittlecookiesformedfromthemixtureontoacookiesheet.Step7:Bakeallthesepiecesfor8minutesat375degreesFahrenheit.Step8(result):Herearethechocolatechipcookiesthatcanbeservedforafternoontea.OrganizationalStructureStep1(preparation):Getread24OrganizationalStructureNow,canyousummarizethepatternofprocessdescriptioninSample1?25OrganizationalStructureNow,c25OrganizationalStructureThesampleparagraphexplainsordescribesthesuccessive(連續的)stepsofmakingchocolatechipcookiesforafternoonteainBritain.26Thispatternoforganizationiscalledprocessanalysis.Inthispattern,youmayillustratetheprocessofdoingsomethingindetailfrombeginningtoend.Andthedescriptionofthesedetailshastofollowtheorderoftheactualsteps.OrganizationalStructureThesa26OrganizationalStructureBullfightsinSpainappealto(對…有吸引力)manypeoplewithanexcitingatmosphere.Alongwiththemusicofthebrassband(銅管樂隊（由銅管樂器和打擊樂器組成）),themagnificentlydressedperformersareseenwalkingacrossthering(又作bullring,斗牛場)atthebeginningofthespectacle(壯觀的場面).Noweveryoneeagerlylookstowardsthesmallwoodendoorintheringside(場邊),waitingforittobeopenedandforthefirstpowerfulbulltorunintothearena.27OrganizationalStructureBu27OrganizationalStructureThen,whentheactionstarts,differentperformersdotheirtaskswithmastery(熟練)andskill.Theassistantbullfightersswirl(旋轉,打旋)theirpinkandyellowcapes(披肩);thehorseriderscutthemusclesonthebulls'neckswithpointsoftheirlonglances(長矛,標槍)whilethebullsattacktheirblindfolded(蒙住眼睛的)horses;andthosereadytothrowpairsofdecoratedspiked(裝有尖釘的)sticksintothenecksofthebullsletthebullschargeatthemandthennimbly(敏捷的;靈活的)jumpoutofthewayatthelastsecond.28OrganizationalStructureThen,28OrganizationalStructureAboveall,itiscompelling(扣人心弦的)towatchthefinalbullfighterkilleachbullasartisticallyandascleanlyaspossible.Thegraceful(優雅的)movementsthatthebullfightermakesasheswirlshisscarlet(深紅的;鮮紅色的)capeandtwistshisbodyoutofthewayofthebull'ssharphornsareaccompaniedbygaspsofwonderfromthecrowd.Thencomesthe"momentoftruth",whenthebullfightermustplungehisshortswordwithitscurvedtipbetweentheshoulderblades(肩胛)oftheexhaustedbull,andpierceitsheart.29OrganizationalStructureAbove29OrganizationalStructureIfhehasfoughtbravelyandmadeagood,cleankill,thebullfighterreceivestumultuous(歡騰的;喧鬧的)applausefromthedelightedcrowd,andflowersandpersonalbelongingsareshowereduponhimashewalksaroundthering.Hemayalsobeawardedwithoneorbothofthebull'searsinrecognitionofhisgoodperformance.If,ontheotherhand,hehasmadeamessofthings,thecrowdwhistlesandshoutsabuse(辱罵;惡語),andcushionsandotherthingsarehurledintothearena.30OrganizationalStructureIfhe30OrganizationalStructureFinallythedeadbullisdraggedoutoftheringbyateamofmuleswithjinglingbells,thesandiscleanedupandsmoothedbyattendantsinoveralls(（吊帶）工裝褲),andthestageissetforthenextfight.31OrganizationalStructureFinall31OrganizationalStructureQuestions:1.Whatisdiscussedinthispassage?2.Andhowmanystepsaredescribedinthepassage?32OrganizationalStructureQuesti32OrganizationalStructureQuestions:1.Whatisdiscussedinthispassage?ThispassagetellsusaboutthefamousbullfightinSpain.332.Andhowmanystepsaredescribedinthepassage?Thereare5mainprocedurescovered:theperformerswalkingacrosstheringatthebeginning;differentperformanceswithmasteryandskill;thekillingofthebull;theapplauseorabuse;andthecleaningupofthering.OrganizationalStructureQuesti33OrganizationalStructureNow,discussingroupstheorganizationofthepassageandthenfillinthetablebelow.34OrganizationalStructureNow,d34Step1:Performersareseenwalkingacrosstheringalongwiththemusic.Step2:Variousperformancesstart(e.g.bytheassistantbullfighters,thehorse-riders,thosewhothrowsticks,andthefinalbullfighter).Step3:Thefightingbullsfinallygetkilled.Step4:Thebullfighterreceivesapplauseandawards,orabuse,cushionsandotherthings.Step5:Theringiscleanedup.OrganizationalStructureStep1:Performersareseenwa35OrganizationalStructureNow,canyousummarizethepatternofprocessdescriptioninSample2?36OrganizationalStructureNow,c36OrganizationalStructureOnthewhole,Sample2followsasimilarpatternoforganizationtoSample1inthewayitdescribestheprocessfrombeginningtoend.37Insuchapattern,thewritermayconvenientlystructurehisparagraph(s)bythestepsastheyactuallyhappen.Withinthisframework,transitionaldevicesareoftenusedtoensureasmoothflowfromonesteptothenext.However,Sample2isnotascompletelyadescriptionofaprocessasSample1inthatsentencesofexplanationorclassificationareaddedhereandtheretofurtherclarifytheprocedure.OrganizationalStructureOnthe37LinkingDevicesReadthefollowingtwoparagraphsandanswerthequestions.38LinkingDevicesReadthefollow38PassageAChristmasisdrawingnear,andIpreparebuyingcards.Moneyisthequestionforahighschoolstudentlikeme.Countingthemoneyinmypocket,Iaskmyselfthesamequestionagainandagain:“HowmanycardscanIbuyandshallIbuy?”AndIstarthuntingfromshoptoshop.Facedwithagreatnumberofcolorfulcards,Ifeelpuzzledbyquestions:“WhichcardsshallIbuy?”“Willheorshelikethecard?”and“Isthecardsuitableforhimorher?”…It’softenhardworkbothtomakemyselfsatisfiedandtopleasemyfriends.WhenIdecideonsomething,however,itshouldbeneithertooexpensivenortoobad.MymoneyandtimegoawaywiththecomingofChristmas.Cardsdohelptoexpressmywarmwishesandtruthfulblessingstoallmyfriends.39PassageAChristmasisdraw39PassageBWheneverChristmasisdrawingnear,Ibegintopreparebuyingcards.Moneyisthefirstquestionforahighschoolstudentlikeme.Countingthemoneyinmypocket,Iaskmyselfthesamequestionagainandagain:“HowmanycardscanIbuyandshallIbuy?”AndthenIstarthuntingfromshoptoshop.Facedwithagreatnumberofcolorfulcards,Ifeelpuzzledbysomeotherquestions:“WhichcardsshallIbuy?”“Willheorshelikethecard?”and“Isthecardsuitableforhimorher?”…It’softenhardworkbothtomakemyselfsatisfiedandtopleasemyfriends.WhenIdecideonsomethingfinally,however,itshouldbeneithertooexpensivenortoobad.Inthisway,mymoneyandtimegoawaywiththecomingofChristmas,butanyhow,cardsdohelptoexpressmywarmwishesandtruthfulblessingstoallmyfriends.40PassageBWheneverChristma40LinkingDevicesQuestions:1.Whattopicsdotheparagraphsmainlydealwith?2.Whichparagraphiseasiertounderstand?41LinkingDevicesQuestions:4141LinkingDevicesQuestions:1.Whattopicsdotheparagraphsmainlydealwith?Bothparagraphsdealwiththesametopic:buyingChristmascards.422.Whichparagraphiseasiertounderstand?ParagraphBiseasierto

understand.

LinkingDevicesQuestions:422.42LinkingDevicesQuestions:3.Whatmakesthisparticularparagrapheasiertounderstand?4.WhatpatternoforganizationcanbeidentifiedinParagraphB?43LinkingDevicesQuestions:4343LinkingDevicesQuestions:3.Whatmakesthisparticularparagrapheasiertounderstand?Ithascertainwordsandphrasesthathelpclarifytherelationshipbetweenstepsofthebuyingprocess.444.WhatpatternoforganizationcanbeidentifiedinParagraphB?ParagraphBnotonlystartsfromthepreliminarystagetotheendoftheprocess,butalsocontainssomesentenceswhichprovidesupplementarycommentsorexplanationswherenecessary.

LinkingDevicesQuestions:444.44LinkingDevicesNow,workingroupsandfindoutthosewordsandphrasesthatindicatetheorderoftheproceduresinParagraphB.45LinkingDevicesNow,workingr45

WheneverChristmasisdrawingnear,Ibegintopreparebuyingcards.Moneyisthefirstquestionforahighschoolstudentlikeme.Countingthemoneyinmypocket,Iaskmyselfthesamequestionagainandagain:“HowmanycardscanIbuyandshallIbuy?”AndthenIstarthuntingfromshoptoshop.Facedwithagreatnumberofcolorfulcards,Ifeelpuzzledbysomeotherquestions:“WhichcardsshallIbuy?”“Willheorshelikethecard?”and“Isthecardsuitableforhimorher?”…It’softenhardworkbothtomakemyselfsatisfiedandtopleasemyfriends.WhenIdecideonsomethingfinally,however,itshouldbeneithertooexpensivenortoobad.Inthisway,mymoneyandtimegoawaywiththecomingofChristmas,butanyhow,cardsdohelptoexpressmywarmwishesandtruthfulblessingstoallmyfriends.46ParagraphBWheneverChristmasisdraw46LinkingDevicesNow,canyouthinkofanyotherexpressionsindicatingprocessanalysis?47LinkingDevicesNow,canyouth47LinkingDeviceswhenever...begintodo/startdoing...first...then...finally...thencomes...after/beforethis...now...attheendof...atthebeginningof...afterwards......someother...whenallthisisdone...48LinkingDeviceswhenever...be48Follow-upExercises3.Readthefollowingpassageand1)decideinwhichpatternofprocessanalysisitisorganized;2)completethetable.

Therearemanyvarietiesofsherry(雪利酒,原產自西班牙西南部的烈性葡萄酒,通常于餐前飲用),rangingfromtheverypale,dry,straw-coloredonestothosewhicharesweet,rich,anddarkbrownincolor.Peopleprefertodrinkthemeitherbeforemealsortoroundoff(使…圓滿結束)ameal.Whatmakessherrysopopularordifferentfromotherwinesisthespecialwaythatitisblended.Itwasinthe18thcenturythatthiswayofwineblending,calledsolerasystem,wasdeveloped.Accordingtothesystemsincethen,woodencasks((尤指)酒桶)havetobeinterconnectedfirstandthenstacked(將…碼放整齊)intiers(層,級)forlateruse.Whenevertheyoungsherriesaremadeready,theyareusuallypouredintothecasksatthetop,whereasthematuresherriesarebeingdrawnoutofthecasksatthebottom.Sothedifferentsherriesgetconstantlymixedupinthisway.Foronecaskamongsuchtiers,onlyonethirdofthecontentisdrawnoutofitinanyoneyear.Thisensuresthatthespecialcharacteristicsofthedifferentsherriescanbemaintainedyearafteryear.49Follow-upExercises3.Readthe49Follow-upExercises3.Readthefollowingpassageand1)decideinwhichpatternofprocessanalysisitisorganized;2)completethetable.

Pattern:descriptionwithsupplementarytexplanation.Step1:Woodencasksarefirstinterconnectedandthenstackedintiers;noresultStep2:Youngsherriesarepouredintothecasksatthetopwhereasthematuresherriesaredrawnoutofthecasksatthebottom.result:Onethirdofthecontentisdrawnoutofonecaskinanyoneyear.Step3:Differentsherriesareconstantlymixedup.result:Specialcharacteristicsofthedifferentsherriesaremaintainedyearafteryear.50Follow-upExercises3.Readthe50Follow-upExercises4.Putthefollowingwordsandphrasesintheblanks;somecanbeusedtwice.

51suddenlyapplausefinalwhilebythistimeslowlyendinggraduallywithFollow-upExercises4.Putthe51Follow-upExercises4.Putthefollowingwordsandphrasesintheblanks;somecanbeusedtwice.52flamenco:弗拉明科舞(西班牙舞蹈，以一種特殊的吉他樂伴奏)FlamencoisaSpanishdancethatisdancedtoaspecialtypeofguitarmusic.tight-fitting:緊身的waistcoat:背心,馬甲bodices:婦女連衣裙的上身，婦女緊身馬甲arrogant:傲慢的,自大的frantic:發瘋似的,發狂的twirl:(跳舞等時)旋轉，轉動frilly:鑲褶邊的flourish:(為引人注意的)夸張動作Follow-upExercises4.Putthe52謝謝觀看53謝謝觀看5353英語國家概況Unit4Customs李更春,博士講師

2015.354英語國家概況Unit4Customs李更春,博士講師154ModuleOne：Unit4CustomsAttheendofthisunit,youwillLearningobjectives1.haveabetterunderstandingofthefeaturesandorganizationalpatternsofprocessanalysisinparagraphwriting;2.becomefamiliarwiththerelevantlinkingdevicesinprocessanalysis;and3.beabletowriteparagraphsofprocessanalysisaccordingtotheinstructionsgiven.55ModuleOne：Unit4CustomsAtth55PART1Warm-upActivities56Writeaboutwhatdishesyouwouldliketocookwhenyouaregiventhechancetoshowofftoyourfamily,andhowyouaregoingtodoit.Trytoanswerthefollowingquestionsbeforeyouwrite:PART1Warm-upActivities3Writ56PART1Warm-upActivitiesArethereanypreparations?57Whatarethestepsinvolvedindoingit?Whatistheresultofyoureffort?PART1Warm-upActivities57PART1Warm-upActivitiesMakingdumplings:Step1:Buymeat,vegetables,flourordumplingwrappers.Step2:Cleanthemeatandvegetablesandcutthemintopieces.58Step3:Combinealltheseintoamixturewithsomecondiments(調味品，佐料).Step4:Rolloutdumplingwrappers;ifthewrappersarebought,justwrapthemixedmeatandvegetableintodumplingsoneafteranother.Step5:Cookthedumplingsinboilingwaterbeforeeatingthem.PART1Warm-upActivitiesMakin58PART1Warm-upActivitiesHowtomakesweetandsourspareribs(糖醋排骨):Step1:-->Fillawok(炒鍋)withhalf-fullofwaterandturnontheheat.Slowlyaddthespareribsections,andcoverthem.-->Oncethewaterisboiling,addinthecookingwine(料酒).Boilfor15-20minutesuntilthespareribsectionsare70%cooked.-->Removethemtoacolander(濾鍋，漏勺),andplaceinasmallbasin.Addthesalt,whitevinegarandwheatflour(全麥面粉).Cracktheeggintoitandstirwellwithchopsticks.Letitmarinate(腌泡)for10-15minutes.59PART1Warm-upActivitiesHowt59PART1Warm-upActivitiesHowtomakesweetandsourspareribs(糖醋排骨):Step2:Inanotherbowlorsmallbasincombinethewhitesugar,whitevinegar,cookingwine,soysauce(醬油),andcornstarch(玉米淀粉).Stirwell.60PART1Warm-upActivitiesHowt60PART1Warm-upActivitiesHowtomakesweetandsourspareribs(糖醋排骨):Step3:Placeawokoverhighheatuntilhot.Addsomecookingoil,-->andaddintheprocessed(處理過的)spareribsonebyonewithchopsticks.-->Whentheylookyellowish-white,turnoffthefireandremovethemtoaacolanderquickly.-->Removethebrokenbits,andaddthefriedspareribsbackintobefiredagainwhenthetemperatureoftheoilinthewokisheatedbackupto70centigrade.-->Frythespareribswelluntiltheyturngolden.-->Then,removethemfromthewok.61PART1Warm-upActivitiesHowt61PART1Warm-upActivitiesHowtomakesweetandsourspareribs(糖醋排骨):Step4:Leavesomecookingoilinthewok,swirlingtocoatthesides.-->Addinthegreenonion(大蔥)sectionsandpreparedseasoningsauce(調味醬)fromstep2,andstir-fry(用旺火炒)overhighheatforabout20seconds.-->Then,addinthefriedspareribsandfryandstew(燉煮)for2-3minutesoverhighheat-->untiltheseasoningsaucecoatstheoutsideskinofthefriedspareribs.62PART1Warm-upActivitiesHowt62PART1Warm-upActivitiesHowtomakesweetandsourspareribs(糖醋排骨):Step5:Now,turnoffthefire,pickthedelicioussweetandsourspareribsoutofthewok,andserve.Aplateofdelicioussweetandsourspareribsisreadyforyoutoenjoy.63PART1Warm-upActivitiesHowt63ProcessAnalysis

Processisaseriesofstepsoractionsleadingtoaspecificend.Processanalysisisatypeofwritingthatinformshowtodosomethingorhowsomethinghappensstepbystepsothatthereadercanperformtheprocessorunderstandtheprocessmoreeasily.Forthisreason,processparagraphsareoftenorganizedintimeorder.

64ProcessAnalysisProcessis64ProcessAnalysis

Processanalysisisoneofthecommonandusefulwaysinwritingslikedescriptionandnarration.Processwritingorganizesitsideasaccordingtothestepsoftheprocess.Forinstance,weoftenneedtoexplainhowsomethingisdoneorwhatprocedureswehavetofollowinordertocompleteaprocess.Suchstepsorprocedureshavetobearrangedastheyreasonablyorobjectively(notrandomly)occur.

65ProcessAnalysisProcessan65ProcessAnalysis

Thepurposeofprocessdescriptionisusuallytoinform,teachorgiveideastothereaderabouthowsomethingnew(orinterestingorconventional)happensorinwhatwayitcanbecompleted.

66howthebodyusesoxygenhowaCDplayerproducessoundhowpeoplecelebrateaholidayortraditionhowtoloseweight/stopsmokinghowtostudyforanexamProcessAnalysisThepurpos66ProcessAnalysis

Therearetwotypesofprocessanalysis.

67Directionalprocessanalysisgivesstep-by-stepinstructionstohelpreaderscarryoutaprocess(howtorunacomputerprogram,howtowriteanoutline,forexample.)

Whenyouencounterapersonatapartywhostartstotelljokeswithracialslurs(毀謗;詆毀;侮辱性的言辭),youshouldtakecertainsteps.First,youshouldnotlaughatthejokes,eventhoughyoumayembarassthatperson.Then...Pro