書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區的她考研考博-英語-四川大學錦江學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Belyinghisearlierreputationfor（

）asanegotiator,Morganhadrecentlyassumedamore（

）stanceforwhichmanyofhiserstwhilecriticspraisedhim.

問題1選項

A.inflexibility...unreasonable

B.impropriety...oscillatory

C.intransigence...tolerant

D.success...authoritative

【答案】C

【解析】名詞和形容詞詞義辨析。A選項的inflexibility“不屈性，頑固”；unreasonable“不合理的，不公正的”；B選項的impropriety“不合適，不恰當”；oscillatory“振動的，動搖的，變動的"；C選項的intransigence“不妥協，強硬”；tolerant“忍受的，容忍的，寬容的”；D選項的success“成功，勝利”；authoritative“命令式的，專斷的，權威式的”。根據句意‘與他先前亳不讓步的談判者的聲譽相反，摩根近來采取了一種更為緩和的立場，所以許多他先前的批判者轉而稱贊他’確定C選項正確。

2.填空題

Higherinterestratesmakeitmoreexpensivetoborrowmoney,________peoplefrombuyingnewhomesorstartingnewconstructionprojects.(courage)

【答案】discouraging

【解析】【考查點】動詞。

【解題思路】逗號前為完整的句子，橫線所在內容應為非謂語動詞。逗號前說到借貸更加昂貴，后面說______人們購買新房或開工建設新項目，可知前者打擊后者積極性，是主動關系，一方面動詞應為現在分詞，一方面動詞discourage的意思為“使灰心，使泄氣”，符合題意。因此此處應為discourage的現在分詞discouraging。

【句意】利率更高讓借貸更加昂貴，使人們不愿購買新房或開工建設新項目。

3.單選題

16-20

問題1選項

A.Itisageneticdisorder.

B.Itisarespiratoryconditioninpigs.

C.Itisanillnessfrombirdstohumans.

D.Itisagastricailment.

問題2選項

A.Eatingpork.

B.Raisingpigs.

C.Eatingchicken.

D.Breedingbirds.

問題3選項

A.Runningnose.

B.Inappetence.

C.Painsallover.

D.Diarrhea.

問題4選項

A.Tostayfromcrowds.

B.Toseethedoctorimmediately.

C.Toavoidmedications.

D.Togotothenearbyclinic20.

問題5選項

A.Itisadebate.

B.ItisaTVprogram.

C.Itisaconsultation.

D.Itisaworkshop.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】W:HellodoctorSmith,(20)welcometoourprogram“HealthJourney”.Couldyoutellussomethingaboutswineflu?

M:Well,(16)it’sacommonrespiratoryailmentinpigsthatdoesn’tusuallyspreadtopeople.

W:Butwhyaresomanypeopleinfected?

M:Unlikemostcases,thisfluvirusappearstobeasub-typenotseenbeforeinhumansorpigs.Ithasgeneticmaterialfrompigs,birdsandhumans,accordingtotheWHO.

W:Thenwhyisitcalledswineflu?Whypigsarethecarriersofthisvirus?

M:Um.Isclosertosaythatpigswerethemixingballsforthisvirus.

W:Whatdoesitmean?

M:Imeanbirdscannotpassbirdflutopeople.Butpigsaresusceptibletogettingfluvirusesthatinfectedbirds.Thevirusinsidetheinfectedpigmightmutatetoaformthatcouldalsoinfectothermammals.

W:Wow,socomplicated.Bytheway,canwecatchswineflufromeatingpork?

M:Actually,illpigsarenotallowedtoenterthemarket.Cookingalsokillsthevirus.(17)Onlypeoplewhoworkwithpigscancatchthevirus.

W:Howdotheyfeelifinfected?

M:(18)Themostcommonsymptomsarefever,fatigue,lackofappetiteandcoughing.Althoughsomepeoplealsodeveloprunnynose,sorethroat,vomitingordiarrhea.

W:Whatshouldwedoifwehavethesesymptoms?

M:(19)Stayhomefromworkorschool.Don’tgetonaplane.Callyourdoctorstoaskaboutthebesttreatment.Don’tsimplyshowupattheclinicorhospitalthatisunpreparedforyourarrival.

W:Say,theantiviralstudy.Howisitgoing?

M:ThisstrainofswinefludoesappearsensitivetotheantiviraldrugsRelenza(瑞樂沙)andTamiflu(達菲),butnottoAmantadineandRemantadine.

W:We’velearnedalottonight.Thanksforyourcoming.DoctorSmith.

M:It'smypleasure.

16.Whatdoweknowaboutswineflu?

【解析】對話開始提到豬流感是“一種豬身上很常見的呼吸道疾病，通常不會傳染給人”。故選B。

17.Whatmaycausepeopletohaveswineflu?

【解析】對話中男士說“Onlypeoplewhoworkwithpigscancatchthevirus”，只有那些在工作中跟豬接觸的人才會感染病毒。

18.Accordingtothedialogue,whichisamongthemostcommonsymptomsofswineflu?

【解析】對話中提到常見癥狀包括“fever,fatigue,lackofappetiteandcoughing”，B選項“食欲不振”正確。

19.Whatdoesthespeakeradvicethesuspectsofswineflutodo?

【解析】對話中男士給出的建議是不要上學或去工作，要待在家，并且打電話咨詢醫生如何治療，而不是立刻去診所或醫院。

20.Whatcanbesaidofthedialogue?

【解析】對話開頭便說道“welcometoourprogram‘HealthJourney'”，最后又說學到很多，感謝對方到來，可以推測這是一個電視節目。

4.單選題

Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid—thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformation,butmeaningsarederivedfromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectivenessasapartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwordsalone.Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygivenmessage.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthoseassociationsifwelistenformorethanwords.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemeanormeanwhatwesay.Sometimesourwordsdon’tmeananythingexcept“I’mlettingoffsomesteam.Idon’treallywantyoutopaycloseattentiontowhatI’msaying.JustpayattentiontowhatI’mfeeling.”Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner,“ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy.”Theownersays,“It’sbeenlikethatforyears.”Actually,thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyears,buttheunspokenmessageis:“Idon’twanttofixit.Weputupwithit.Whycan’tyou?”Thesearchforamoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessageintermsofwhosaidit,whenitoccurred,therelatedconditionsorsituation,andhowitwassaid.

Whenamessageoccurscanalsorevealassociatedmeaning.Letusassumetwocouplesdoexactlythesameamountofkissingandarguing.Butonecouplealwayskissesafteranargumentandtheothercouplealwaysarguesafterakiss.Theorderingofthebehaviorsmaymeanagreatdealmorethanthefrequencyofthebehavior.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodbynotingthatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredanabnormalamountofassertiveness.Someresponsesmaybedirectlylinkedtoadevelopingpatternofresponsesanddefylogic.Forexample,apersonwhosays“No!”toaserialsofchargeslike“You'redumb/'“You’relazy,”and“You'redishonest,”mayalsosay“NoP'andtrytojustifyhisorherresponseifthenextstatementis‘‘Andyou'regoodlooking.”

Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessagesarepresented.Thewords,“Ifsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover,”canbesaidwithemphasisandexcitementorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceorrepeatedseveraltimes.Andthemeaningsweassociatewiththephrasewillchangeaccordingly.Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthelessimportanceitassumes.

1.Effectivecommunicationisrenderedpossiblebetweentwoconversingpartnersif______.

2.“I’mlettingoffsomesteam”inparagraph1means_____.

3.Thehouse-owner’sexampleshowsthatheactuallymeans______.

4.Someresponsesandbehaviorsmayappearveryillogical,butarejustifiableif______.

5.Theword“ritualistically”inthelastparagraphequalssomethingdone______.

問題1選項

A.theyuseproperwordstocarrytheirideas

B.theybothspeaktrulyoftheirownfeelings

C.theytrytounderstandeachother’sideasbeyondwords

D.theyarecapableofassociatingmeaningwiththeirwords

問題2選項

A.I’mjustcallingyourattention

B.Pmjustkidding

C.Pmjustsayingtheopposite

D.I’mjustgivingoffsomesound

問題3選項

A.thestephasbeenlikethatforyears

B.hedoesn’tthinkitnecessarytofixthestep

C.theconditionofthestepisonlyaminorfault

D.thecostinvolvedinthefixingshouldbeshared

問題4選項

A.linkedtoanabnormalamountofassertiveness

B.seenasone’shabitualpatternofbehavior

C.takenaspartofanorderingsequence

D.expressedtoaseriesofcharges

問題5選項

A.withouttrueintention

B.light-heartedly

C.inawayofceremony

D.withlessemphasis

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】1.細節事實題。由文章第一段中的Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformation,butmeaningsarederivedfromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectivenessasapartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwordsalone.（言語的確為我們提供了一些信息，但其意思是從如此多的其它來源中獲取出來的，以至于過于依賴言語將阻礙我們與其他人交流的效果）可知D選項“他們能把自己的言語與意思聯系起來”符合題意。

2.細節事實題。由文章第一段中的Sometimesourwordsdon’tmeananythingexcept“I’mlettingoffsomesteam.Idon’treallywantyoutopaycloseattentiontowhatI’msaying.JustpayattentiontowhatI’mfeeling.”（有時我們的言語并沒有什么意思，除了“我正在宣泄情緒。我實際上不想讓你仔細聽我說的話，而是注意我的感受”外）可知A選項“我只是提醒你注意”符合題意。

3.細節事實題。由文章一段中的Actually,thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyears,buttheunspokenmessageis:“Idon’twanttofixit.Weputupwithit.Whycan’tyou?”（事實上，這個臺階已經有好幾年不是這樣的了，但暗含的信息是：“我不想修復它。我們能忍受它。你為什么不能忍受它了？）可知B選項“他認為沒必要修臺階”符合題意。

4.細節推理題。題干意思是“有些反應和行為可能看起來非常不合邏輯，但如果……，是合理的”。根據第二段第五句Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodbynotingthatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredanabnormalamountofassertiveness.（一個朋友的異常溫順的行為，也許只能通過注意到它是以需要異常自信的情境為前提才能被理解）和第六句Someresponsesmaybedirectlylinkedtoadevelopingpatternofresponsesanddefylogic.（有些反應可能直接與反應的發展模式有關，而且不符合邏輯）可推斷，如果要理解有些反應和行為，那么就需要注意到之前發生的事件的情況，所以C項“作為有序的續發事件的一部分”符合題意。A項“與一定反常程度的自信有關”，表述不夠全面；B項“被視為一個人的習慣性行為模式”，文中沒有提到習慣性行為；D項“表達了一系列指控”在文中只是舉例說明，D項不選。因此，該題選擇C項正確。

5.詞義題。“ritual（儀式，慣例）”為副詞ritualistically的名詞形式，故ritualistically表述“儀式地”，因此選C。

5.翻譯題

人類文化從整體來說，是各國、各民族文化匯聚、交流的產物。現代國際間的文化交流，更是以空前的規模、內容、形式和手段，在直接間接地進行著。

交流促進發展。一個國家、一個民族，只要不是由于主觀和客觀的種種原因而長期處于孤立、閉塞的狀態之中，或多或少都可以從交流中得到好處。

事實上，在現代國家中，絕對不受外來影響的固有文化是不存在的。一位外國的著名歷史學家曾經說過：“任何國家的文明，來自外來影響的產物總是多于本國的發明創造。如果有人要把英國文化中任何受外國影響或來源于外國的東西剔除掉，那么，英國的文化就所剩無幾了。”

【答案】【參考譯文】Takenasawhole,humancultureistheproductofthemergingofandexchangebetweenthecultureofallnationsandnationalities.Moderninternationalculturalexchangegoesdirectlyandindirectlywithitsscale,content,formandmethodbeingunheardofbefore.

Communicationpromotesdevelopment.Acountry,oranation,ifnotinastateofisolationforalongperiodforreasonseithersubjectiveorobjective,willbenefitfromthisexchangetoagreaterorlessextent.

Infact,anintrinsiccultureabsolutelyimmunetoforeigninfluenceisnon-existent.Awell-knownforeignhistorianoncesaid:“Thecivilizationofanycountryismuchmoretheproductofexternalinfluencesthanofnativeinvention.VerylittlewouldremainofEnglishcultureifallitselementswhichhaveaforeignoriginorbearssomeforeigninfluencewereeliminated.”

6.單選題

Therats（

）bacterialinfectionsoftheblood.

問題1選項

A.develop

B.produce

C.stimulate

D.induce

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。develop意為“發展，患(病)，出現(問題)”；produce意為“生產，制造”；stimulate意為“刺激”；induce意為“引誘”。bacterialinfections意為“細菌感染”，時一種病癥，主語為“rats（老鼠）”，故只有A選項符合邏輯。

句意：老鼠出現了血液細菌感染。

7.單選題

Inasudden______ofanger,themantoreupeverythingwithinreach.

問題1選項

A.attack

B.burst

C.split

D.blast

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項attack“攻擊；抨擊；動手干”；B選項burst“爆炸；戳破；爆裂；（器官或血管）爆裂；裝滿；充滿感情；突然爆發（某種感情）”；C選項split“分離；使分離；劈開；離開；分解”；D選項blast“爆炸；損害；使枯萎”。根據固定搭配inasuddenburstofanger“突然爆發的憤怒”可知句意為：那人勃然大怒，把伸手可及的一切東西都撕碎了。因此B選項正確。

8.單選題

Anexperimentcanbe（）bypoorplanning.

問題1選項

A.distributed

B.qualified

C.spoiled

D.disclosed

【答案】C

【解析】動詞詞義辨析。distributed分配，分散；qualified限制；spoiled損壞，破壞；disclosed公開，揭露。句意：計劃不周會破壞實驗。選項C符合句意。

9.單選題

Withtherapidglobalizationofscienceitself(morethan40percentofscientificPh.D.studentstrainedintheUnitedStatesarenowforeignnationals,roughlyhalfofwhomreturntotheircountriesoforigin),theonceundisputedU.S.scientificlead,whetherrelevanttoproductleadornot,isdiminishing.

ThecompetitionofforeignstudentsforpositionsinU.S.graduateschoolshasalsocontributedtomakingscientifictrainingrelativelyunattractivetoU.S.students,becausetherapidlyincreasingsupplyofstudentshasdiminishedtherelativerewardsofthiscareerpath.Forthebestandbrightestfromlow-incomecountries,apositionasaresearchassistantintheUnitedStatesisattractive,whereasthebestandbrightestU.S.studentsmightnowseebetteroptionsinotherfields.Scienceandengineeringcareers,totheextentthattheyareopeninguptoforeigncompetition(whetherimportedoravailablethroughbettercommunication),alsoseemtobebecomingrelativelylessattractivetoU.S.students.

Withrespecttotheroleofuniversitiesintheinnovationprocess,the”speculativeboomofthe1990s(which,amongotherthings,madeitpossibletoconvertscientificfindingsintocashratherquickly)waslargelyunexpected.Theboombroughtuniversitiesandtheirfacultiesintomuchclosercontactwithprivatemarketsastheytriedtogainasmuchoftheeconomicdividendsfromtheirdiscoveriesaspossible.Forawhile,thepathbetweendiscoveriesinbasicscienceandnewflowsofhardcashwasconsiderablyshortened.Butduringthenextfewdecades,thispathlikelywillreverttowarditsmoretraditionallengthandreestablish,inahealthyway,themoretraditional(andmoreindependent)relationshipbetweenthebasicresearchdoneatuniversitiesandthoseentitiesthattranslateideasintoproductsandservices.

Intheinterveningyears,anothernewforcealsogreatlyfacilitatedglobalization:therapidgrowthoftheInternetandcheapwide-bandwidthinternationalcommunication.Today,complexdesignactivitiescantakeplaceinlocationsquiteremovedfrommanufacturing,otherbusinessfunctions,andtheconsumer.Indeed,thereisnowampleopportunityforreal-timecommunicationbetweenbusinessfunctionsthatarequiteindependentoftheirspecificlocations.Forexample,softwaredevelopment,withallitschangesandcomplications,cantoaconsiderableextentbedoneoverseasforaU.S.customer.Foreigncallcenterscanrespondinstantlytoquestionsfromthousandsofmilesaway.Theresultisthatlow-wageworkersintheFarEastandinsomeothercountriesarecomingintoevermoredirectcompetitionwithamuchwiderspectrumofU.S.labor:unskilledinthecaseofcallcenters;morehighlyskilledinthecaseofprogrammers.

1.Therapidglobalizationofscience

（

）.

2.Accordingtothistext（

）.

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat

（

）.

4.Allofthefollowingmighthavecontributedtoglobalizationexcept

（

）.

5.Thistextismainlyabout（

）.

問題1選項

A.hasledtotherapidgrowthoftheInternet

B.hasdiminishedtherelativerewardsofscienceandengineeringcareers

C.hasresultedinthefiercecompetitionofscientifictrainingintheUS

D.hascontributedtothediminishofU.S.scientificleadership

問題2選項

A.thecareersunattractivetoU.S.studentsmaynotbesotoforeignstudents

B.scienceandengineeringcareersareunattractiveexclusivelytoU.S.students

C.U.S.studentsarenotcourageousenoughtofaceforeigncompetition

D.U.S.studentsarenotwellpreparedtocompetewithforeignstudents

問題3選項

A.scientistsrarelyexpecttomakemoneyfromtheirdiscoveriesinbasicscience

B.itwillbemucheasiertoconvertscientificfindingsintocashinthenearfuture

C.theboomofthe1990scouldbeconsideredsomewhatunhealthy

D.theboomofthe1990swilllastatleastforseveraldecades

問題4選項

A.theunprecedenteddevelopmentofInternet

B.theclosercontactofuniversitieswithprivatemarkets

C.real-timecommunicationbetweenbusinessfunctions

D.theprevalenceofwide-bandwidthinternationalcommunication

問題5選項

A.thescientificleadershipoftheU.S

B.theshortageofscientistsintheU.S

C.Therapidglobalizationofscience

D.Bettercommunicationandglobalization

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.文章第一段提到美國40%的博士生都是來自其他國家，而這些學生在美國接受完教育后選擇回到自己的祖國，因此，隨著科學本身的國際化，美國在科學界領域的地位正在下降（isdiminishing）。選項D符合題意。

2.文章第二段提到了美國本國的學生與國外留學生對工作選擇的期望不同：那些來自于低收入國家的學生會對一個研究助理的職位趨之若鶩，而本國的學生卻對此不感興趣，他們有更好的選擇(seebetteroptionsinotherfields)。選項A“對于美國本國學生沒有吸引力的工作，對外國學生卻有著吸引力”符合題意。

3.文章第三段前半部分提到90年代的投機性高漲（speculativeboom），這種高漲導致學校里的老師只想盡可能多的去獲得更多的經濟利益(theboombroughtuniversitiesandtheirfacultiesintomuchclosercontactwithprivatemarketsastheytriedtogainasmuchoftheeconomicdividendsfromtheirdiscoveriesaspossible)，后半部分Butduringthenextfewdecades,thispathlikelywillreverttowarditsmoretraditionallengthandreestablish,inahealthyway,themoretraditional(andmoreindependent)relationshipbetweenthebasicresearchdoneatuniversitiesandthoseentitiesthattranslateideasintoproductsandservices提到接下來的幾十年，一種健康的方式在逆轉之前的道路，由此可推斷90年代的繁榮被認為是不健康的。選項C符合題意。

4.文章最后一段前半部分提到互網的誕生、廉價的款待網絡溝通方式（therapidgrowthoftheInternetandcheapwide-bandwidthinternationalcommunication）、不同地方的商業機構的實時溝通都推動了全球化進程（real-timecommunicationbetweenbusinessfunctionsthatarequiteindependentoftheirspecificlocations），所以只有選項B沒有推動全球化，符合題意。

5.文章第一二段主要講述了由于留學生的增多，并且這些學生大都會選擇回自己的國家，從而導致美國在科學界的領先地位開始動搖，第三段講述了90年代那種不健康的高漲：很多學校的教師將科學與經濟利益掛鉤，最后一段提到的全球化的原因跟導致的結果。所以文章主要在論述美國在科學界的領先地位與科學全球化的關系。選項A符合題意。

10.單選題

Eventhoughcultureswidelyassumethatboysarestrongerandsturdierthangirls,basicbiologicalweaknessesarebuiltintothemaleofourspecies.Firstofall,humanmalesseemtobeslowlydisappearing.MotherNaturehasalwaysacknowledgedandcompensatedforthefragilityandlossofboysbyarrangingformoreofthem:106malebirthsto100femalenewbornsoverthecourseofhumanhistory.Butinrecentdecades,fromtheUnitedStatestoJapan,fromCanadatonorthernEurope,whereverresearchershavelooked,therateofmalenewbornshasdeclined.ExaminingUSbirthrecordsfortheyearsbetween1970and1990,theyfound1.7fewerboysper1,000thanindecadesandcenturiespast;Japan'slossinthesamedecadeswas3.7boys.

Boysarealsomorethantwo-thirdsmorelikelythangirlstobebomprematurelybeforethe37thweekofpregnancy.And,despiteadvancesinpublichealth,boysinthe1990sfaceda30percenthigherchanceofdeathbytheirfirstbirthdaythangirls;incontrast,backinthe1750s,theywereonly10percentmorelikelythangirlstodiesoearlyintheirlives.

Oncetheymakeittochildhood,boysfaceotherchallenges.Theyaremorepronetoarangeofneurologicaldisorders.Autism自閉癥isnotoriouslyhigheramongboysthangirls:nownearlyfivetimesmorelikely,astalliedbytheUSCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention.Theyaremoresusceptiblethangirlstodamagefromverylow-levelexposuretolead.Yetanotherproblem:boyssufferfromasthmaathigherrates.There'salsoastrongerlinkbetweenairpollutionandautisminboys.

Whydoboysfacesuchaburdenofphysicalchallenges?Theansweristhatthemale’sproblemsstartinthewomb:fromhismorecomplicatedfetaldevelopment,tohisgeneticmakeup,tohowhishormoneswork.Thenine-monthtransformationfromafewcellstoaninfantisatimeofgreatvulnerability.Manychronicillnessesareseededinthewomb.Inourspecies,thefemaleisthedefaultgender,thebasicsimplermodel:Humansstartoutinthewombwithfemalefeatures(thatiswhymaleshavenipples).Thecomplicatedtransformationinthewombfromfemaletomaleexposesthemaletoajourneypackedwithspecialperils.Whenthefirstblastoftestosterone睪酮fromtheYgenecomesalongatabouttheeighthweek,theunisexbrainhastomorphintoamalebrain,killingoffsomecellsinthecommunicationcentersandgrowingmorecellsinthesexandaggressioncenters.Thesimplerfemalereproductivesystemhastoturnintothemorecomplexmalereproductivetract,developingtissuessuchasthetestisandprostate前列腺.Further,ittakesagreaternumberofcelldivisionstomakeamale;witheachcomesthegreaterriskofanerroraswellasthegreatervulnerabilitytoahitfrompollutants.

Ontopofthatchallenge,thehumanmale’sXYchromosome染色體combinationissimplymorevulnerable.ThetwoXXsinthefemaleversionofourspeciesoffersomeprotection:IndisorderswhereoneXchromosomehasageneticdefect,thefemale’shealthybackupchromosomecantakeover.ButwithhissingleXchromosome,themalelacksahealthycopyofthegenetofallbackon.TheXchromosome,whichnevershrank,isalsoalargerchromosome“withfarmoregeneticinformationthantheYchromosome，’’findsIrvaHertz-Piciotto,aUniversityofCaliforniaatDavisautismresearcher,“sotheremaybesomeinherentlossofkeyproteinsforbraindevelopmentorrepairmechanismsinboys.”Thisisacluetothehigherautismrateamongboys,sheasserts.

Femalesalsohaveastrongerimmunesystembecausetheyarepackedwithestrogen雌激素，ahormonethatcounteractstheantioxidantprocess.“Estrogenprotectsthebrain,”explainsTheodoreSlotkin,professorofneurobiologyatDukeUniversity'sSchoolofMedicine.“Itrepairsandreplaces,evenafterneuralinjury,”Lowestrogenevenleavesboysmoresensitivetoheadinjuries.Themalebrain“issimplyamorefragileapparatus,moresensitivetoalmostallbraininsults,”saysleadpoisoningexpertHerbertNeedleman.

Itisthehighlevelsoftestosteroneinthewombatcriticaltimesingestation,accordingtoBritishpsychopathologistSimonBaron-Cohen,thatareresponsibleforwhathecalls“theextrememalebrain”--thekindexhibitedbyautisticboys-lowinempathy,highinsystematizing.AndinfactUSresearchersinrecentdecadeshavefoundunusuallylowestrogenandhightestosteronelevelsamongboyswithautism.

Ifthebalanceofhormonesisoutofwhackinmales,whatmadethathappen?Researchersarecomingupwithsomeclues.IntheNewYorkCityneighborhoodsnearColumbiaUniversity'sCenterforChildren’sEnvironmentalHealth,familiesforyearsroutinelysprayedtheirapartmentswithapopularinsecticide,chlorpyrifos,untilitwasbannedfromhouseholdusein2001.TheresearchersfoundthatprenatalexposuretothechemicalseemedtohavemoreofaneffectonreducingtheIQsofboysthangirls.Disruptionoftheirmalehormonesmaybethereason,“Onepossibleexplanationforthegreatersensitivityofboystochlorpyrifosisthattheinsecticideactsasanendocrinedisruptor肉分泌'干擾素tosuppresssex-specifichormones,”saidstudyleaderMeganHortonofColumbia.

Similarly,pregnantmothers'exposuretophthalates鄰苯二甲酸酉旨一usedinmakingsomevinyl乙矯基productsandtoysaswellassomepersonalcareproducts-hasbeenlinkedtobiggerchangesinthebehavior,suchasaggressionandattentionproblems,oftheirsonsthantheirdaughters.Phthalatesalsomayfeminizemalegenitalia.

BoysalsoseemtobemorevulnerabletobisphenolA,anestrogenicsubstanceusedtomakepolycarbonateplasticsaswellastheliningsoffoodandbeveragecans.Boys,butnotgirls,exposedtohigherbisphenolAlevelsinthewomborduringchildhoodhadmorehyperactivity,aggressionandanxietyproblems,accordingtoaUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleystudy.Inaddition,pregnantwomenexposedtohigherlevelsofthechemicalgavebirthtobabyboyswithlowerthyroidhormones甲狀腺激素.Nosucheffectwasdetectedinthebabygirls.Nooneknowswhattheselowerlevelsmaymeanfortheboys’healthbecausetheyremainedwithinnormalboundaries,butitcouldhaveimportanteffectsbecausethyroidhormonesguidebraindevelopment.

Someofthesechemicalsactlikefakeestrogens,otherslikefaketestosterone,butbothtypesseemtodisruptnormaldevelopment.Animaltestsshowthatadoseofthesechemicalsinflictthemostdamagewhenithitsafetus.And,becauseoftheirbiologicalvulnerabilities,itisboyswhomayexperiencethemosteffects.Whilenotforgoingthepushforfairnessandequality,itseemswisetoacceptthescientificrealityofmaleweaknesses.Thislikelywon'tmeantheendofmen,buttheirvulnerabilitytoenvironmentalcontaminantsanddiseasescouldhaveseriousramificationsforthefutureoftheentirehumanraceunlesswefindwaystoprotectthemfromharm.

1.IftextBisaccurate,thentheevidencefortheassertionthathumanmalesaregraduallydisappearingis（

）.

2.Comparedwithgirls,boysare（

）.

3.Nipplesinhumansarefoundonthe（

）.

4.Inparagraph10theauthorassertsthatchronicdiseases（

）.

5.Backupinparagraph11meanssomethingthat（

）.

6.Thelevelsofthyroidhormonesinnewbommales,mentionedinparagraph16,（

）.

7.ImaginethatenvironmentalpollutioncontinuesatcurrentorhigherlevelsinChina.IftheinformationintextBiscorrect,thenChinesedoctorsshouldexpecttoobserve（

）.

問題1選項

A.incontrovertible

B.soweakastocalltheassertionintoquestion

C.largelyfromadvancedindustrialsocietiesandneedstobesupplementedwithdatafromothertypesofsocieties

D.strongenoughtowarrantfutureresearchintothepost-masculineworldthatliesahead

問題2選項

A.aboutequallyabletosurvivetotheirfirstbirthday.

B.stilllesslikelytosurviveforayearafterbirth,butthegapisnarrowing.

C.lesslikelytosurvivetilltheirfirstbirthday,andthegapiswiderthaninearliercenturies.

D.muchlikeliertosurvivetotheirfirstbirthday,thoughthegapisnotsowideasitwasinthe1700s.

問題3選項

A.head.

B.chest.

C.hips.

D.limbs.

問題4選項

A.beginbeforebirthbutonlybecomeapparentovertime.

B.arelesscharacteristicofwomenthanofmen.

C.originate,asarule,beforechildrenarebom.

D.areoftentheeventualresultofprenatalconditionsandstresses.

問題5選項

A.canstepinandtakeoverthefunctionofsomethingthatisnotworkingproperly.

B.destroysamalfunctioningpart,thusbenefitingtheoverallsystemororganism.

C.preventsasystemfromcontinuingalongapaththatmayendinbreakdownordestruction.

D.canreverseandchangeitsdirectionwhenitencountersaproblem,thusenablingaprocesstocontinue.

問題6選項

A.arenotalarminginthemselves,butsignificantbecausetheyaresodifferentformalesandfemales.

B.willdefinitelyleadtomorebrain-damagedboysthangirls,

C.seemcertaintoproduceamarkedgapinbraindevelopmentthatwillfavorgirlsoverboys.

D.leadtomorehyperactivity,aggressionandanxietyamongmalechildrenthanamongfemales.

問題7選項

A.adeclineintheratesofautism,asthmaandbraindamagefromleadpoisoningamongChinesechildren

B.aroughlysimilarpatternofincreasingincidenceofautism,asthmaandlead-linkedbraindamageamongallmainlandchildren

C.fewercasesofasthmaamongboysgrowingupinmainlandcitiesandtownsbutmorecasesofautismandlead-linkedbraindamageamongallChinesechildren

D.moreautism,asthmaandlead-linkedbraindamageamongChineseboysgrowingupincitiesthanamongothergroupsofyoungpeopleinthePRC

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:A

第6題:C

第7題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。第十七段:Thislikelywon'tmeantheendofmen(但這將不可能意味著男性的消失……)。由此可知B項“說服力不強，以致對此觀點仍存懷疑”正確。

2.細節事實題。第八段:...inthe1990sfaceda30percenthigherchanceofdeathbytheirfirstbirthdaythangirls;backinthe1750s,theywereonly10percentmorelikel