書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-寧夏體育職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Ifitistruethatmoralitycannotexistwithoutreligion,thendoesnottheerosionofreligionheraldthe______ofmorality?

問題1選項

A.regulation

B.basis

C.belief

D.collapse

【答案】D

【解析】名詞詞義辨析。regulation“管理，規(guī)則”；basis“基礎(chǔ)”；belief“信仰”；collapse“倒塌，失敗”。句意：如果道德離不開宗教是真實的，那么宗教腐朽不就意味著道德喪失嗎？選項D符合題意。

2.單選題

Withoutapropereducation,peoplecould（）allkindsofcrimes.

問題1選項

A.conduct

B.stoop

C.commit

D.sweat

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。conduct“組織，實施”；stoop“辱沒，墮落”；commit“犯罪”；sweat“出汗”。commitcrimes犯罪，故C項正確。句意：如果沒有接受合適的教育，人們可能會進行各種犯罪活動。

3.單選題

________theendofthewhalingindustrycamehardtimesforseaportslikeNewBedfordandNantucket.

問題1選項

A.With

B.Wasit

C.That

D.Moreover

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：（）捕鯨業(yè)的終結(jié)，像新貝德福和南塔開特這樣的港口迎來了艱難的時刻。withtheendof是固定搭配。因為這里是介詞短語提前，所以主句用了完全倒裝。選B選項會造成句子有兩套主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，不符合語法。C選項“那個”，D選項“此外”不符合句意。

4.單選題

Asthepainteris（）topollens,heregretsalotforlosingthechanceofdrawingthebeautyofspringinthefields.

問題1選項

A.nostalgic

B.insolent

C.acute

D.allergic

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項nostalgic“懷舊的，鄉(xiāng)愁的”；B選項insolent“無禮的，傲慢的”；C選項acute“急性的，敏銳的”；D選項allergic“對……過敏的，對……極討厭的”。句意：因為這個畫家對花粉……，他很遺憾要失去野外寫生的機會。由后面句子heregretsalotforlosingthechanceofdrawingthebeautyofspringinthefields（他很遺憾要……）可知D選項allergic“對……過敏的”（畫家對花粉過敏）與前后意思對應(yīng)。因此D選項符合句意。

5.翻譯題

(36)Formany,theglobalfinancialandeconomiccrisishasconfirmedexistinganti-globalizationsentimentsandisbeingreflectedinoppositiontomoreliberalizedtrade.Underthedislocationcausedbythefinancialcrisis,manycountriesareattemptingtocurtailimportsorimposeotherrestrictionsontrade.AtboththeG-20Leaders’Summitandthemeetingsoffinanceministersandcentralbankgovernors,participantsagreedtofightallformsofprotectionismandmaintainopentrade.However,inMarch2009,WorldTradeOrganizationDirector-GeneralPascalLamystatedthatmembersoftheWTOwereshowinga“worryingtendencytowardincreasedtradeprotectionismasaresultofthedeepeningglobaleconomiccrisis.”

(37)Theovertformsofprotectionismorbeggar-thy-neighborpoliciesarelimitedbyrulescountrieshaveagreedtoasmembersoftheWTO.However,thereisamplescope,forincreasesintradebarriersthatareconsistentwithWTOrulesandobligations,includingincreasesinappliedtariffstohigherboundlevels.IfallWTOmembersraisedtheircurrentlyappliedtarifftotoday’sWTOboundrates,tariffsworldwidewoulddouble.TheWTOhassaidthatsuchincreasesintradebarrierscouldcauseworldtradetoshrinkbyupto8%andreduceglobalwelfarebyupto$350billion.

Almostanygovernmentinterventionintoeconomicactivityaffectsinternationaltradeandcapitalflows.Sincegovernmentinterventiongenerallyisinfluencedbypoliticalconsiderationsandmayinvolvetaxdollars,itusuallyfavorsdomesticconstituenciesattheexpenseofforeignconstituencies.(38)Adangerintheprocessofrecoveringfromtheglobalfinancialcrisisisthatcountriesmaytrytocapturealargershareofadecliningvolumeofinternationaltraderatherthanattempttoinducerecoveryintradeflowsbyhelpingtheirmacro-economiesreturntohealth.IntheUnitedStates,the“BUYAmerican”provisionintheFebruary2009stimuluspackagehasbeencharacterizedbysomeasastepdowntheslipperyslopeleadingtoprotectionismandasign,worryingtomany,thattheUnitedStatesmaynotbealeaderofthefree-tradeinitiativesintheyearsahead.TheEuropeanUnionhasraisedquestionsaboutwhetheritsprovisionsarecompatiblewithU.S.internationaltradecommitmentseventhoughtheprovisionappliesonlytosteel,iron,andmanufacturedgoodsusedinconstructionprojectsandlanguagewasincludedthattheprovision“shallbeappliedinamannerconsistentwithUnitedStatesobligationsunderinternationalagreements.”(39)Thecriticismfromothernationsofthisprovisionappearstobebasedonbothitspresumedeffectsandthefearthatevenarelativelysmall“BuyAmerican”provisionatthistimecouldsetaprecedentthatcouldopenthefloodgatesandprovidetheexcuseforacycleof“creepingprotectionism”byothernations.

【答案】36.對許多人來說，全球金融和經(jīng)濟危機證實了現(xiàn)有的反全球化情緒，并且反映在反對更加自由化的貿(mào)易。在金融危機造成的混亂下，許多國家正試圖減少進口或施加其他貿(mào)易限制。

37.對世貿(mào)組織成員國而言，公開形式的保護主義或以鄰為壑的政策受限于他們所同意的規(guī)則。然而，符合世貿(mào)組織規(guī)則和義務(wù)的貿(mào)易壁壘仍有很大的增加空間，包括將適用關(guān)稅提高到更高的上限。

38.在從全球金融危機中復(fù)蘇的過程中，一個危險在于，各國可能會試圖從不斷下降的國際貿(mào)易量中分得更大的份額，而不是試圖通過幫助其宏觀經(jīng)濟恢復(fù)健康來促進貿(mào)易流動的復(fù)蘇。2009年2月，美國發(fā)布經(jīng)濟刺激計劃，其中包括“購買美國貨”的條款，有的人把這視為導(dǎo)致保護主義的滑坡路，也是一個令許多人擔心的跡象，這表明美國在以后可能不再領(lǐng)導(dǎo)自由貿(mào)易計劃。

39.其他國家對這一條款的批評似乎是基于其假定影響和人們的擔心，即使是目前規(guī)模相對較小的“購買美國貨”條款也可能開創(chuàng)先例，進而打開閘門，為其他國家的“漸進式保護主義”循環(huán)提供借口。

6.問答題

Themost(A)acutechallenges(B)facingthefuturearelikelytobenotonlythosepittingmanagainsthisfellowman,butthose(C)involvedhumankind’sstruggletopreservetheenvironmentandensurethe(D)sustainabilityoflifeonearth.

【答案】C；“involved”改為“involving”。

【解析】考查非謂語動詞。句意：未來面臨的最嚴峻的挑戰(zhàn)可能不僅是人與人之間的競爭，而且是涉及到人類努力保護環(huán)境和確保地球上生命的可持續(xù)性的挑戰(zhàn)。句中“those”指代上文提到的“challenges”，“involved”過去分詞作后置定語表被動，而“those”和“involve”之間是主動關(guān)系，所以將“involved”改為“involving”。

7.單選題

Unfortunately,hisdamagingattacksontheramificationsoftheeconomicpolicyhavebeen（

）byhiswholeheartedacceptanceofthatpolicy’sunderlyingassumptions.

問題1選項

A.supplemented

B.undermined

C.diverted

D.redeemed

【答案】B

【解析】動詞詞義辨析。A選項的supplement“增補，補充”；B選項的undermine“漸漸破壞，授掘地基”；C選項的divert“使轉(zhuǎn)向，使繞道，轉(zhuǎn)移（某人）的注意力，使分心”；D選項的redeem“履行，補償，贖回”。根據(jù)句意‘不幸的是，他對這個經(jīng)濟政策后果的致命攻擊被破壞了，因為他完全接受了這個政策暗含的假設(shè)’確定B選項正確。

8.單選題

Shebroughtherrageundercontrol,hersmilingface______herrealfeeling.

問題1選項

A.disguised

B.disguising

C.disguise

D.todisguise

【答案】A

【解析】考查時態(tài)。英語句子中前后句子時態(tài)應(yīng)統(tǒng)一，前半句的謂語動詞用的“bring”的過去式“brought”，因此后半句的謂語動詞也應(yīng)用過去式，選項中只有A選項符合題意。句意：她控制住了自己的憤怒，她的微笑掩飾了她的真實感情。因此A選項正確。

9.單選題

JustimaginetheshockofthePrimeMinisterwhenthreeofhisseniorcabinetcolleagues（

）andresignedinprotestonFridaynight.

問題1選項

A.revolved

B.resolved

C.revived

D.revolted

【答案】D

【解析】動詞詞義辨析題。根據(jù)句意‘試想一下，當他的三個高級內(nèi)閣同僚都在周五晚上向他遞交了辭呈并進行抗議，這對這位首相的打擊有多大。’可知這里應(yīng)選與resignedinprotest“辭職抗議”為并列關(guān)系的動詞。A選項revolve“旋轉(zhuǎn)”;B選項resolve“解決”；C選項revive“使復(fù)活，使恢復(fù)”;D選項revolt“反叛，起義”。D選項的revolted與protest相對應(yīng)，D選項正確。

10.單選題

Itissaidthatthemathteacherseems（

）towardsbrightstudents.

問題1選項

A.preferable

B.partial

C.beneficial

D.liable

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項preferable“更好的，更可取的”；B選項partial“部分的，不完全的，偏袒”；C選項beneficial“有利的，有益的”；D選項liable“負有償付責任，可能受……的影響”。由brightstudents（聰明的學(xué)生）可知B選項符合邏輯搭配。句意：據(jù)說這個數(shù)學(xué)老師似乎偏袒聰明的學(xué)生。

11.單選題

Sometaxonomists,particularlythoseworkinginherbariaandprovidinganidentificationservice,doneedsuch_______.

問題1選項

A.approach

B.confidence

C.faith

D.expertise

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項approach“方法，方式；接近；接洽”；B選項confidence“信心；信任；秘密”；C選項faith“信仰；信念；信任；忠實”；D選項expertise“專門知識；專門技術(shù)；專家的意見”。句意：一些分類學(xué)家，特別是那些在標本室工作并提供鑒定服務(wù)的分類學(xué)家，確實需要這樣的專業(yè)知識。因此D選項正確。

12.單選題

Theambulanceservicesworked（）haulingpeopletrappedinthebuildingtosafety.

問題1選項

A.onthedecline

B.onthecontrary

C.forachange

D.roundtheclock

【答案】D

【解析】考查詞組辨析。onthedecline在衰退中；onthecontrary正相反；forachange為了改變一下；roundtheclock晝夜不停地，不知疲倦地。由ambulance以及后面的“haulingpeopletrappedinthebuildingtosafety.把困在樓里的人拉到安全的地方”可知急救車晝夜不停地運輸被困人員。故D項符合題意。句意：救護車服務(wù)不分晝夜地把困在大樓里的人拉到安全的地方。

13.單選題

Histrialisfixedfornextweek,buthehasbeenallowedouton（）.

問題1選項

A.parole

B.leave

C.bail

D.perjury

【答案】C

【解析】考查短語辨析。A選項onparole“被假釋；假釋”；B選項onleave“休假；在休假中；放假”；C選項onbail“保釋；保釋中”；D選項perjury“偽證；偽證罪；背信棄義”，沒有onperjury這個說法。bail與parole的區(qū)別：在歐美，被告如果沒有逃亡或串供之虞，法官常常裁定保釋，類似于我國的取保候?qū)彛患籴屖侵敢呀?jīng)在服刑的犯人，如果服完了最低刑期標準，同時在獄中表現(xiàn)良好，經(jīng)假釋審查委員會評估通過，就可以提早出獄。句意：他的審判定在下周，但他已獲準保釋。

14.問答題

ThereisextraordinaryexposureintheUnitedStatestotheriskofinjuryanddeathfrommotorvehicleaccidents.Morethan80percentofallhouseholdsownpassengercarsorlighttrucksandeachoftheseisdrivenanaverageofmorethan11,000mileseachyear.Almostone-halfoffatallyinjureddrivershaveabloodalcoholconcentration(BAC)of0.1percentorhigher.Fortheaverageadult,overfiveouncesof80proofspiritswouldhavetobeconsumedoverashortperiodoftimetoattaintheselevels.Athirdofdriverswhohavebeendrinking,butfewerthan4percentofalldrivers,demonstratetheselevels.Althoughlessthan1percentofdriverswithBAC'sof0.1percentormoreareinvolvedinfatalcrashes,theprobabilityoftheirinvolvementis27timeshigherthanforthosewithoutalcoholintheirblood.

Thereareanumberofdifferentapproachestoreducinginjuriesinwhichintoxicationplaysarole.Basedontheobservationthatexcessiveconsumptioncorrelateswiththetotalalcoholconsumptionofacountry'spopulation,ithasbeensuggestedthathighertaxesonalcoholwouldreduceboth.Whiletheheaviestdrinkerswouldbetaxedthemost,anyonewhodrinksatallwouldbepenalizedbythisapproach.

Tomakedrinkinganddrivingacriminaloffenseisanapproachdirectedonlyatintoxicateddrivers.Insomestates,thelawempowerspolicetorequestbreathtestofdriverscitedforanytrafficoffenseandelevatedBACcanbethebasisforeveryarrest.TheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministrationestimates,however,thatevenwithincreasedarrests,thereareabout700violationsforeveryarrest.Atthislevelthereislittleevidencethatlawsserveasdeterrentstodrinkingwhileintoxicated.InBritain,motorvehiclefatalitiesfell25percentimmediatelyfollowingimplementationoftheRoadSafetyActin1967.AsBritishersincreasinglyrecognizedthattheycoulddrinkandnottobestopped,theeffectivenessdeclined,althoughinthefollowingthreeyearsthefatalityrateseldomreachedthatobservedinthesevenyearspriortotheAct.

【答案】IntheUnitedStates,peopletakeaveryhighriskofmotorvehicleaccidentcasualties.Almostone-halfdeadlyaccidentscausedbyexcessivedrinking.Andonethirdofdriverswhohavebeendrinking,butfewerthan4percentofalldrivers,reached0.1%orhigher.Althoughonlyfewoftheminvolvedinfatalcrashes,theprobabilityoftheirinvolvementis27timeshigherthanforthosewithoutalcoholintheirblood.

Therearemanydifferentwaystoreducetheinjuriesofintoxication.Someonesuggestsraisingtaxesonalcohol.Theheaviestdrinkerswouldbetaxedthemost,anyonewhodrinksatallwouldbepenalized.

Tomakedrinkinganddrivingacriminaloffenseisanapproachdirectedonlyatintoxicateddrivers.However,thelawhardlythreatendrinkingwhileintoxicated.Insomestates,thelawempowerspolicetorequestbreathtestofdriverscitedforanytrafficoffenseandelevatedBACcanbethebasisforeveryarrest.Evenso,withincreasedarrests,therearestillabout700violationsforeveryarrest.

15.單選題

LongbeforeManlivedontheEarth,therewerefishes,reptiles,birds,insects,andsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswereancestorsofkindslivingtoday,othersarenowextinct,thatis,theyhavenodescendantsalivenow.（1）.

Veryoccasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskin,sothat,apartfromcolor,wecanbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsofyearsago.Thekindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefoundtellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginalland,oftenoftheplantsthatgrewonit,andevenofitsclimate.

（2）.Nearlyallofthefossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocks

formedbywateraction,andmostoftheseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater.Thusitfollowsthattheremustbemanykindsofmammals,birds,andinsectsofwhichweknownothing.

（3）.Therewerealsocrab-likecreatures,whosebodieswerecovered

withahomysubstance.Thebodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegs,onepairforwalkingonthesandybottom,theotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairofcompoundeyes,oftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwolongbutsomewere2feet.

（4）.Ofthese,theammonitesareveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychambers,eachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargeritgrewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.ThousandsofthesecanbeseenintherocksontheDorsetCoast.

（5）.

About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthegroupsdiedout.Themammalsquicklydeveloped,andwecantracetheevolutionofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.Manyofthelatermammals,thoughnowextinct,wereknowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincavepaintingsandonbonecarvings.

問題1選項

A.Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown.

B.Nevertheless,weknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils.Fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshape,howtheywalked,thekindoffoodtheyate.

C.Thefirstanimalswithtruebackboneswerethefishes,firstknownintherocksof375millionyearsago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibians,theanimalsabletolivebothonlandandinwater,appeared.Theyweregiant,sometimes8feetlong,andmanyofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseam,orlayer,formed.Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonland,inthesea,andintheair.

D.Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures.Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld.

E.Theearliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsandlivedinthesea.Laterformsaremorecomplex,andamongthesearethesealilies,relationsofthestarfishes,whichhadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabed,ortorocks.

F.Whenananimaldies,thebody,itsbones,orshell,mayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfalluponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.

G.Manyfactorscaninfluencehowfossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedbyminerals,dissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpression,orsimplyreducedtoamorestableform.

問題2選項

A.Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown.

B.Nevertheless,weknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils.Fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshape,howtheywalked,thekindoffoodtheyate.

C.Thefirstanimalswithtruebackboneswerethefishes,firstknownintherocksof375millionyearsago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibians,theanimalsabletolivebothonlandandinwater,appeared.Theyweregiant,sometimes8feetlong,andmanyofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseam,orlayer,formed.Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonland,inthesea,andintheair.

D.Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures.Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld.

E.Theearliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsandlivedinthesea.Laterformsaremorecomplex,andamongthesearethesealilies,relationsofthestarfishes,whichhadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabed,ortorocks.

F.Whenananimaldies,thebody,itsbones,orshell,mayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfalluponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.

G.Manyfactorscaninfluencehowfossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedbyminerals,dissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpression,orsimplyreducedtoamorestableform.

問題3選項

A.Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown.

B.Nevertheless,weknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils.Fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshape,howtheywalked,thekindoffoodtheyate.

C.Thefirstanimalswithtruebackboneswerethefishes,firstknownintherocksof375millionyearsago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibians,theanimalsabletolivebothonlandandinwater,appeared.Theyweregiant,sometimes8feetlong,andmanyofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseam,orlayer,formed.Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonland,inthesea,andintheair.

D.Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures.Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld.

E.Theearliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsandlivedinthesea.Laterformsaremorecomplex,andamongthesearethesealilies,relationsofthestarfishes,whichhadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabed,ortorocks.

F.Whenananimaldies,thebody,itsbones,orshell,mayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfalluponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.

G.Manyfactorscaninfluencehowfossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedbyminerals,dissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpression,orsimplyreducedtoamorestableform.

問題4選項

A.Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown.

B.Nevertheless,weknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils.Fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshape,howtheywalked,thekindoffoodtheyate.

C.Thefirstanimalswithtruebackboneswerethefishes,firstknownintherocksof375millionyearsago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibians,theanimalsabletolivebothonlandandinwater,appeared.Theyweregiant,sometimes8feetlong,andmanyofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseam,orlayer,formed.Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonland,inthesea,andintheair.

D.Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures.Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld.

E.Theearliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsandlivedinthesea.Laterformsaremorecomplex,andamongthesearethesealilies,relationsofthestarfishes,whichhadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabed,ortorocks.

F.Whenananimaldies,thebody,itsbones,orshell,mayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfalluponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.

G.Manyfactorscaninfluencehowfossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedbyminerals,dissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpression,orsimplyreducedtoamorestableform.

問題5選項

A.Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown.

B.Nevertheless,weknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils.Fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshape,howtheywalked,thekindoffoodtheyate.

C.Thefirstanimalswithtruebackboneswerethefishes,firstknownintherocksof375millionyearsago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibians,theanimalsabletolivebothonlandandinwater,appeared.Theyweregiant,sometimes8feetlong,andmanyofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseam,orlayer,formed.Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonland,inthesea,andintheair.

D.Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures.Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld.

E.Theearliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsandlivedinthesea.Laterformsaremorecomplex,andamongthesearethesealilies,relationsofthestarfishes,whichhadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabed,ortorocks.

F.Whenananimaldies,thebody,itsbones,orshell,mayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfalluponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.

G.Manyfactorscaninfluencehowfossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedbyminerals,dissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpression,orsimplyreducedtoamorestableform.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:F

第3題:E

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】（1）空前指出許多動物滅絕了，而接下來第二段指出，我們可以根據(jù)石頭推測已滅絕的動物形狀。前后為對立的兩種情況,而B項開頭的nevertheless正好表示轉(zhuǎn)折，意思是：盡管如此，我們對它們了解很多，因為它們的骨頭和貝殼是作為化石保存在巖石中的。從它們我們可以看出它們的大小和形狀，它們走路的方式，它們吃的食物種類。該選項起到了銜接第一段和第二段的作用。

（2）此空時銜接第二段和第三段,選項F的最后一句與空白后的第一句密切相關(guān)。空白后第一句講：我們所知道的幾乎所有化石都是被保存在了由于水的作用而形成的巖石中，而且大多都是生活在水里或水邊的動物。選項F提到：becarriedawaybystreamsintolakesorthesea,getcoveredbymud等，都是在講水的作用形成化石；而最后一句“直到其骨頭或外殼嵌進石頭并被保存下來”，空格后也有一個preserved與之對應(yīng)。因此F為此處正確答案。F意為：動物死后，其身體、骨骼或外殼通常會被溪流帶走，流入湖泊或海洋，并被泥土覆蓋。如果這只動物生活在海里，它的身體可能會下沉并被泥土覆蓋。越來越多的泥土?xí)湓谏厦妫钡焦穷^或貝殼被嵌入并保存下來。

（3）53空后一句:還有像螃蟹一樣的生物，其身體表面是一層角狀物。緊接著后面部分介紹了這類動物的外貌特征。空后一句有一個“also”，由此推測空格處應(yīng)該是關(guān)于另一種海洋生物。選項E提到starlilies這種海洋生物。E意為：最早被發(fā)現(xiàn)的動物都是非常簡單的動物，生活在海里。后來的形態(tài)更為復(fù)雜，其中包括海百合、星魚的關(guān)系，星魚有長長的手臂，被一根長莖附在海床或巖石上。

（4）空格處后一句為:Ofthese,theammonitesare…shell…animal,說明ammonites是前面所提某種動物中的一個例子，它們的特點是“有殼"。據(jù)此推測此處應(yīng)為A項。A意為：有殼的水生動物在化石中的歷史很久了，而且已知的有很多不同的種類。

（5）55空上段主要講的是有殼水生動物。下段第一句講：大約7500萬年前，爬行動物時代結(jié)束了。由此可知，要填入的文字應(yīng)該既承接上段提到的有殼水生動物，又能夠引出下文的爬行動物這樣的內(nèi)容。只有選項C中有相關(guān)的詞gaverisetothereptiles。C意為：第一批真正有脊椎的動物是魚類，最早出現(xiàn)在3.75億年前的巖石中。大約3億年前，兩棲動物出現(xiàn)了，它們能夠在陸地和水中生活。它們是巨大的，有時長達8英尺，其中許多生活在我們的煤層或巖層形成的沼澤水池中。兩棲動物產(chǎn)生了爬行動物，在近1.5億年的時間里，這些爬行動物是陸地、海洋和空中的主要生命形式。

16.單選題

Theperiodofadolescence,i.e.theperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthood,maybelongorshort,dependingonsocialexpectationsandonsociety’sdefinitionastowhatconstitutesmaturityandadulthood.Inprimitivesocietiesadolescenceisfrequentlyarelativelyshortperiodoftime,whileinindustrialsocietieswithpatternsofprolongededucationcoupledwithlawsagainstchildlabor,theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerandmayincludemostoftheseconddecadeofone’slife.Furthermore,thelengthoftheadolescentperiodandthedefinitionofadulthoodstatusmaychangeinagivensocietyassocialandeconomicconditionschange.ExamplesofthistypeofchangearethedisappearanceofthefrontierinthelatterpartofthenineteenthcenturyintheUnitedStates,andmoreuniversally,theindustrializationofanagriculturalsociety.

Inmodernsociety,ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificanceandtherenolongerisagreementastowhatconstitutesinitiationceremonies.Socialoneshavebeenreplacedbyasequenceofstepsthatleadtoincreasedrecognitionandsocialstatus.Forexample,gradeschoolgraduation,highschoolgraduationandcollegegraduationconstitutesuchasequence,andwhileeachstepimpliescertainbehavioralchangesandsocialrecognition,thesignificanceofeachdependsonthesocio-economicstatusandtheeducationalambitionoftheindividual.Ceremoniesforadolescencehavealsobeenreplacedbylegaldefinitionsofstatusroles,rights,privilegesandresponsibilities.Itisduringthenineyearsfromthetwelfthbirthdaytothetwenty-firstthattheprotectiveandrestrictiveaspectsofchildhoodandminorstatusareremovedandadultprivilegesandresponsibilitiesaregranted.Thetwelve-year-oldisnolongerconsideredachildandhastopayfullfarefortrain,airplane,theaterandmovietickets.Basically,theindividualatthisageloseschildhoodprivilegeswithoutgainingsignificantadultrights.Attheageofsixteentheadolescentisgrantedcertainadultrightswhichincreaseshissocialstatusbyprovidinghimwithmorefreedomandchoices.Henowcanobtainadriver’slicense.Hecanleavepublicschools;andhecanworkwithouttherestrictionsofchildlaborlaws.Attheageofeighteenthelawprovidesadultresponsibilitiesaswellasrights;theyoungmancannowbeasoldier,buthealsocanmarrywithoutparentalpermission.Attheageoftwenty-onetheindividualobtainshisfulllegalrightsasanadult.Henowcanvote,hecanbuyliquor,hecanenterintofinancialcontracts,andheisentitledtorunforpublicoffice.Noneoftheselegalprovisionsdetermineatwhatpointadulthoodhasbeenreachedbuttheydopointtotheprolongedperiodofadolescence.

1.Theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerinindustrialsocietiesbecause________.

2.Formersocialceremoniesthatusedtomarkadolescencehavegivenplaceto________.

3.Noonecanexpecttofullyenjoytheadulthoodprivilegesuntilheis________.

4.Accordingtothepassage,itistruethat________.

問題1選項

A.thedefinitionofmaturityhaschanged

B.theindustrializedsocietyismoredeveloped

C.moreeducationisprovidedandlawsagainstchildlaboraremade

D.ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificance

問題2選項

A.socialrecognition

B.graduationsfromschoolsandcolleges

C.socio-economicstatus

D.certainbehavioralchanges

問題3選項

A.elevenyearsold

B.sixteenyearsold

C.twenty-oneyearsold

D.betweentwelveandtwenty-oneyearsold

問題4選項

A.oneisnotfreefromtherestrictionsofchildlaborlawsuntilhecanjointhearmy

B.noonecanmarrywithoutthepermissionofhisparentsuntiltheageoftwenty-one

C.oneisconsideredtohavereachedadulthoodwhenhehasadriver’slicense

D.inthelate19thcenturyintheUnitedStatesthedividinglinebetweenadolescenceandadulthoodnolongerexisted

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:D

【解析】第1題:【選項釋義】

Theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerinindustrialsocietiesbecause________.在工業(yè)社會，青春期要