書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區的她考研考博-英語-商丘工學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Iftheworldistoremainpeaceful,theutmosteffortmustbemadebynationstolimitlocal______.

問題1選項

A.collisions

B.combats

C.contradictions

D.conflicts

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項collision“沖突，碰撞”，指物理上的碰撞；B選項combat“格斗，搏斗”；C選項contradiction“矛盾，沖突”，指觀點上的沖突；D選項conflict“(武裝)斗爭，沖突”。根據Iftheworldistoremainpeaceful可知D選項符合語義。句意：如果世界要保持和平，各國必須盡最大努力限制地方沖突。

2.單選題

Acontroversyeruptedinthescientificcommunityinearly1998overtheuseofDNA(deoxyribonucleicacid)fingerprintinginCriminalinvestigations.DNAfingerprintingwasintroducedin1987asamethodtoidentifyindividualsbasedonapatternseenintheirDNA,themoleculeofwhichgenesaremade.DNAispresentineverycellofthebodyexceptredbloodcells.DNAfingerprintinghasbeenusedsuccessfullyinvariousways,suchastodeterminepaternity（父親的身份）whereitisnotclearwhothefatherofaparticularchildis.However,itisintheareaofcriminalinvestigationsthatDNAfingerprintinghaspotentiallypowerfulandcontroversialuses.

DNAfingerprintingandotherDNAanalysistechniqueshaverevolutionizedcriminalinvestigationsbygivinginvestigatorspowerfulnewtoolsintheattempttoproveguilt,notjustestablishinnocence.Whenusedincriminalinvestigations,aDNAfingerprintpatternfromasuspectiscomparedwithaDNAfingerprintpatternobtainedfromsuchmaterialashairsorbloodfoundatthesceneofacrime.AmatchbetweenthetwoDNAsamplescanbeusedasevidencetoconvictasuspect.

Thecontroversyin1998stemmedfromareportpublishedinDecember1991bypopulationgeneticistsRichardC.LewontinofHarvardUniversityinCambridge,Mass,andDanielL.HartlofWashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicineinSt.Louis,Mo.LewontinandHartlcalledintoquestionthemethodstocalculatehowlikelyitisthatamatchbetweentwoDNAfingerprintsmightoccurbychancealone.Inparticular,theyarguedthatthecurrentmethodcannotproperlydeterminethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsampleswillmatchbecausetheycamefromthesameindividualratherthansimplyfromtwodifferentindividualswhoaremembersofthesameethnicgroup.LewontinandHartlcalledforbettersurveysofDNApatterns.

Inresponsetotheircriticisms,populationgeneticistsRanajitChakrabortyoftheUniversityofTexasinDallasandKennethK.KiddofYaleUniversityinNewHaven,Conn.,arguedthatenoughdataarealreadyavailabletoshowthatthemethodscurrentlybeingusedareadequate.InJanuary1998,however,theFederalBureauofinvestigationandlaboratoriesthatconductDNAtestsannouncedthattheywouldcollectadditionalDNAsamplesfromvariousethnicgroupsinanattempttoresolvesomeofthesequestions.And,inApril,theNationalAcademyofSciencescalledforstrictstandardsandsystemofaccreditation（鑒定合格）forDNAtestinglaboratories.

1.BeforeDNAfingerprintingisused,suspects（）.

2.DNAfingerprintingcanbeunreliablewhen（）.

3.TogeneticistslikeLewontinandHartl,thecurrentmethod（）.

4.TheattitudeoftheFederalBureauofInvestigationshowsthat（）.

5.NationalAcademyofSciencesholdsthestandthat（）.

問題1選項

A.wouldhavetoleavetheirfingerprintsforfurtherinvestigations

B.wouldhavetosubmitevidencefortheirinnocence

C.couldeasilyescapeconvictionofguilt

D.couldbeconvictedofguiltaswell

問題2選項

A.themethodsusedforblood-cellcalculationarenotaccurate

B.twodifferentindividualsofthesameethnicgroupmayhavethesameDNAfingerprintingpattern

C.amatchisbychanceleftwithfingerprintsthathappentobelongtotwodifferentindividuals

D.twodifferentindividualsleavetwoDNAsamples.

問題3選項

A.isnotsoconvincingastoexcludethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsamplescannevercomefromtwoindividuals

B.isarguablebecausetwoindividualsofthesameethnicgrouparelikelytohavethesameDNApattern

C.isnotbasedonadequatescientifictheoryofgenetics

D.istheoreticallycontradictorytowhattheyhavebeenstudying

問題4選項

A.enoughdataareyettobecollectedfromvariousethnicgroupstoconfirmtheunlikelihoodoftwoDNAsamplescomingfromtwoindividualmembers

B.enoughdataofDNAsamplesshouldhecollectedtoconfirmthatonlyDNAsamplesfromthesamepersoncanmatch

C.enoughdataareyettobecollectedfromvariousethnicgroupstodeterminethelikelihoodoftwodifferentDNAsamplescomingfromthesameperson

D.additionalsamplesfromvariousethnicgroupsshouldbecollectedIodeterminethattwoDNAsampleareunlikelytocomefromthesameperson

問題5選項

A.DNAtestingshouldbesystematized

B.OnlyauthorizedlaboratoriescanconductDNAtesting

C.Theacademyonlyisauthorizedtoworkourstandardsfortesting

D.TheacademyhastherighttoaccreditlaboratoriesforDNAtesting

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】1.判斷推理題。題干意為:在DNA指紋識別使用之前，嫌疑犯…。第二段指出:DNAfingerprintingandotherDNAanalysistechniqueshaverevolutionizedcriminalinvestigationsbygivinginvestigatorspowerfulnewtoolsintheattempttoproveguilt,notjustestablishinnocence(指紋和其他DNA分析技術已經徹底改變了刑事調查，給調查人員提供了強大的新工具，以證明有罪，而不僅僅是確立無罪)。后面還指出:Whenusedincriminalinvestigations,aDNAfingerprintpatternfromasuspectiscomparedwithaDNAfingerprintpatternobtainedfromsuchmaterialashairsorbloodfoundatthesceneofacrime(在刑事調查時，嫌疑犯的DNA指紋圖案與從犯罪現場發現的毛發或血液等材料中獲得的DNA指紋圖案進行比較)。由此可以推測，如果沒有DNA指紋識別技術,嫌疑犯不會那么容易定罪。因此選C項“可能輕易逃脫罪責”。

2.細節事實題。題干意為:在什么時候，DNA指紋識別可能不可靠？第三段指出:Inparticular,theyarguedthatthecurrentmethodcannotproperlydeterminethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsampleswillmatchbecausetheycamefromthesameindividualratherthansimplyfromtwodifferentindividualswhoaremembersofthesameethnicgroup(他們特別指出，目前的方法尚不能完全確定，兩個可能吻合的DNA樣本是出自一個人，而不是出自同族成員中的兩個人)。因此可知,當“偶然匹配的蒽碰巧屬于兩個不同的人”的時候,DNA指紋可能不可靠。

3.判斷推理題。題干意為:對于Levvontin和Hard這樣的遺傳學者而言，目前的方法如何？第三段指出:LevvontinandHartlcalledintoquestionthemethodstocalculatehowlikelyitisthatamatchbetweentwoDNAfingerprintsmightoccurbychancealone(Lewontin和Hartl對偶然發生的兩個DNA抬紋吻合的可能性的計算方法提出質疑)。Inparticular,theyarguedthatthecurrentmethodcannotproperlydeterminethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsampleswillmatchbecausetheycamefromthesameindividualratherthansimplyfromtwodifferentindividualswhoaremembersofthesameethnicgroup(他們特別指出,目前的方法尚不能完全確定兩個可能吻合的DNA樣本是出自一個人，而不是出自同族成員中的兩個人。即他們認為目前的方法不能確定吻合的DNA不是來自同族的兩個人)。因此，A項“排除兩個DNA樣本決不會來自兩個人的可能性，目前的方法還不能那么令人信服”符合兩人觀點的表述。

4.判斷推理題。題干意為:聯邦調查局的態度表明…最后一段指出:enoughdataarealreadyavailabletoshowthatthemethodscurrentlybeingusedareadequate(足夠的數據可以利用，以表明目前正在使用的方法是合適的)。InJanuary1998,however,theFederalBureauofinvestigationandlaboratoriesthatconductDNAtestsannouncedthattheywouldcollectadditionalDNAsamplesfromvariousethnicgroupsinanattempttoresolvesomeofthesequestions(然而，1998年一月，聯邦調査局和做DNA實驗的實驗室宣布，他們會從各種各樣的種族那里收集額外的DNA樣本，以求解決一些問題)。所以，聯邦調查局的行為是想證明是否有足夠的數據可以表明目前正在使用的方法是正確的，即想證明上句中所支持的觀點——DNA的吻合準確性。因此選B項“應該收集足夠的DNA樣本數據以證明只有同一人的DNA樣本才能吻合”。

5.判斷推理題。題干意為:國家科學院持什么觀點？根據題干關鍵詞NationalAcademyofSciences定位至最后一句話:And,inApril,theNationalAcademyofSciencescalledforstrictstandardsandsystemofaccreditationforDNAtestinglaboratories(四月，對于DNA撿測實驗室，國家科學院要求對其有嚴格的鑒定合格的標準和制度),也就是通過嚴格審核標準，DNA監測實驗室才符合要求。因此選B項“只有權威認可/審定的實驗室可以進行DNA測試”。

3.單選題

InFebruaryof2005,PhilBelfiorewasteachinghisseventh-gradestudentshowtowriteapoemintentionallycopyingthestyleoftheRobertfrost’s“StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening”.Helikedthesamplethathehadwrittenforthem,soherecordeditonhishomeansweringmachine:“WhosephonethisisIthinkyouknow/Icannotansweritnowthough/Sostateyourname,beveryclear/I’llcallyoubackwhenIgethome.’’.

Thatactwouldleadtooneofthemostunusualfriendshipsofhislife.

WhenPhilandhisfamilyreturnedtoMarylandfromEastervacation,helistenedtohisvoicemessages.Onegentlemancallerapologizedfordialingthewrongnumber.Butheaddedhe’dheartilyenjoyedthepoem.Phillaughedandthoughtnothingmoreofit,untilthephonerangafewdayslater.

“Irecognizedthevoiceimmediately,”recallsPhil,now57.“Hesaidthathewassorrytobotherme,buthewascallingtohearthepoemagain.”

Thetwomentalked.JohnThompson,aveterannow73,livedinCheyenneWyoming.Itturnedoutthathisbrother,David’sphonenumberwasdifferentfromPhil’sbyonedigit,thusthewrongnumber.“Beforehangingup,Itoldhimtocallbackanytimewhethertohearmoreofthepoemorjusttotalk”recallsPhil.

Thatwas11yearsago.They’vespokenonthephoneafewtimesamontheversince.Johninitiatesmostcalls,butPhilwillringifawhilehaspassed.“Weseemtoalwaysconnectwhenthere’sbeenabigsportsevent.”Philsays.

Themendiscussfootballandfamily.JohnwilltalkexcitedlyabouthispastlifeorupdatePhilonfolkshehasbeenintouchwith.“Slowlyovertheyearsourconversationshavegrownmuchmorepersonal,”saysPhil.“WetalkprimarilyaboutJohn’shealth,andlovelife.Alsoourrelatives,hobbies,andwhateverelsecomesup.Sometimeswejusttalkforaminutetoseehowtheotherisdoing.”

“Likeoldfriends?”Iaskeagerly.I’mtryingtounderstandfromPhilwhatdrawsthesementoeachother.’’Weareoldfriends.’’,Philsays.

Noneedtooverthinkit.John,whoover11yearshassharedalittleofhimselfatatime,haswovenhimselfintothefabricofPhil’slife.IcallJohnandfindhimanengagingstorytellerwithanexceptionalmemory.HetellsmestoriesofhischildhoodvisitingCapitolHill.

Intheyearssince,JohnandPhilhaveplannedtomeettwice,butcircumstancesconspiredagainstthem.Neithermindsthislatest“haven’t”.Theyhaven’tgonetoagametogether,hadacupofcoffeetogether,orsatontheotherssofa.Theirfriendshipisbasedonthesimpleactofpickingupthephone.It’sassimple,andasextraordinary,asthat.

1.WhocomposedtheverseonthePhil’shomeansweringmachine?

2.ThereasonwhyJohnfirstcalledPhilwasthathewantedto_______.

3.Whatdidthetwomentalkaboutmostduringtheirtalks?

4.WhatdoweknowaboutJohnandPhil?

問題1選項

A.PhilBelfiore

B.JohnThompson

C.Robertfrost

D.DavidThompson

問題2選項

A.learntowritepoems

B.gotoPhil’sbirthdaylunch

C.connecthisbrother

D.discussRobertfrostwithhim

問題3選項

A.Storiesandholidayromance

B.Travelandexoticplaces

C.Poemsandliterature

D.Sportsandfamily

問題4選項

A.Theywerebestfriendswhohadnotyetmetinperson.

B.Theywerebothpoetswhohadpassionforversecomposition.

C.Theyweregoodstorytellerswhohadextraordinarymemories.

D.Theywerebothveteranswholikedchattingonphoneforhours.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:A

【解析】1.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實細節題。題干：誰編著了菲爾家答錄機里的這首詩？通過題干定位到文章第一段的第二句話Helikedthesamplethathehadwrittenforthem,soherecordeditonhishomeansweringmachine（他很喜歡他寫給學生的樣例，所以他將其錄入了家里的答錄機），這里的“he”代指的就是前文中提到的“PhilBelfiore”，因此A選項“菲爾?貝爾菲奧爾”，符合題意。其他選項均不是答錄機里這首詩的作家。綜上所述，本題正確答案為A選項。

2.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實細節題。題干：約翰首次呼叫菲爾的原因是他想要……？通過題干定位到文章第三段第二句話Onegentlemancallerapologizedfordialingthewrongnumber.（一位紳士為打錯電話而道歉。），第五段第三句話再次提及Itturnedoutthathisbrother,David’sphonenumberwasdifferentfromPhil’sbyonedigit,thusthewrongnumber.（約翰的哥哥大衛的電話號碼和菲爾家的僅差一個數字，所以打錯了電話），可以推斷出約翰本來想和他的哥哥打電話，因為按錯了號碼打給了菲爾，因此C選項“聯系他哥哥”，符合題意；A選項“學習怎么寫詩”，B選項“參加菲爾的生日宴會”和D選項“和他探討羅伯特這位詩人”，在文中均未提及。綜上所述，本題正確答案為C選項。

3.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實細節題。題干：兩位男士談論得最多的是?通過題干定位到文章第七段Themendiscussfootballandfamily…“Slowlyovertheyearsourconversationshavegrownmuchmorepersonal,’’saysPhil.“WetalkprimarilyaboutJohn’shealth,andlovelife.Alsoourrelatives,hobbies,andwhateverelsecomesup…”（男人們談論足球和家庭……“這些年來，我們的談話慢慢變得越來越私人。”菲爾說。“我們主要談論約翰的健康和感情生活，還有我們的親戚、愛好和其他的……”），可知D選項“運動和家庭”，符合題意；A選項“故事和假期”；B選項“旅行和異國”；C選項“詩歌和文學”，在文中均未提及。綜上所述，本題正確答案為D選項。

4.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干：關于約翰和菲爾，我們知道什么？A選項“他們是沒有見過面的最好的朋友”，由文章最后一段第一句話JohnandPhilhaveplannedtomeettwice,butcircumstancesconspiredagainstthem.（約翰和菲爾有過兩次見面計劃，但是情況都有變動。），可知他們從沒見面過，故A選項正確；B選項“他們都是對詩歌創作很有熱情的詩人”，D選項“他們都是喜歡長時間打電話的退伍軍人”文中提及菲爾是教師，約翰是退伍老兵，因此B，D選項錯誤；C選項“他們都是有特殊回憶的善于說故事的人”，文章倒數第二段第二句提及IcallJohnandfindhimanengagingstorytellerwithanexceptionalmemory.（我認為約翰是一位有特殊回憶的善于說故事的人），但是并沒有提及菲爾是否擅長講故事，C選項屬于原文的過度推斷，故排除。綜上所述，本題正確答案為A選項。

4.單選題

A(n)（）entrepreneurwillseeksuccessfartherafieldandwillriskmoreintheresearchthanhismoretimidcompetitors.

問題1選項

A.adventurous

B.progressive

C.aggressive

D.impulsive

【答案】A

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。adventurous“愛冒險的;大膽的”;progressive“進步的;先進的”;aggressive“有進取心的;好斗的”;impulsive“沖動的;任性的”。句意:那些膽大的企業家將在更遠的地方尋求成功，并將比那些膽小的競爭對手在研究上冒更大的風險。選項A符合句意。

5.單選題

Thecountryisnowundergoinganeconomic（

）inwhichbusinessactivityisgreatlyreducedandtheunemploymentrateishigh.

問題1選項

A.flourish

B.accession

C.sanction

D.recession

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。flourish意為“繁榮，昌盛”；accession意為“增加”；sanction意為“制裁，處罰”；recession意為“經濟衰退，不景氣”。

句意：這個國家正遭受嚴重的經濟衰退，商業活動大大減少，失業率很高。

6.單選題

Iampreparedtomakesome（）onminordetails,butIcannotcompromiseonfundamentals.

問題1選項

A.confession

B.concession

C.concord

D.consent

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。confession“懺悔；告解”；concession“讓步；特許（權）”；concord“和諧；和睦；一致”；consent“準許；同意”。句意：在一些細節上我準備做出一些______，但是在原則上我不會妥協。根據句意可知選項B符合題意。

7.單選題

We’reinthemiddleofanepicbattleforpowerincyberspace.Ononesidearethetraditional,organized,institutionalpowerssuchasgovernmentsandlargemultinationalcorporations.Ontheotherarethedistributed:grassrootsmovements,dissidentgroups,hackers,andcriminals.Initially，theInternetempoweredthelatter.Itgavethemaplacetocoordinateandcommunicateefficiently,andmadethemseeminvincible.Butnow,themoretraditionalinstitutionalpowersarewinning,andwinningbig.Howthesetwosidesfareinthelongterm,andthefateoftherestofuswhodon’tfallintoeithergroup,isanopenquestion—andonevitallyimportanttothefutureoftheInternet.

IntheInternet’searlydays,therewasalotoftalkaboutits“naturallaws”一howitwouldtransformtraditionalpowerblocks,empowerthemasses,andspreadfreedomthroughouttheworld.TheinternationalnatureoftheInternetcircumventednationallaws.Anonymitywaseasy.Censorshipwasimpossible.Policewerecluelessaboutcybercrime.Andbiggerchangesseemedinevitable.Digitalcashwouldunderminenationalsovereignty.Citizenjournalismwouldtoppletraditionalmedia,corporatePR,andpoliticalparties.Theeaseofdigitalcopyingwoulddestroythetraditionalmovieandmusicindustries.Webmarketingwouldalloweventhesmallestcompaniestocompeteagainstcorporategiants.Itreallywouldbeanewworldorder.

Thiswasautopianvision,butsomeofitdidcometopass.Internetmarketinghastransformedcommerce.TheentertainmentindustrieshavebeentransformedbythingslikeMySpaceandYouTube,andarenowmoreopentooutsiders.Massmediahaschangeddramatically,andsomeofthemostinfluentialpeopleinthemediahavecomefromthebloggingworld.Therearenewwaystoorganizepoliticallyandrunelections.FacebookandTwitterreallydidhelpdisruptgovernments.

ButthatisjustonesideoftheInternet’sdisruptivecharacter.TheInternethasemboldenedtraditionalpoweraswell.

Onthecorporateside,powerisbeingconsolidated,aresultoftwocurrenttrendsincomputing.First,theriseofcloudcomputingmeansthatwenolongerhavecontrolofourdata.Andsecond,weareincreasinglyaccessingourdatausingdevicesthatwehavemuchlesscontrolover：iPhones,iPads,Androidphones,Kindles,ChromeBooks.Unliketraditionaloperatingsystems,thesedevicesarecontrolledmuchmoretightlybythevendors,wholimitwhatsoftwarecanberun,whattheycando,howthey’reupdated.

1.IntheInternetbattle,thegrassrootsmovement（

）.

2.Accordingtotheauthor，inthefutureakeyInternetissuewillbe

（

）.

3.“Naturallaws”refersto

（

）.

4.LackofsurveillanceovertheInternetwouldlikely

（

）.

5.Onlinemediahas

（

）.

6.Wenowhavelesscontroloverthedataweusebecause（

）.

問題1選項

A.experiencedanepicfailure

B.graduallybecameinvincible

C.previouslybeatinstitutionalforces

D.distributedpowertodissidentgroups

問題2選項

A.whichsidehasthetechnologicalresources

B.whathappenstothosewhoremainneutral

C.whichsideisgoodatcommunications

D.whatfinancialresourcesareavailable

問題3選項

A.thefastexpansionofInternet

B.thetraditionalpowerstructure

C.nationallawstoregulatetheInternet

D.lackofcontrolontheInternet

問題4選項

A.strengthennationalsecurity

B.devastatethetraditionalfilmindustry

C.providemoreinformationtothepolice

D.handicapthedevelopmentofsmallcompanies

問題5選項

A.madetheutopianvisionimpossible

B.wonmoresupportforthegovernment

C.madesomeordinarypeoplebecomefamous

D.excludedoutsidersfromtheentertainmentindustries

問題6選項

A.cloudcomputingishighlyconfusing

B.thereisnolimittoupdatingsoftware

C.corporategiantsareinadominantposition

D.itisdifficulttoassessdatainelectronicdevices

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:C

第6題:C

【解析】1.細節推斷題。根據題干關鍵詞“Internetbattle”“grassrootsmovement”，可將信息點定位至原文第一段。根據“...theInternetempoweredthelatter.Itgavethemaplacetocoordinateandcommunicateefficiently,andmadethemseeminvincible.（互聯網賦予了后者力量。這給了他們一個有效協調和溝通的地方，讓他們看起來不可戰勝。）”即可進行合理推斷，從而得出本題答案。

2.細節事實題。根據題干信息，可將信息點定位至原文第一段。根據“andthefateoftherestofuswhodon’tfallintoeithergroup,isanopenquestion—andonevitallyimportanttothefutureoftheInternet（而我們這些不屬于這兩類人的其他人的命運，是一個公開的問題，對互聯網的未來至關重要）”即可得出本題答案。

3.細節推斷題。根據題干關鍵詞“Naturallaws”，可將信息點定位在原文第二段。根據“Anonymitywaseasy.Censorshipwasimpossible.Policewerecluelessaboutcybercrime.（匿名很容易。審查制度是不可能的。警方對網絡犯罪一無所知）”即可進行合理推斷，從而得出本題答案。

4.細節事實題。根據題干信息，可將信息點定位至原文第二段。根據“…digitalcopyingwoulddestroythetraditionalmovieandmusicindustries（數字復制將摧毀傳統的電影和音樂產業）”即可得出本題答案。

5.細節推斷題。根據題干信息，可將信息點定位至原文第三段。根據“Massmediahaschangeddramatically,andsomeofthemostinfluentialpeopleinthemediahavecomefromthebloggingworld.（大眾媒體發生了巨大的變化，媒體中一些最有影響力的人來自博客世界。）”即可進行合理推斷，從而得出本題答案。

6.細節事實題。根據題干信息，可將信息點定位至原文最后一段。根據“...weareincreasinglyaccessingourdatausingdevicesthatwehavemuchlesscontrolover...thesedevicesarecontrolledmuchmoretightlybythevendors...（我們越來越多地使用我們無法控制的設備來訪問我們的數據。供應商對這些設備的控制要嚴格得多。）”,即可得出本題答案。

8.單選題

Materialculturereferstothetouchable,material“things’’-physicalobjectsthatcanbeseen,held,felt,used-thatacultureproduces.Examiningaculture’stoolsandtechnologycantellusaboutthegroup'shistoryandwayoflife.Similarly,researchintothematerialcultureofmusiccanhelpustounderstandthemusic-culture.Themostvividbodyof“things”init,ofcourse,aremusicalinstrument.Wecannothearforourselvestheactualsoundofanymusicalperformancebeforethe1870swhenthephonographwasinvented,sowerelyoninstrumentsforimportantinformationaboutmusic-culturesintheremotepastandtheirdevelopment.Herewehavetwokindsofevidence:instrumentswellpreservedandinstruments,pictured'inart.Throughthestudyofinstruments,aswellaspaintings,writtendocuments,andsoon,wecanexplorethemovementofmusicfromtheNearEasttoChinaoverathousandyearsago,orwecanoutlinethespreadofNearEasterninfluencetoEuropethatresultedinthedevelopmentofmostoftheinstrumentsonthesymphonyorchestra.

Sheetmusicorprintedmusic,too,ismaterialculture.Scholarsoncedefinedfolkmusic-culturesasthoseinwhichpeoplelearnandsingmusicbyearratherthanfromprint,butresearchshowmutualinfluenceamongoralandwrittensourcesduringthepastfewcenturiesinEurope,BritainandAmerica.Printedversionslimitvarietybecausetheytendtostandardizeanysong,yettheystimulatepeopletocreatenewanddifferentsongs.Besides,theabilitytoreadmusicnotationhasafar-reachingeffectonmusiciansand,whenitbecomeswidespread,onthemusic-cultureasawhole.

Musicisdeep-rootedintheculturalbackgroundthatfostersit.Wenowpaymoreandmoreattentiontotraditionalorethnicfeaturesinfolkmusicandarewillingtopreservethefolkmusicaswedowithmanytraditionalculturalheritages.Musiciansallovertheworldarebusywithrecordingclassicmusicintheircountryforthesakeoftheiruniqueculture.Asalways,people'saspirationwillalwaysfocusontheirindividualityratherthanuniversalfeaturesthataresharedbyallculturesalike.

Onemoreimportantpartofmusic’smaterialcultureshouldbesingledout:theinfluenceoftheelectronicmedia-radio,recordplayer,taperecorder,andtelevision,withthefuturepromisingtalkingandsingingcomputersandotherdevelopments.Thisisallpartofthe"information-revolution",atwentiethcenturyphenomenonasimportantastheindustrialrevolutioninthenineteenth.Theseelectronicmediaarenotjustlimitedtomodemnations;theyhaveaffectedmusic-culturesallovertheglobe.

1.Whichofthefollowingdoesnotbelongtomaterialculture?

2.Theword"phonograph"(Line6,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans（

）.

3.Themainideaofthefirstparagraphis

（

）.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTanadvantageofprintedmusic?

5.Fromthethirdparagraph,wemayinferthat（

）.

問題1選項

A.Instruments

B.Music.

C.Paintings.

D.Sheetmusic.

問題2選項

A.recordplayer

B.radio

C.musicaltechnique

D.music-culture

問題3選項

A.theimportance,ofculturaltoolsandtechnology

B.theculturalinfluenceofthedevelopmentofcivilization

C.thefocusofthestudyofthematerialcultureofmusic

D.thesignificanceoftheresearchintothemusicalinstruments

問題4選項

A.Readingofmusicnotationhasagreatimpactonmusicians.

B.Peoplemaydrawinspirationfromit.

C.Themusicculturewillbeinfluencedbyitintheend.

D.Songstendtobestandardizedbyit.

問題5選項

A.traditionalculturalheritageisworthyofpreservation

B.theuniversalfeaturessharedbyallculturesaren’tworthyofnotice.

C.musicianspaymoreattentiontothepreservationoftraditionalmusic.

D.themoredevelopedaculture,themorevaluablethemusicithasfostered

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.文章第一段第一句對物質文化下了定義：文化中產生的能看到、摸到、感覺到使用的自然物體（physicalobjectsthatcanbeseen,held,felt,used-thatacultureproduces）。該段接下來提到樂器是音樂文化中的物質載體（Themostvividbodyof“things”init,ofcourse,aremusicalinstrument），所以選項A可以排除；第一段還提到圖片、文字記載都屬于物質文化（Herewehavetwokindsofevidence:instrumentswellpreservedandinstruments,picturedinart），選項C可以排除；第二段第一句Sheetmusicorprintedmusic,too,ismaterialculture提到樂譜也是物質文化，選項D可以排除。因此選項B符合題意。

2.題干中的phonograph出現在第一段：Wecannothearforourselvestheactualsoundofanymusicalperformancebeforethe1870swhenthephonographwasinvented，sowerelyoninstrumentsforimportantinformationaboutmusic-culturesintheremotepastandtheirdevelopment.在phonograph被發明之前，我們聽不到任何音樂表演的聲音，只能通過樂器來研究過去的音樂。由此推測，這個詞指的是一種能夠記錄聲音并被用來研究音樂文化的東西。選項A符合題意。

3.文章第一段第一句給物質文化下了定義；第二、三句提到研究音樂物質文化才能研究好音樂文化；第四、五句指出樂器是因為文化研究中的重要物質文化；第六句提及了樂器作為物質文化的兩種形式。第七句舉了繪畫和書寫文件來說明樂器在音樂文化研究中所起的作用。由此可只選項D符合題意。

4.文章第二段第三句Printedversionslimitvarietybecausetheytendtostandardizeanysong,yettheystimulatepeopletocreatenewanddifferentsongs提到樂譜形式單調，因為它們將歌曲都標準化。所以選項D不是優勢，符合題意。

5.文章第三段第二句Wenowpaymoreandmoreattentiontotraditionalorethnicfeaturesinfolkmusicandarewillingtopreservethefolkmusicaswedowithmanytraditionalculturalheritages提到我們越來越關注傳統和民族特色的音樂，并且愿意將民樂保存下來。可知選項A符合題意，傳統文化遺產值得保留下來。

9.單選題

Thecompanyisonthevergeofbankruptcy,andthousandsofjobsareat（）.

問題1選項

A.danger

B.loss

C.threat

D.stake

【答案】D

【解析】固定搭配。atloss困惑不解；atstake兇吉難卜；選項A和C通常不和at搭配。句意：這家公司瀕臨破產，成千上萬的工作崗位岌岌可危。選項D符合句意。

10.單選題

ManyeconomistsbelievethatAmericamustreplaceitsmoribundsmokestackindustrieswithbusinessbasedonnewtechnology.

問題1選項

A.obsolete

B.mordant

C.mortified

D.ousted

【答案】A

【解析】由句意可知，許多經濟學家認為，美國必須用基于新技術的商業來取代……的低技術工業。既然低技術工業應該被新技術商業代替，也就是低技術工業岌岌可危了。A選項obsolete“廢棄的；瀕死的”；B選項mordant“有腐蝕性的；尖酸的”；C選線mortified“窘迫的；受辱的”；D選項ousted“被驅逐的”。由此可知A選項“瀕死的”符合題意。

11.單選題

Thisprojectwould（

）ahugeincreaseindefensespending.

問題1選項

A.result

B.assure

C.entail

D.accomplish

【答案】C

【解析】動詞辨析。句意:這個項目必須要在國防上的開支。

Result導致;assure保證,使某人相信;entail使是必需的;accomplish完成,實現(目標)，多用于完成某項任務或目標。因此C項符合句意。

12.單選題

Iaskedthetailortomakeasmall（）tomytrousersbecausetheyweretoolong.

問題1選項

A.alteration

B.variation

C.revision

D.change

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項alteration“修改；更改”；B選項variation“變化；變更”；C選項revision“修正；復習”；D選項change“變化；改變”。alteration尤指部分的改變，可用于服裝的改長短；variation一般是指(形式、位置、條件的)變化、改變、變動；revision常指文章、詞典、劇本等的修改、訂正；change改變，變化，可指表面的、本質的、內在的變化。句意：我要求裁縫對我的褲子稍作……，因為太長了。句中指的是對trousers“長褲”的修改，因此A選項符合題意。

13.單選題

Everyyearthousandsofpeoplearearrestedandtakentocourtforshop-lifting.InBritainaloneaboutHK$3,000,000’sworthofgoodsarestolenfromshopseveryweek.ThisamountstosomethinglikeHK$150millionayear,andrepresentsabout4percentoftheshops’totalstock.Asaresultofthis"shrinkage"astheshopscallit,thehonestpublichastopayhigherprices.

Shop-lifterscanbedividedintothreemaincategories:theprofessionals,thedeliberateamateur,andthepeoplewhojustcan'thelpthemselves.Theprofessionalsdonotposemuchofaproblemforthestoredetectives,who,assistedbyclosedcircuittelevision,two-waymirrorsandvariousothertechnologicaldevices,canusuallycopewiththem.Theprofessionalstendtogoforhighvaluegoodsinpartsoftheshopswheresecuritymeasuresaretightest.And,inanycase,theyaccountforonlyasmallpercentageofthetotallossesduetoshop-lifting.

Thesameappliestothedeliberateamateurwhois,sotospeak,aprofessionalintraining.Mostofthemgetcaughtsoonerorlater,andtheyaredealtwithseverelybythecourts.

Therealproblemisthepersonwhogiveswaytoasuddentemptationandisinallotherrespectsanhonestandlaw-abidingcitizen.Contrarytowhatonewouldexpect,thiskindofshop-lifterisrarelypoor.Hedoesnotstealbecauseheneedsthegoodsandcannotaffordtopayforthem.Hestealsbecausehesimplycannotstophimself.Andtherearecountlessotherswho,becauseofage,sicknessorplainabsent-mindedness,simplyforgettopayforwhattheytakefromtheshops.Whencaught,allareliabletoprosecution,andthe