第二章基基礎UnitⅥⅥFoundationThefoundationislocatedundergroundandformsthebaseofthebuilding.Thepurposeofthefoundationistocarrytheloadofthestructureandspreaditoveragreaterarea,evenlyandwithoutunduesettlement,tothegroundbeneath.Thesizeandtypeoffoundationdependsonthenatureofthegroundandtheloadcarriedbyit.第二章基基礎第一節地地基與基礎礎的基本概概念地基：支撐建筑物物的土層一、天然地地基和人工工地基NaturalGroundandArtificialGround（一）天然然地基NaturalGround：天然的能夠夠受力的土土層。種類巖石rock碎石土crushedstonesoil砂土sandysoil粘性土clay人工填土earth-fill（二）人工工地基ArtificialGroundWhenthecapacityofthesoiltosupportloadsisn’tenough,artificialgroundhastobeused.壓實法compactionmethod換土法replacementmethod樁基pilefoundationcompactor:壓實機replacementmethodToimprovethebearingcapacityinvaryinggroundconditions,softspotsareusuallyfilledwithconsolidatedhardcoreoraweakconcrete,beforethefoundationislaid.Consolidate:加強強、、鞏鞏固固Hardcore:碎磚磚石石weakconcrete：低低標標號號混混凝凝土土pilefoundationWhenafoundationislaidinpoorsoil,itisnecessarytoexcavatetoagreaterdepththannormaltoreachasolidbase.Ifagoodbasecannotbefoundatareasonabledepth,thenaso-calleddeepfoundationmustbeprovided.Thisusuallycomprisesaseriesofdrivenorcast-in-situreinforcedconcretepiles.Excavate:開鑿鑿、、挖挖掘掘二、、基基礎礎的的埋埋置置深深度度TheDepthofaFoundation1、淺淺基基礎礎shallowfoundation500MM≤埋埋置置深深度度≤≤4米，，2、深深基基礎礎deepfoundation埋置置深深度度≥≥4米適宜宜的的深深度度？？Whichelementsdecidethedepthofafoundation?地基情情況thenatureoftheground地下水水位的的影響響groundwaterlevel冰凍線線frostline其它otherelements???三、基基礎的的類型型TypesoftheFoundations（一））按基基礎的的形式式分類類dividingfoundationsbyforms1、條形形基礎礎StripFoundation特點：連續續的帶帶形，，也可可叫帶帶形基基礎。。適用情情況：當地地基條條件好好，基基礎埋埋置深深度較較淺時時。。。。材料：：磚、、石、、混凝凝土、、鋼筋筋混凝凝土適用什什么樣樣的上上部結結構？？2、獨立立式基基礎IndividualFooting特點：呈獨立立的塊塊狀，，形式式有杯杯形、、階梯梯形、、錐形形。Socketfoundation杯形基基礎Benchedfoundation階梯形形基礎礎Conefoundation錐形基基礎Asocketfoundationisthefootingwithsocketforaprefabricatedcolumn.適用情情況：當上上部結結構為為框架架時。。。。。framestructure:框架結結構材料：：鋼筋筋混凝凝土。。。。。3、聯合合基礎礎CombinedFooting1）柱下下條形形基礎礎StripFoundationunderColumns：將柱下下獨立立基礎礎連接接起來來，形形成連連續的的條形形基礎礎。Isolatedcolumnsarenormallysupportedonsquareconcretefoundationbases.Wheresuchcolumnsarespacedatcloseintervals,itisoftenmorepracticaltoprovideacontinuousconcretestripfoundationtocarryacompleterow,asisdoneforloadbearingwalls.2）柱下下十字字交叉叉基礎礎CrossedStripFoundationunderColumns：將條形形基礎礎做成成網格格狀，，提高高了基基礎的的穩定定性，，使荷荷載分分布更更為均均勻。。3）梁板板式基基礎BeamandSlabFoundation：有肋筏板基基礎。。。。4）板式基礎礎MatFoundation：筏板基礎RaftWherethebearingcapacityisparticularlypoororthequalityofthesoilvariesconsiderably,araftfoundationisoftenrecommendedtosupportnormalbuildings.Thistypeoffoundationsimplyconsistsofareinforcedconcreteslab,onwhichthewallsarebuilt.5）箱形基礎礎BoxFoundation(CellularMat)鋼筋混凝土土板與地下下室墻組合合的結構。。。。basement:地下室basementwall:地下室墻6）樁基PileFoundation：樁、樁帽帽和系梁的的系統，將將建筑物荷荷載向下傳傳遞到適當當的持力層層。。。bearingstratum:持力層pilecap:樁帽、樁臺臺tiebeam:系梁機械成孔灌灌注樁、人人工挖孔樁樁、混凝土土預制樁、、管樁、高高壓旋噴樁樁、擺噴樁樁,鉆孔樁,攪拌樁等（二）按材材料分類：：剛性基礎礎、柔性基礎dividingfoundationsbymaterials1、剛性基礎礎RigidFoundation：材料：磚、、石、混凝凝土抗壓但抗剪剪和抗彎能能力差。。。。compressiveresistance:抗壓shearingresistance:抗剪bendingresistance:抗彎剛性角：rigidangle拉力:tensileforce壓力:pressure剪力:shear2、柔性基礎礎FlexibleFoundation：抗壓和抗彎彎剪能力都都很好，不不受剛性角角的限制。。。。材料：鋼筋筋混凝土第二節常常用剛性基基礎構造PartⅡⅡTheConstructionofCommonRigidFoundation一、磚基礎礎BrickFoundation1、強度strength：磚的強度度不得低于于MU10墊層bedcourse：水泥砂漿三七灰土三合土二、石基礎礎StoneFoundation毛石基礎RubbleFoundation尺寸：寬度和厚厚度≮150MM，長度為5~2。5倍。強度：≮M5CONSTRUCION：料石基礎SquaredStoneFoundation：經過加工后后的石料。。基礎的寬度度除了按計計算要求外外，還應符符合料石的的規格尺寸寸。三、混凝土土及毛石混混凝土基礎礎ConcreteandRubbleConcreteFoundation滿足剛性角角的要求什么情況下下用毛石混混凝土基礎礎呢？當混凝土基基礎體積過過大時，可可以填充一一些毛石。。第三節基基礎沉降降縫構造PartⅢⅢTheconstructionofFoundationSettlementJointwaterstopp