書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區的她考研考博-英語-天津體育學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Birdmigrationisoneofthemostinterestingyetleastunderstoodnaturalphenomena.Everyfallbirdsfromnorthernlatitudesflyingroupstothewarmersouthernlatitudesandthenreturnnorthinthespring.Scientistsagreeonthemainreasonsformigration:tofollowthefoodsupplyandtoavoidharshclimateconditions.Forexample,insectsdisappearduringthecoldmonths,promptinginsect-dependentbirdstoflysouthtowarmareaswhereinsectsbreed.Nosimilarconsensushasemerged,however,abouthowbirdsareabletonavigate.Despitemanyrecentexperiments,birdexpertsstilldonotknowhowbirdsarriveatthesamedestinationeveryyearandthenfindtheirwaybackhomeinthespring.

Somehavesuggestedthatbirdsfindtheirwaybyfollowinglandmarks,suchasriversandmountainranges.Experimentshaveconfirmedthatsomespeciesdofollowsuchtopographicfeatures.Butthatmethodcannotexplainhowsomebirdstravelatnight.Otherstudiesshowthatsomenocturnalbirdsnavigatebythestars.Butthatexplanationcannotexplaindaytimemigrationortravelwhentheskiesarecloudy.

ThemostpopularexplanationcurrentlyisthatbirdsareguidedbyEarth’smagneticpoles.Themechanismbywhichthatworkshasnotyetbeenproved.Onetheorypointstothefactthatsomebirds’brainscontainmagnetite,anaturallyoccurringmagneticcompoundconsistingofironoxide.Magnetite

hasbeenfoundinmanyanimals,includingbirds.Withmagnetsembeddedintheirbrains,birdswouldbeabletosensethemagneticfieldsoftheNorthandSouthPoles.

Arecentexperimentwithhomingpigeonsprovidedsomeevidencethatmagnetitedoesplayacrucialroleinmigration.Homingpigeonsareknowntohavetheabilitytoreturntotheirhomesafterbeingtakenhundredsofmilesaway.Researchersfoundthattheycouldtrainhomingpigeonstorecognizechangesinamagneticfield.Whenasurroundingmagneticfieldwasnormal,thebirdswouldgatheratoneendofacage.Butwhenthefield’spolaritywasaltered,theyhoppedtotheotherend,suggestingthattheyweredetectingandrespondingtochangesinthemagneticfield.

Anothertheoryhasbeenofferedtoexplainthissensitivitytomagneticpoles,atheorythatdrawsuponquantummechanics,whichisthestudyofhowparticlesmoveinsideanatom.Itreliesonthefactthatelectronscomeinpairsthatorbitthenucleusofanatom.Thetwoelectronsspininoppositedirections,creatingtwomagnetsthatneutralizeeachother.Butwhenmoleculessplitandreactwithothermoleculestoformcompounds,theelectronpairsmaynolongerspininoppositedirections.Instead,theymayrepeleachother,aswhentwonorthendsofmagnetsarepressedtogether.Theelectronsstruggletochangedirectioninordertoachieveastablestateinwhichthetwoelectronsagainneutralizeeachother,givingoffnomagneticfield.

Thetheoryisthatthesedisturbedelectronpairsarecreatedinbirdswhentheyareexposedtochangesinlight.ThebirdscansensetheeffortsoftheelectronsintryingtoreachaconditionofstabilitybecauseoftheslightchangesinthepulloftheNorthandSouthPoles.Inthisway,thebirdscandetectthedirectionofthepoleswhiletheyareinflight.

Inoneexperimenttoconfirmthiseffect,agroupofEuropeanrobinsweretrickedbyartificiallighttobelievethatitwastimeforspringmigration.Thebirdsbecameeagertoflynorth.Thechangesinlighttriggeredtheelectron-pairmovementdescribedabove,exposingtherobinstothemagneticfieldaccompanyingtheelectronpairs.Thebirdsbecamedisorientedandflewinalldirections.Thesimulatedmagneticfieldsweremuchtooweaktobedetectedbythebirds’naturalmagnetite,suggestingtotheexperimentersthattheelectronpairs,notthemagnetite,wereresponsibleforthebirds’confusedflying.

Thecurrentview,therefore,isthatlightplaysanimportantroleinguidingbirdmigration.Thismaybewhybirdsturntheirheadsfromsidetosidebeforeflyingoff.Theireyesarecollectingthesurroundinglight,whichinturnallowsthemtoprocessandanalyzetheexistingmagneticfieldsandtokeepthemselvespointedintherightdirection.

1.AccordingtoParagraph1,insectsinfluencebirdmigrationinwhichofthefollowingways?

2.AccordingtoParagraph3,birdscandetectthemagneticfieldsoftheNorthandSouthPolesbecause（

）.

3.TheauthordiscusseshomingpigeonsinParagraph4inorderto（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretheoriesabouthowbirdsnavigateexcept:

5.Accordingtothepassage,theauthormentionsallofthefollowingaboutelectronsexcept:

問題1選項

A.Insectsgenerateamagneticfieldthatbirdscandetect.

B.Insectsprovideafoodsupplythatexistsonlyinwarmclimates.

C.Birdsfollowthepathstakenbyflyinginsects.

D.Birdsknowwhentomigratebyasuddenincreaseininsectpopulation.

問題2選項

A.theysensethemotionofelectronpairs

B.theycanlocatethepolesbyfollowinglandmarks

C.theyingestmetalparticlesthatareattractedbythepoles

D.theyhavemagnetiteintheirbrains

問題3選項

A.provideanexampleofhowhumanscantrainbirds

B.describeanexperimentshowingtheimportanceofmagnetite

C.showthathomingpigeonsreturnhomebyfollowinglandmarks

D.reporthomingpigeons,behaviorinsideacage

問題4選項

A.Theyfollowlandmarkslikeriversandmountains.

B.Theyareguidedbytheirpositionrelativetothestars.

C.Theyfeelvibrationsinnerveendingsintheirbrains.

D.Theyrespondtochangesinlight.

問題5選項

A.Changesinlightcauseelectronpairstochangethedirectionoftheirspin.

B.Magnetitecontainselectronsthatrepeleachother.

C.Electronsthatspininoppositedirectionsneutralizeeachother.

D.Thenucleusofanatomisorbitedbyelectronpairs.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.文章第一段第三句提到鳥類遷徙的主要原因是為了獲取食物和躲避不利的氣候，并舉了昆蟲的例子來說明食物對鳥類的遷徙有重大作用。選項B符合題意。

2.文章第三段最后一句提到鳥類的大腦里有磁體，所以它們可以感應南極跟北極的磁極磁場。選項D符合題意。

3.文章第四段第一句提到了關于信鴿的實驗，主要說明了磁性在遷徙過程中起到了重要的作用。選項B符合題意。

4.文章第二段第一句somehavesuggestedthatbirdsfindtheirwaybyfollowinglandmarks,suchasriversandmountainranges，排除選項A；第二段第四句otherstudiesshowthatsomenocturnalbirdsnavigatebystars,排除選項B；第六段第一句thetheoryisthatthesedisturbedelectronpairsarecreatedinbirdswhentheyareexposedtochangesinlight,排除D選項。選項C符合題意。

5.文章第五段第二句electronscomeinpairsthatorbitthenucleusofanatom，排除選項D；第五段第三句Thetwoelectronsspininoppositedirections,creatingtwomagnetsthatneutralizeeachother，排除選項C；第六段第一句thetheoryisthatthesedisturbedelectronpairsarecreatedinbirdswhentheyareexposedtochangesinlight，排除選項A。選項B符合題意。

2.單選題

Tosomepeople,thegreatestpleasureoflifeistospendtheirtimeathomewatchingTVand（）theirpets.

問題1選項

A.stroking

B.desiring

C.modeling

D.flattering

【答案】A

【解析】動詞辨析題。stroke"輕撫,撫摸";desire"希望,渴望";model"做模特;制作模型";flatter"奉承;諂媚"。句意：對某些人來說，生活中最大的樂趣是花時間在家里看電視和撫摸他們的寵物。選項A符合句意。

3.翻譯題

互聯網使我的工作方便多了。我可以通過電子郵件撰寫、編輯并提交我的文章；在網上與我的同事聊天，與老板討論工作。我用鼠標一擊，馬上就能拿到我要的一切資料，獲得最新的消息?？墒?，另一方面，用網絡通信有時也令人沮喪。系統有可能癱瘓。更糟的是，因為沒有面對面交談的情感提示，鍵出的詞有時似乎很難理解。

【答案】TheInternethasmademyjobaloteasier.Icanwrite,submitandeditarticlesviaemail,chatwithmycolleaguesonlineanddiscussworkwithmyboss.Withaclickofthemouse,IcangetallthedataIneedandkeepupwiththelatestnews.Butthen,communicatingthroughtheNetcanbefrustratingattimes.Thesystemmaycrash.Worststill,withouttheemotionalcuesofface-to-facecommunication,thetypedwordssometimesseemdifficulttointerpret.

4.單選題

TheInternet,E-commerceandglobalizationaremakinganeweconomicerapossible.Bythemiddleofthe21stcentury,capitalistmarketswilllargelybereplacedbyanewkindofeconomicsystembasedonnetworkedrelationships,contractualarrangementsandaccessrights.

Hasthequalityofourlivesatwork,athomeandinourcommunitiesincreasedindirectproportiontoallthenewInternetandbusiness-to-businessInternetservicesbeingintroducedintoourlives?IhaveaskedthisquestionofhundredsofCEOSandcorporateexecutivesinEuropeandtheUnitedStates.Surprisingly,virtuallyeveryonehassaid,“No,quitecontrary.”

Theverypeopleresponsibleforusheringinwhatsomehavecalleda“technologicalrenaissance”saytheyareworkinglongerhours,feelmorestressed,aremoreimpatient,andareevenlesscivilintheirdealingswithcolleaguesandfriends—nottomentionstrangers.Andwhat’smorerevealing,theyplacemuchoftheblameontheverysametechnologiestheyaresoaggressivelychampioning.

Thetechnoguruspromisedusthataccesswouldmakelifemoreconvenientandgiveusmoretime.Instead,theverytechnologicalwondersthatweresupposedtoliberateushavebeguntoenslaveusinawebofconnectionsfromwhichthereseemstobenoeasyescape.

Ifanearliergenerationwaspreoccupiedwiththequesttoencloseavastgeographicfrontier,generation,itseems,ismorecaughtupinthecolonizationoftime.Everysparemomentofourtimeisbeingfilledwithsomeformofcommercialconnection,makingtimeitselfthemostscarceofallresources.Oure-mail,voicemailandcellphones,our24-hourInternetnewsandentertainmentallseizeforourattention.

Andwhilewehavecreatedeverykindoflabor-andtime-savingdevicetoserviceourneeds,wearebeginningtofeellikewehavelesstimeavailabletousthananyotherhumansinhistory.Thatisbecausethegreatproliferationoflabor-and-time-savingservicesonlyincreasesthediversity,paceandflowofcommodifiedactivityaroundus.Forexample,e-mailisagreatconvenience.However,wenowfindourselvesspendingmuchofourdayfranticallyrespondingtoeachother’selectronicmessages.Thecellphoneisagreattime-saver.Exceptnowwearealwayspotentiallyinreachofsomeoneelsewhowantsourattention.

Socialconservativestalkaboutthedeclineincivilityandblameitonthelossofamoralcompassandreligiousvalues.Hasanyonebotheredtoaskwhetherthehyperspeedcultureismakingallofuslesspatientandlesswillingtolistenanddefer,considerandreflect?

Maybeweneedtoaskwhatkindsofconnectionsreallycountandwhattypesofaccessreallymatterinthee-economyera.Ifthisnewtechnologyrevolutionisonlyabouthyperefficiency,thenwerisklosingsomethingevenpreciousthantime—oursenseofwhatitmeanstobeacaringhumanbeing.

1.Theauthorsuggeststhatthemostvaluableresourceintoday’ssocietyis____.

2.Welearnfromthispassagethatmanyexecutivesfeelthat____.

3.Thephrase“thecolonizationoftime”(Para.5)refersto____.

4.Intheseventhparagraphtheauthorsuggeststhat____.

5.Thebesttitleforthepassagecouldbe____.

問題1選項

A.Technology

B.Economicassets

C.Accesstoinformation

D.Time

問題2選項

A.technologicaladvancesareessentialtotoday’seconomicsystem

B.technologyhasactuallyledtodeclineintheirqualityoflife

C.longerhoursaremakingtheirworkersmoreimpatientanduncivil

D.technologycanbeblamedformanyoftoday’ssocialproblems

問題3選項

A.thefillingofeverymomentoftimewithcommercialtransactions

B.thequestforefficiencyintheworkplace

C.thegrowinguseofelectronicmailandothertime-savingservices

D.theimpactoftechnologyonoursenseoftime

問題4選項

A.newtechnologiesmaymakepeoplemoreimpatient

B.socialconservativesdonotunderstandtheimportanceoftechnology

C.thespeedofmodernculturemayimpactourmoralandreligiousvalues

D.peopleinthetechnologysectorarelesscivilthanthoseinotherfields

問題5選項

A.ThefutureofthetechnologicalRenaissance

B.EvenCorporateExecutivesGettheBlues

C.TheNewInternetEconomy

D.TheDisadvantagesofToomuchAccess

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.【選項釋義】

Theauthorsuggeststhatthemostvaluableresourceintoday’ssocietyis____.作者認為，當今社會最有價值的資源是____。

A.TechnologyA.技術

B.EconomicassetsB.經濟資產

C.AccesstoinformationC.獲取信息

D.TimeD.時間

【答案】D

【考查點】事實細節題。

【解題思路】根據題干信息可定位到第五段“我們的每一個空閑時間都被某種形式的商業聯系所填滿，使時間本身成為所有資源中最稀缺的（makingtimeitselfthemostscarceofallresources）?！币虼诉xD。

【干擾項排除】

A、B、C選項屬于過度推斷。

2.【選項釋義】

Welearnfromthispassagethatmanyexecutivesfeelthat____.我們從這篇文章中了解到，許多高管認為____。

A.technologicaladvancesareessentialtotoday’seconomicsystemA.技術進步對當今的經濟體系至關重要

B.technologyhasactuallyledtodeclineintheirqualityoflifeB.科技實際上導致了他們生活質量的下降

C.longerhoursaremakingtheirworkersmoreimpatientanduncivilC.更長時間的工作讓他們的員工更加不耐煩和無禮

D.technologycanbeblamedformanyoftoday’ssocialproblemsD.今天的許多社會問題都歸咎于技術

【答案】B

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據題干信息可定位到第二段“我們在工作、家庭和社區中的生活質量提高是否與所有的這些新型互聯網以及企業對企業互聯網服務的引入成正比？我曾向歐洲和美國的數百位首席執行官和企業高管提出過這個問題。令人驚訝的是，幾乎每個人都說：‘不，恰恰相反?！币簿褪钦f，他們認為，事實上，科技已經導致了生活質量的下降。因此B選項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“技術進步對當今的經濟體系至關重要”，文章沒有提及，該選項屬于無中生有；

C選項“更長時間的工作讓他們的員工更加不耐煩和無禮”，文中提到“那些引領所謂‘技術復興’的人說，他們工作的時間更長了，壓力更大了，更沒耐心了”，這些引領技術復興的人指的是公司領導而不是員工，因此該選項屬于張冠李戴；

D選項“今天的許多社會問題都歸咎于技術”，社會問題太過廣泛，該選項屬于過度推斷。

3.【選項釋義】

Thephrase“thecolonizationoftime”(Para.5)refersto____.“時間的殖民化”（第5段）指的是____。

A.thefillingofeverymomentoftimewithcommercialtransactionsA.每時每刻都充斥著商業交易

B.thequestforefficiencyintheworkplaceB.工作場所對效率的追求

C.thegrowinguseofelectronicmailandothertime-savingservicesC.越來越多地使用電子郵件和其他省時服務

D.theimpactoftechnologyonoursenseoftimeD.科技對我們時間觀念的影響

【答案】A

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據出處提示詞Paragraph5與題干信息詞thecolonizationoftime可定位到第五段thecolonizationoftime之后“我們的每一個空閑時間都被某種形式的商業聯系所填滿（Everysparemomentofourtimeisbeingfilledwithsomeformofcommercialconnection）”由此可推斷“時間的殖民化”指的就是每時每刻充滿商業交易。因此選A。

【干擾項排除】

B選項“工作場所對效率的追求”，曲解原文，該選項屬于過度推斷；

C選項“越來越多地使用電子郵件和其他省時服務”，曲解原文，該選項屬于過度推斷；

D選項“科技對我們時間觀念的影響”，曲解原文，該選項屬于過度推斷。

4.【選項釋義】

Intheseventhparagraphtheauthorsuggeststhat____.在第七段中，作者表示____。

A.newtechnologiesmaymakepeoplemoreimpatientA.新技術可能會讓人們更沒有耐心

B.socialconservativesdonotunderstandtheimportanceoftechnologyB.社會保守派不理解技術的重要性

C.thespeedofmodernculturemayimpactourmoralandreligiousvaluesC.現代文化的發展速度可能會影響我們的道德和宗教價值觀

D.peopleinthetechnologysectorarelesscivilthanthoseinotherfieldsD.技術領域的人比其他領域的人更不文明

【答案】A

【考查點】事實細節題。

【解題思路】根據出處提示詞Paragraph7與題干信息可定位到第七段“有沒有人問過，高速文化是否讓我們所有人變得更沒有耐心，更不愿意傾聽、推遲、考慮和反思？（lesspatientandlesswillingtolistenanddefer,considerandreflect）”由此可知，作者認為新技術可能會讓人們沒有耐心。因此選A。

【干擾項排除】

B選項“社會保守派不理解技術的重要性”，文中沒有體現，該選項屬于無中生有；

C選項“現代文化的發展速度可能會影響我們的道德和宗教價值觀”，由第七段可知，這是社會保守派的觀點，并不是作者的觀點，該選項屬于張冠李戴；

D選項“技術領域的人比其他領域的人更不文明”，文中沒有體現，該選項屬于無中生有。

5.【選項釋義】

Thebesttitleforthepassagecouldbe____.這篇文章最好的標題是____。

A.ThefutureofthetechnologicalRenaissanceA.技術復興的未來

B.EvenCorporateExecutivesGettheBluesB.即使是企業高管也會感到沮喪

C.TheNewInternetEconomyC.新互聯網經濟

D.TheDisadvantagesofToomuchAccessD.過多訪問的缺點

【答案】D

【考查點】主旨大意題。

【解題思路】作者在第一段提出了“新型經濟體系”，接下來的段落主要討論的是新技術帶來的負面影響，最后一段提出“也許我們需要問問，在電子經濟時代，什么樣的連接才是真正重要的，什么樣的訪問才是真正重要的。如果這場新技術革命僅僅是關于超高效率，那么我們可能會失去一些比時間更寶貴的東西?！本C合全文，文章主要講了過多訪問的缺點，因此選D。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“技術復興的未來”，文中主要講新技術帶來的負面影響，并沒有涉及技術復興的未來，該選項屬于反向干擾；

B選項“即使是企業高管也會感到沮喪”，是對文章的片面概括，屬于以偏概全；

C選項“新互聯網經濟”，文中主要講互聯網經濟的缺點，該選項范圍太廣，屬于過度推斷。

5.單選題

Ahealthyandbetter-educatednewgenerationisa（）forsustainableeconomicandsocialdevelopmentofallcountries.

問題1選項

A.guarantee

B.security

C.demand

D.prospective

【答案】A

【解析】名詞詞義辨析。Guarantee“保證”；security“安全”；demand“需要”；prospective“預期，展望”。句意：健康、受良好教育的新一代是各國經濟社會可持續發展的保障。選項A符合題意。

6.翻譯題

即使在麥哲倫號航天器（Magellan）還未看穿金星（Venus）的云層覆蓋之前，天文學家（astronomer）便很有把握地相信金星上沒有水。金星的表面很熱，至少有450攝氏度。它的溫度超過了水星（Mercury），你也許認為水星會比金星熱，因為它離太陽更近。然而，水星沒有保溫的大氣層。

金星大氣層中的二氧化碳（Carbondioxide）把太陽的熱量保留了下來。這和溫室能夠保存太陽的熱量好讓植物生長類似。太陽的光線能夠穿過云層到達金星表面，但其熱量卻無法逃逸。天文學家們懂得,水在如此熾熱的環境下是無法以液體的形式存在的。然而，它附近的兩顆行星——地球和火星（Mars）——卻存在著水或冰。金星過去是否也曾有過水？

麥哲倫號航天器發回的照片沒有提供曾有水存在的跡象。金星的表面有很多像河一樣的長長的紋路，有些長達數百公里。但這些紋路似乎是熔巖（meltedrock）造成的，而不是水造成的。

金星上沒有古海洋的跡象，也沒有山巒被水沖刷的痕跡。一位天文學家說，金星太熱，水星太冷，而地球恰好適合水的存在。

【答案】EvenbeforetheMagellanspacecraftsawthroughVenus’scloudcover,astronomerswereconfidentthatVenushadnowater.ThesurfaceofVenusisveryhot,atleast450degreesCelsius.It’shotterthanMercury,whichyoumightexpecttobehotterthanVenusbecauseit’sclosertotheSun.Mercury,however,hasnoinsulatingatmosphere.

TheCarbondioxideinVenus’atmospheretrapsthesun’sheat.Thisissimilartohowagreenhousepreservesthesun’sheattoallowplantstogrow.Thesun’srayscanpassthroughthecloudstoreachthesurfaceofVenus,butitsheatcannotescape.Astronomersknewthatwatercouldnotexistasaliquidinsuchhotconditions.However,twonearbyplanets,EarthandMars,havewaterorice.DidVenusoncehavewater?

PhotosfromtheMagellanspacecraftprovidenoevidencethatwatereverexisted.ThesurfaceofVenusislinedwithlongriverlines,somehundredsofkilometerslong.Buttheselinesseemtobecausedbylava,notwater.

Therearenosignsofanancientocean,ormountainswashedawaybywater.OneastronomersaysVenusistoohot,Mercuryistoocold,andEarthisjustrightforwater.

7.單選題

Whichsporthasthemostexpenses_______trainingequipment,players'personalequipmentanduniforms?

問題1選項

A.inplaceof

B.bywayof

C.intermsof

D.bymeansof

【答案】C

【解析】inplaceof代替;bywayof經由;intermsof依據,按照,在……方面;bymeansof通過,依靠。句意：哪項運動在訓練器材、運動員個人裝備和隊服等方面的開銷最大?選項C符合句意。

8.單選題

Distrustingwomen,heremaineda（

）allhislife.

問題1選項

A.marshal

B.bandit

C.bachelor

D.burglar

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。marshal意為“元帥”；bandit意為“土匪，強盜”；bachelor意為“未婚男子，單身漢，學士”；burglar意為“竊賊”。

句意：由于不信任女人，他做了一輩子單身漢。

9.單選題

Shehasdecidedto（）somemoneyeverymonthtohelpthreepeasantgirlsinpoverty-strickenareas.

問題1選項

A.laydown

B.layside

C.setup

D.standupto

【答案】B

【解析】laydown放下，制定，鋪設，主張；layside擱置，儲蓄，留存；setup建立；standupto經得起，抵抗。句意：她決定每個月存點錢幫助三個貧困地區的農村女孩。選項B符合句意。

10.單選題

Accordingto（）sources,theLeaningTowerofPisaistobeuprightedunderarestorationplanbytheItalianGovernment.

問題1選項

A.conformed

B.confirmed

C.informed

D.transformed

【答案】B

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。conformed"一致的,順從的";confirmed"確定的,堅定的"";informed"消息靈通的,見多識廣的";transformed"轉變的"。句意：據可靠消息,在意大利政府的一項恢復計劃中,比薩斜塔將得到修復。選項B符合原文。

11.單選題

Inthelastfewyears,intensivedesignanddevelopmenteffort______totheintroductionofelectronicexchanges.

問題1選項

A.havebeenapplied

B.hasbeenapplied

C.isbeingapplied

D.wouldbeapplied

【答案】A

【解析】考查時態和主謂一致。句意：在過去幾年中，密集的設計和開發努力已應用于電子交換的引進。根據謂語動詞apply的動作從過去開始發生，持續到現在，并且將持續下去確定用現在完成時態；根據主語intensivedesignanddevelopmenteffort是復數確定用復數形式，所以A選項havebeenapplied符合題意。因此A選項正確。

12.單選題

Cultureisthetotalsumofallthetraditions,customs,beliefs,andwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthissense,everygrouphasaculture,howeversavage,undeveloped,oruncivilizeditmayseemtous.

Totheprofessionalanthropologist,thereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofonecultureoveranother,justastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsichierarchyamonglanguages.

Peopleoncethoughtofthelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavage,undevelopedformsofspeech,consistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.Whileitispossiblethatlanguageingeneralbeganasaseriesofgruntsandgroans,itisafactestablishedbythestudyof“backward”languagesthatnospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesofuncivilizedgroupsare,byourmostseverestandards,extremelycomplex,delicate,andingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.TheyfallbehindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructures,whichusuallyfullyadequateforalllanguageneeds,butonlyintheirvocabularies,whichreflectstheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheirspeakers.Eveninthisdepartment,however,twothingsaretobenoted:1.Alllanguagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansion,eitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2.Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesanddistinctionsin“backward”languages,whiledifferentfromours,areoftensurprisinglynumerousandcomplicated.Anaccidentallanguagedistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness(“this”and“that”);somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeaker,ortothepersonaddressed,orremovedfromboth,oroutofsight,orinthepast,orinthefuture.

Thisstudyoflanguage,inturn,castsanewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturearetobeviewedindependently,andwithoutideasofrankorhierarchy.

1.ThelanguageofuncivilizedgroupsascomparedtoWesternlanguagesarelimitedin（）.

2.Theauthorsaysthatprofessionallinguistsrecognizethat（）.

3.Thearticlestatesthatgrunt-and-groanformsofspeecharefound（）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,languages,whethercivilizedornot,have（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingisimpliedbutnotarticulatedinthepassage?

問題1選項

A.soundpatterns

B.vocabularies

C.grammaticalstructures

D.bothAandB

問題2選項

A.WesternlanguagesaresuperiortoEasternlanguages

B.Alllanguagescamefromgruntsandgroans

C.Thehierarchyoflanguagesisdifficulttounderstand

D.Thereisnohierarchyoflanguages

問題3選項

A.nowheretoday

B.amongtheAustralianaborigines

C.amongEasterncultures

D.amongpeoplespeaking“backward”languages

問題4選項

A.thepotentialforexpandingvocabulary

B.theirownsoundpatterns

C.anabilitytotransferideas

D.grammaticalstructures

問題5選項

A.Thestudyoflanguageshasdiscreditedanthropologicalstudies.

B.Thestudyoflanguagehasreinforcedanthropologistsintheirviewthatthereisnohierarchyamongcultures.

C.Thestudyoflanguageisthesameasthestudyofanthropologists.

D.Thestudyoflanguagescastsanewlightupontheclaimofanthropologists.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.細節事實題。根據第三段的第四句“TheyfallbehindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructures,whichusuallyfullyadequateforalllanguageneeds,butonlyintheirvocabularies,whichreflectstheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheirspeakers.它們（不文明群體的語言）落后于我們的西方語言，通常不是在完全滿足所有語言所需要的聲音模式或語法結構上，而只是在反映說話者所知道的對象和活動的詞匯上?！庇纱丝芍c西方語言相比，不文明群體的語言在詞匯方面受到限制，所以選項B正確。

2.細節事實題。根據原文第二段的內容“對于專業的人類學家來說，文化之間沒有本質上的優越，正如對于專業的語言學家來說，語言之間也沒有本質上的等級關系?！庇纱丝芍?，選項D符合原文。

3.判斷推理題。根據第三段一、二句的內容“人們曾經認為落后群體的語言是野蠻的、不發達的語言形式，主要由咕噥和呻吟組成。雖然語言可能是從一系列的咕噥和呻吟開始的，但對‘落后’語言的研究證實，現在的口語語言都不符合這一描述?！币簿褪钦f，咕噥和呻吟的語言形式現在已經不存在了，所以選項A正確。

4.細節事實題。第三段提及“Alllanguagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansion,eitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.所有的語言似乎都有擴充詞匯的機制，它們可以把已經存在的詞匯組合在一起，也可以從其他語言中借用詞匯并使其適應自己的系統?！庇纱丝芍?，作者認為語言無論文明與否，都有擴大詞匯量的潛力，選項A符合原文。

5.判斷推理題。根據原文最后一段的內容“這種對語言的研究，反過來又為人類學家的主張提供了新的線索，即所有的文化都應該被獨立地看待，沒有等級或層級的觀念?！边x項A和選項C在文中沒有信息體現；D選項是原文明確提出的觀點，不符合題干的意思。B選項“對語言的研究強化了人類學家的觀點，即文化之間沒有等級之分”與最后一段表達的意思一致，所以正確。

13.單選題

Paleontologists’assumptionsabouttheequablenatureoftheclimateontheprimevalislandofPangaeaare（

）computersimulationsindicatingthattheisland’stemperaturestendedtofluctuateduringthecourseofayear.

問題1選項

A.underminedby

B.bolsteredby

C.bolsteredby

D.challengedby

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞詞組辨析。underminedby被推翻。bolster支持，支撐。confirm確認，確定。challenge挑戰。句意：古生物學家認定泛大陸早期島嶼的氣候是恒定的，而計算機模擬表明島上的溫度整年都處于變化中。這結果推翻了之前的認定。根據句意可知A項符合題意。

14.翻譯題

Foracenturyorso,theshoppingritualatdealershowroomsfornewandusedvehicleshasn’tchangedmuch,apartfrommorecomfortablechairsandtheadditionoflatte(拿鐵咖啡)machines.

ButtheInternetisunravelingtheessenceofnew-carretailing,armingshopperswithmoreinformationthaneveraboutfeaturesandprices,and(as)wellasexpertreviews.Willshopperssoonbeabletotakethenextstepandordernewcarsonline,likebooks,laptopsandshoes?

ThedebateoverInternetvehiclesalesrages,sinceautomakersseeif(it)asawaytoslashdistributioncostsbyhundreds,andperhapsafewthousanddollarspervehicle.Dealersareaghast:Theyhaveshieldedtheirfranchisesineverystatewithlegislation.ManyviewInternetsalesasameansofunderminingthem.Dealersassertthat“carsaren’tbooksorshoes”andarebestsoldinpersonbytheirsalesstaff,aprocessthatallowstheshoppertotestthevehicle,aswellasexplorefinancingandtrade-ins.

TeslaMotors(TSLA.，thegroundbreakingelectric-vehiclemanufacturerfoundedbyElonMusk,takesordersforitsModelSsedan,whichstartsat$70.000,onitswebsite.Thecarsaredeliveredeitheratoneofits30company-ownedstoresorcanbedrop-shippedtoabuyer’shome.Tesla,clearly,isbuckinglawandtradition.“InTexas,wherethelawprecludesdeliveringdirectlytocustomers,wedosothroughthird-parties,”saidSharmaHendriks,aTeslaspokesperson.“We’renotsayingwe’llneverhavedealers;butthatmodeldoesn’tmakesenseforusnow.

Becausethemarketforusedcarsisn’tprotectedbynew-carfranchiselaws,itmayprovideamorepromisingopportunityforonlinevehiclesales.eBayMotors,adivisionofeBay(EBAY),offersthousandsofvehiclesonlineforsalesbetweenprivateparties.Manyused-cardealersalsousethedigitalplatformandpayalistingfee.

Carvana,aventuresponsoredbyDriveTime,oneofthenation’slargestused-caroperations,hasbegunsellinglate-modelusedpremiumandluxurymodelsonitsownwebsite.CarvanaoperatesforthetimebeingonlyinAtlantaanditsenvironsbuthopestoexpandnationwide.

ErnieGarciaJr.,Carvana’schiefexecutiveofficer,saidthatthefirsthundredvehiclessoldbyCarvanareflectwhathecalleda“promising”trendofhighsatisfactionamongbuyers.Fourbuyersofthefirsthundredweren’tsatisfiedwiththeirpurchaseandexercisedtheirrighttotradethevehiclestheyboughtforanother.Onlyoneofthehundreddemandedarefund.

Garciasaidthatsalesofnewandusedvehiclesatdealerships,intheconventionalmanner,reflectabout“$2,000acar”insales,generalandadministrativecost.Heregardsthatamountasmarginthatcanandwilleventuallyshrinkasonlineattractsmorevehicleshoppers.New-vehiclesalesonlinehaven’tarrived,andperhapsmaynever.Yetthatdayfeelsasthoughit’sdrawingcloser,especiallyforconsumerswhowillchooseanythingandeverything-includingaspouse-usingkeypadormouse.

Foracenturyorso,theshoppingritualatdealershowroomsfornewan