2022年山西大學英語考試考前沖刺卷（本卷共分為1大題50小題,作答時間為180分鐘,總分100分,60分及格。）單位: 姓名: 考號:題號單選題多項選擇判斷題綜合題總分分值得分ー、單項選擇題（共50題,每題2分。每題的備選項中,只有一個最符合題意）Questions11to18arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.The man thinkstilewomaniswastinghertime.The man thinksthewomanshouldmakefulluse of her time.The man iseagertoknowthewoman'sanswer.The man canwaitandthereisnoneedforher to hurry.PassageOneQuestions26to29arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.TootherEuropeancountries.Totheremoteareasandsuburbs.Tothenaturalparksforbirds.Backtotheirnests.PassageThreeQuestions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.Wearingjacketsisnotacustomof,Thailand.WearingshirtsleeveshasbecomeafashioninThailand.PeopleusuallywearjacketstoworkinThailand.Thegovernmenthasencounteredanenergycrisis.Questions11to18arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.Languagecourses.Universities.BritishandAmericanEnglish.Literaturecourses.Roadcourtesyisnotonlygoodmanners,butgoodsense,too.Ittakesthemostlevelheadedandgood-temperedofdriverstoresistthetemptationtogettheirrevengewhensubjectedtounciviIizedbehavior.Ontheotherhand,aIittIecourtesygoesalongwaytowardsrelievingthetensionsandfrustrationsofmotoring.AfriendlynodorawaveofacknowIedgementinresponsetoanactofcourtesyhelpstocreateanatmosphereofgoodwiIIandtolerancesonecessaryinmodemtrafficconditions.ButsuchacknowIedgementsofcourtesyarealItooraretoday.Manydriversnowadaysdon'tevenseemabletorecognizecourtesywhentheyseeit.Contrarytogeneralopinion,youngdrivers(especiallysports-carowners,whotakeprideintheirdriving)havebettermannersthantheirseniors.Butthisattitudeisshort-1ivedintheworIdofmodemdrivingwheremanydriversneitherexpectnorgiveanyquarter.ThismaybeacommendabIetraitonthebattIefieIdbutisoutofpIaceontheroads.LorrydriverssaytheyhavealmostabandonedthepracticeofsignaIingcarstoovertakewhentheroadisclear,becausemanyofthecarstooktoolongtopass.Theirdriverscouldn'tbebotheredtoseIectalowergear.Others,afterovertaking,sIoweddownagainandhogged(多占)theroad.Againfamotoringmagazinehasrecentlydrawnattentiontotheincreasingnumberofdriverswhoneverwaitforgaps.MTheymanufacturethembyforce,usingtheirdirectionindicatorsasathreatratherthanawarning."SIanging-matches(互相謾罵)andevenpunch-upsarequitecommon.11can'tbeIongbeforewehearofpistoIsandknivesbeingused:wecanthencaIIourdualcarriagewaysduelcarriageways,andsolveaspeIIingproblemintheprocess.Drivingisessentiallyastateofmind.HowevertechnicaIIyskiIIedadrivermaybe,hecan'tbeanadvancedmotoristifheisalwaysarrogantandaggressive: Ironically,misplacedcourtesycanalsobedangerousandselfish.TypicalexampIesarethedriverwhobrakesviolentIytoallowalonecartoemergefromasidestreetatsomehazardtofollowingtraffic,whenafewsecondslatertheroadwouldbeclearanyway;orthemanwhowavesachiIdacrossapedestriancrossingintothepathofoncomingvehiclesthatmaybeunabletostopintime.Thesamegoesforencouragingoldladiestocrosstheroadwhereverandwhenevertheycareto.ItalwaysamazesmethatthehighwaysarenotIitteredwiththecorpsesofthesegrannies.Theword"them"(Line6,Paragraph.3)refersto.gapsroadcourtesiesotherdriversontheroadchancesforadrivertoaccelerate6.SexprejudicesarebasedonandjustifiedbytheideoIogythatb!〇Iogyisdestiny.Accordingtothisideology,basicbiologicalandpsychologicaldifferencesexistbetweenthesexes.ThesedifferencesrequireeachsextoplayaseparateroleinsociaIIife.Womenaretheweakersex-bothphysicallyandemotiona11y.Thus,theyarenaturallysuitedmuchmoresothanmen,totheperformanceofdomesticduties.Awoman'splace,undernormalcircumstances,iswithintheprotectiveenvironmentofthehome.Naturehasdeterminedthatwomenplaycare-takerroles,suchaswifeandmotherandhomemaker.Ontheotherhandmenarebestsuitedtogooutintothecompetitiveworldofworkandpolitics,whereseriousresponsibiIitiesmustbetakenon.Menaretobetheproviders;womenandchiIdrenare"dependents".TheideoIogyalsoholdsthatwomenwhowishtoworkoutsidethehouseholdshouldnaturallyfillthesejobsthatareinIinewiththespecialcapabiIitiesoftheirsex.Itisappropriateforwomen,notmen,tobeemployedasnurses,sociaIworkers,elementaryschooIteachers,householdhelpers,andclerksandsecretaries.Thesepositionsaresimplyanextensionofwomen'sdomesticrole.Informaldistinctionsbetween"women'swork"and"men'swork"inthelaborforce,accordingtotheideology,aresimplyafunctionalreflectionofthebasicdifferencesbetweenthesexes.Finally,theideoIogysuggeststhatnaturehasworkedherwiIIinanothersignificantway.Forthehumanspeciestosurviveovertime,itsmembersmustregularlyreproduce.Thus,womenmust,whetherathomeorinthelaborforce,makethemostoftheirphysicalappearance.Sogoestheideology.Itis,ofcourse,nottruethatbasicbiologicalandpsychologicaldifferencesbetweenthesexesrequireeachtoplaysex-definedrolesinsociaIIife.Thereisampleevidencethatsexrolesvaryfromsocietytosociety,andthoseroledifferencesthatdoexistarelargelylearned.ButtothedegreepeopIeactuallybeIievethatgeoIogyisdestinyandthatnatureintendedformenandwomentomakedifferentcontributionstosociety,sex-definedroleswillbeseenastotaIIyacceptable.Theauthorpointsoutthattheassignmentsofwomen'srolesinwork.A.aredeterminedbywhattheyarebettersuitedtogrowoutoftheirpositioninsidethehomereflectabasicdifferencebetweenmenandwomenaresuitabletothem,butnottomenQuestions11to18arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.Aprofessorandastudent.Ahotelmanagerandatourist.Asalesmanandacustomer.Astoreownerandhismanager.Roadcourtesyisnotonlygoodmanners,butgoodsense,too.Ittakesthemostlevelheadedandgood-temperedofdriverstoresistthetemptationtogettheirrevengewhensubjectedtounciviIizedbehavior.Ontheotherhand,aIittIecourtesygoesalongwaytowardsrelievingthetensionsandfrustrationsofmotoring.AfriendlynodorawaveofacknowIedgementinresponsetoanactofcourtesyhelpstocreateanatmosphereofgoodwiIIandtolerancesonecessaryinmodemtrafficconditions.ButsuchacknowIedgementsofcourtesyarealItooraretoday.Manydriversnowadaysdon'tevenseemabletorecognizecourtesywhentheyseeit.Contrarytogeneralopinion,youngdrivers(especiallysports-carowners,whotakeprideintheirdriving)havebettermannersthantheirseniors.Butthisattitudeisshort-1ivedintheworIdofmodemdrivingwheremanydriversneitherexpectnorgiveanyquarter.ThismaybeacommendabIetraitonthebattIefieIdbutisoutofplaceontheroads.LorrydriverssaytheyhaveaImostabandonedthepracticeofsignaIingcarstoovertakewhentheroadisclear,becausemanyofthecarstooktoolongtopass.Theirdriverscouldn,tbebotheredtoseIectalowergear.Others,afterovertaking,sIoweddownagainandhogged(多占)theroad.Again,amotoringmagazinehasrecentlydrawnattentiontotheincreasingnumberofdriverswhoneverwaitforgaps."Theymanufacturethembyforce,usingtheirdirectionindicatorsasathreatratherthanawarning."SIanging-matches（互相謾馬）andevenpunch-upsarequitecommon.Itcan'tbeIongbeforewehearofpistoIsandknivesbeingused:wecanthenca11ourdualcarriagewaysduelcarriageways,andsolveaspeIIingproblemintheprocess.Drivingisessentiallyastateofmind.Howevertechnica11yski11edadrivermaybe,hecan'tbeanadvancedmotoristifheisalwaysarrogantandaggressive: Ironically,misplacedcourtesycanalsobedangerousandselfish.TypicalexampIesarethedriverwhobrakesviolentIytoallowalonecartoemergefromasidestreetatsomehazardtofollowingtraffic,whenafewsecondslatertheroadwouldbeclearanyway;orthemanwhowavesachiIdacrossapedestriancrossingintothepathofoncomingvehiclesthatmaybeunabletostopintime.Thesamegoesforencouragingoldladiestocrosstheroadwhereverandwhenevertheycareto.ItalwaysamazesmethatthehighwaysarenotIitteredwiththecorpsesofthesegrannies.AnexampIeofmisplacedmannersontheroadsis.slowingdowntoletakidpassstoppingsuddenlyatpedestriancrossingsturningupsidestreetswithoutgivingsignalsunnecessarilygivingwaytoothercarswithoutwarningthosebehindyouPassageOneQuestions26to29arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.France.Russia.C.Poland.D.Germany.Questions11to18arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.OnlyMr.Wood*swalletwaslost.He' 11 pickuphiswallet and identity cardat the bank.He, 11 notgotothebank and thepost office.He, 11 pickuphiswallet and identity card.Roadcourtesyisnotonlygood manners, butgood sense, too.Ittakesthemostlevelheadedandgood-temperedofdriverstoresistthetemptationtogettheirrevengewhensubjectedtounciviIizedbehavior.Ontheotherhand,aIittIecourtesygoesalongwaytowardsrelievingthetensionsandfrustrationsofmotoring.AfriendlynodorawaveofacknowIedgementinresponsetoanactofcourtesyhelpstocreateanatmosphereofgoodwiIIandtolerancesonecessaryinmodemtrafficconditions.ButsuchacknowIedgementsofcourtesyarealItooraretoday.Manydriversnowadaysdon'tevenseemabletorecognizecourtesywhentheyseeit.Contrarytogeneralopinion,youngdrivers(especiallysports-carowners,whotakeprideintheirdriving)havebettermannersthantheirseniors.Butthisattitudeisshort-1ivedintheworIdofmodemdrivingwheremanydriversneitherexpectnorgiveanyquarter.ThismaybeacommendabIetraitonthebattIefieIdbutisoutofpIaceontheroads.LorrydriverssaytheyhaveaImostabandonedthepracticeofsignaIingcarstoovertakewhentheroadisclear,becausemanyofthecarstooktoolongtopass.Theirdriverscouldn'tbebotheredtoseIectalowergear.Others,afterovertaking,sIoweddownagainandhogged(多占)theroad.Again,amotoringmagazinehasrecentlydrawnattentiontotheincreasingnumberofdriverswhoneverwaitforgaps.MTheymanufacturethembyforce,usingtheirdirectionindicatorsasathreatratherthanawarning.MSIanging-matches（互相謾罵）andevenpunch-upsarequitecommon.Itcan1tbeIongbeforewehearofpistoIsandknivesbeingused:wecanthencalIourdualcarriagewaysduelcarriageways,andsolveaspeIIingproblemintheprocess.Drivingisessentiallyastateofmind.HowevertechnicaIIyskiIIedadrivermaybe,hecan,tbeanadvancedmotoristifheisalwaysarrogantandaggressive: Ironically,misplacedcourtesycanalsobedangerousandselfish.TypicalexampIesarethedriverwhobrakesviolentIytoallowalonecartoemergefromasidestreetatsomehazardtofollowingtraffic,whenafewsecondslatertheroadwouldbeclearanyway;orthemanwhowavesachiIdacrossapedestriancrossingintothepathofoncomingvehiclesthatmaybeunabletostopintime.Thesamegoesforencouragingoldladiestocrosstheroadwhereverandwhenevertheycareto.ItalwaysamazesmethatthehighwaysarenotIitteredwiththecorpsesofthesegrannies.Accordingtotheauthor,.driversshouldapplycourtesyproperlystricttrafficregulationsarebadlyneededroadcourtesyshouldbevaluedinanycircumstancedriversshouldencourageoldladiestocrosstheroadSexprejudicesarebasedonandjustifiedbytheideoIogythatb!〇Iogyisdestiny.Accordingtothisideology,basicbiologicalandpsychologicaldifferencesexistbetweenthesexes.ThesedifferencesrequireeachsextoplayaseparateroleinsociaIIife.Womenaretheweakersex-bothphysicallyandemotionaIIy.Thus,theyarenaturallysuitedmuchmoresothanmen,totheperformanceofdomesticduties.Awoman'splace,undernormalcircumstances,iswithintheprotectiveenvironmentofthehome.Naturehasdeterminedthatwomenplaycare-takerroles,suchaswifeandmotherandhomemaker.OntheotherhandmenarebestsuitedtogooutintothecompetitiveworIdofworkandpolitics,whereseriousresponsibiIitiesmustbetakenon.Menaretobetheproviders;womenandchiIdrenare"dependents".TheideoIogyaIsoholdsthatwomenwhowishtoworkoutsidethehouseholdshouIdnaturallyfillthesejobsthatareinIinewiththespecialcapabiIitiesoftheirsex.Itisappropriateforwomen,notmen,tobeemployedasnurses,sociaIworkers,elementaryschooIteachers,householdhelpers,andclerksandsecretaries.Thesepositionsaresimplyanextensionofwomen9sdomesticrole.Informaldistinctionsbetween"women'swork"and"men'swork"inthelaborforce,accordingtotheideoIogy,aresimplyafunctionaIreflectionofthebasicdifferencesbetweenthesexes.Finally,theideoIogysuggeststhatnaturehasworkedherwiIIinanothersignificantway.Forthehumanspeciestosurviveovertime,itsmembersmustregularlyreproduce.Thus,womenmust,whetherathomeorinthelaborforce,makethemostoftheirphysicalappearance.Sogoestheideology.Itis,ofcourse,nottruethatbasicbiologicalandpsychologicaldifferencesbetweenthesexesrequireeachtoplaysex-definedrolesinsociaIIife.Thereisampleevidencethatsexrolesvaryfromsocietytosociety,andthoseroledifferencesthatdoexistarelargelylearned.ButtothedegreepeopIeactuaIIybeIievethatgeoIogyisdestinyandthatnatureintendedformenandwomentomakedifferentcontributionstosociety,sex-definedroleswillbeseenastotaIIyacceptable.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassageThedivisionofsex-definedrolesiscompletelyunacceptable.Women'srolesinworkistoolimitedatpresent.Inonesociety,menmightperformwhatisconsideredwomen'sdutiesbyanother.Questions11to18arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A.Hewantedtoaskthedoctorsomequestions.B.Hewantedtoseethedoctor.C.Hewantedtopaythedoctor.D.Hewantedtoseethenurse.A.Hewantedtoaskthedoctorsomequestions.B.Hewantedtoseethedoctor.C.Hewantedtopaythedoctor.D.Hewantedtoseethenurse.SexprejudicesarebasedonandjustifiedbytheideoIogythatb!〇Iogyisdestiny.Accordingtothisideology,basicbiologicalandpsychologicaldifferencesexistbetweenthesexes.ThesedifferencesrequireeachsextoplayaseparateroleinsociaIIife.Womenaretheweakersex-bothphysicallyandemotiona11y.Thus,theyarenaturallysuitedmuchmoresothanmen,totheperformanceofdomesticduties.Awoman'splace,undernormalcircumstances,iswithintheprotectiveenvironmentofthehome.Naturehasdeterminedthatwomenplaycare-takerroles,suchaswifeandmotherandhomemaker.Ontheotherhandmenarebestsuitedtogooutintothecompetitiveworldofworkandpolitics,whereseriousresponsibiIitiesmustbetakenon.Menaretobetheproviders;womenandchiIdrenare"dependents".TheideologyalsoholdsthatwomenwhowishtoworkoutsidethehouseholdshouldnaturallyfillthesejobsthatareinIinewiththespecialcapabiIitiesoftheirsex.Itisappropriateforwomen,notmen,tobeemployedasnurses,sociaIworkers,elementaryschoolteachers,householdhelpers,andclerksandsecretaries.Thesepositionsaresimplyanextensionofwomen'sdomesticrole.InformaIdistinctionsbetweennwomen'swork"and"men'swork"inthelaborforce,accordingtotheideoIogy,aresimplyafunctionaIreflectionofthebasicdifferencesbetweenthesexes.Finally,theideoIogysuggeststhatnaturehasworkedherwiIIinanothersignificantway.Forthehumanspeciestosurviveovertime,itsmembersmustregularlyreproduce.Thus,womenmust,whetherathomeorinthelaborforce,makethemostoftheirphysicalappearance.Sogoestheideology.Itis,ofcourse,nottruethatbasicbiologicalandpsychologicaldifferencesbetweenthesexesrequireeachtoplaysex-definedrolesinsociaIIife.Thereisampleevidencethatsexrolesvaryfromsocietytosociety,andthoseroledifferencesthatdoexistarelargelylearned.ButtothedegreepeopIeactuaIIybeIievethatgeoIogyisdestinyandthatnatureintendedformenandwomentomakedifferentcontributionstosociety,sex-definedroleswillbeseenastotaIIyacceptable.What'stheauthor'sattitudetowardstheideoIogythatbi〇IogyisdestinyA.Affirmative.Negative.Positive.D.Passive.{{B}}PassageOneQuestions11to13arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustbeard.{{/B}}Idon,tlikeyourtopic,yourboremeinfact.Iameagertogetawayfromthisroom.Ilikewhatyouaresaying.Iliketostayinhere.{{B}}PassageOneQuestions11to13arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustbeard.{{/B}}Iamlisteningtothetalkerattentively.Idon,tlikewhatyouaretalkingabout.Iwanttospeaksomethingaboutthistopic.Ihatetosithere.{{B}}PassageOneQuestions11to13arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustbeard.{{/B}}BodyLanguageEyeContactLegPositionCommunicationAtachesstournamentinTunisiain1967,BobbyFischer,then24,waspittedagainstanotherAmericangrandmaster,SamueIReshevsky.Atgametime,Fischerwasnowheretobefound,soReshevskysatdownoppositeFischer5semptychair,madehisfirstmove,punchedthegameclockandwaited.Andwaited.Withfiveminutesleft,Fischersuddenlystrodeonstageand,withaseriesofblindinglyquickmoves,hammeredReshevskyintodefeat.Twodayslater,Fischerquitthetournamentandabandonedcompetitivechessfortwoyears.Whichraisesthequestion,WhyisthegiftofgeniussooftengiventopeopIetoostupidtoknowwhattodowithitIn"BobbyFischerGoestoWarH(Ecco;342pages),DavidEdmondsandJohnEidinowtelIthestoryofFischer*smostfamousmatch,the1972worldchampionshipinReykjavik.FischerfacedSovietgrandmasterBorisSpasskyinachessgamethatwasnotonlyanepicstaringmatchbetweentwointeIIectuaIgladiatorsbutaIsothefocusofalIkindsofweird,free-floatingcoldwarcultural-politicalenergy.ItwastheRumbIeintheJungleandtheCubanmissiIecrisisallrolledintoone.Thedramawashopelesslymiscast.Fischer,thechampionoftheAmericanway,wasanantisocial,anti-Semiticego-maniacwhocompIainedabouttheIighting,theauditorium,theprizemoney,eventhemarblethechessboardwasmadeof.Spassky,thecogintheSovietmachine,wasageniaIfsensitivefeIlowwhoIikedadrinkonceinawhiIe.HewasAlitoFischer'sForeman.Ofcourse,Fischeratehimalive."BobbyFischerGoestoWar"tellsthestoryinfine,briskstyle,interpretingthered-hotchess-fuaction-theRuyLopezopening!TheNimzo-Indiandefense!—forusnongeniusesandconveyingtherichnessoftheworldbeyondthechessboardthroughdetaiIspIuckedfromFBIandKGBrecords.Wesee,forexample,SovietexpertswhiskingSpassky'sorangejuicebacktoMoscowtotestforsuspiciouscapitalistcontaminants.Itseemstobeinthenatureofgeniustozeroinonitspurpose.Inthe1790sayoungFrenchboynamedJean-FrancoisChampolIion,thesonofabookseiIer,becameobsessedwithancientlanguages-notonlyLatinandGreekhutalsoHebrew,Arabic,PersianandChaldean.Accordingto"TheLinguistandtheEmperorn(BaIIantine;271pages),byDanieIMeyerson,ChampoIlionwasadreamy,solitarykidwhomouthedoftinclass,butasaschoolboy,heassembleda2,000dietionaryofCoptic,anancientEgyptianIanguage.LuckiIyforhim,FrenchsoldiersinEgyptsoondiscoveredtheRosettastone,achunkofgrayandpinkrockwiththesametextwrittenonitinbothGreekandEgyptianhieroglyphics,whichnoonehadyetdeciphered.UnIockinghierogIyphicswasChampoIIion'sgreatwork,andMeyersontellsthestoryasapassionateIinguisticIoveaffair.Afterfinallysolvingthemystery,ChampoIlioncollapsedinacomaforeightdays.ChampoIlionandFischerwerelucky:theywereheroesintheirtime.DeprivedofthespotIight,geniuscangrowuptwistedandstrange.DavidHahnwasthechildofdivorced,cluelessparentsIivinginaDavidLynch-perfectMichigansuburbinthemid-1990s.Alonerandacompulsivetinkerer,HahnsomehowgotitintohisheadinhighschooItobuildanuclearreactorinhismom,spottingshedtanddamnifhedidn'tcomeclose.In"TheRadioactiveBoyScout"(RandomHouse;209pages)fKenSiIversteindescribeshowHahnextractedradioactiveelementsfromhousehoIdobjects-americiumfromsmokedetectors,thoriumfromColemanlanterns,deadlyradiurnfromthegIow-in-the-darkpaintusedonthehandsofvintagecIocks.Forsheerimprovisationalingenuity,HahnmakesMacGyverlookIikeJessicaSimpson.WhenpubIic-healthofficiaIsfinalIycaughtontowhatHahnwasupto,thepottingshedwassohotthatithadtobeclassifiedasaSuperfundsite.Storiesaboutgeniusesrarelyendwell.HahnwoundupintheNavy,assignedtothenuclear-poweredaircraftcarriertheU.S.Enterprise,buthisofficerswouldn,tevenlethimtourtheengineroom.ChampoIliondiedat40.Fischerneverdefendedhisworldtitle.HedecIinedintoirascibiIityandthenobscurity.WhathappenedtohimAchessmasteroncesaid,"ChessisnotsomethingthatdrivespeopIemad.ChessissomethingthatkeepsmadpeopIesane.nWhichistosaythatgeniusmayIienotonlyinhavingagiftbutinlackingsomethingcrucialaswell.Readingthesebooks,onefeelsgratefulforbeingjustaIittIestupid.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingaboutthe1972matchisNOTtrueFischerdefeatedSpassky.Itwasamatchbetweentwocleverestmen.Itwasanembodimentofstrengthofthetwocoutries.Fischerlostthematchhopelessly.19.EverypoliticalperiodhasitscharacteristicformofscandaI.DuringtheReagandefensebuiIdupofthemid-1980s,thescandaIofthedaywas"waste,fraudandmismanagement"atthePentagon,symboIizedbytheinfamous$640toiletseat.Amidthegeneralembarrassmentandexcuse-making,onIyonedefensehawkwasboIdenoughtodecIarethatwasteandfraudwereactuaIIygoodthings."Weneedmore"ofthem,wroteEdwardLuttwakinCommentary.Ifyou'regoingtobuildastrongerdefenseandbuilditfast,abitofcorruptionisanecessaryby-product.Today'scharacteristicformofscandalisfinanciaIabuseandexcess.SowhereistheLuttwakoftodaywhowiIIcutthroughalIthedemagogueryandthewhining,theoutragedcriticismandthemeaIymouthedapoIogies,andsay,"Look,youwantavigorousentrepreneurialeconomyr,Abitofexcessisanecessaryby-product.?'Weneedmore"financialabuse-itisasignthatcapitaIismisworking.WhohasthecouragetomakethisargumentIamnotthatman.Butif1werethatman,thecasewouldrunsomethingIikethis:themagicofcapitalism,asexpIainedbyAdamSmithandhisfollowers,isthatitchannelsindividualgreedintoactivitiesthatbenefitalIofus."Greedisgood,"declaredMichaelDouglas,playingacorruptfinancierinthemovieWalIStreet.Moreaccurately,greedisinevitable.Itispartofthehumancondition.Andinmoderation,economistsargueandhistorydemonstrates,greedisnobadthing.Free-marketeconomiescouldnotfunctionifwewerealIMotherTeresa.Butthereisnothinginherentinthehumanconditionthatkeepsgreedinmoderation.Sotherearelaws,andthereareappearances.BoththeseforcesdrawaroughIine—andattempttoplaceit-betweengreedthatheIpsotherpeopIeandgreedthathurtsotherpeopIe.InevitabIy,though,somewiIItakegreedtoofar.Andthat'sagoodthing(goestheargumentIlackthecouragetomake).WhyBecauseyoucan'tregulategreedwithprecision.Keynesusedtheterm"animalspirits"todescribethemotivationofbusinesspeople.Asuccessfuleconomyneedsaculturethatencouragesthem,uptoapoint.It'saGoldilocks-typesituation.Youdon'twanttoomuchgreed,andyoudon'twanttooIittIe-youwantanamountthat'sjustright.ButthedialsarenotaIIthatsensitive.AculturethatencouragesenoughgreedinenoughpeopIewillencouragetoomuchinafew.Ifnobodyistakinggreedtoofar,youcanbecertainthattoofewpeopIearetakingitfarenough.Forsomereason,noneofthelawyerswhoaredefendingthebiggreedheadshavechosentomakethisargument.Instead,theyofferineonsistenttheoriestoexplaintheobvious.LawyersfortheRigasfamily,whichperformedtheremarkablefeatofbankruptingacablecompany,saytheirclientscan'tbeguiItyofaconspiracytolootthecompanybecausetheyaretoodimwitted:oneisHnotthesavviestguy,"anotheris"clueless."MarthaStewart'sdefense,bycontrast,wasinpartthatsheistooclevertohavedoneanythingasdumbasconspiringtobreakthesecuritieslaws.LawyersforDennisKozlowski,formerCEOofTyco,takethislineofreasoningfurther.TheWalIStreetJournalcalledtheirsthe"brazennessdefense."KozIowskimadenosecretofthefactthatheusedTycomoneyforayacht,kepthismistressesonthepayrolIand(possiblytherefore)alsoletTycofinancea$5miIIiondiamondringforhiswife.HowcouIdhehavecriminalintentifitwasalIoutintheopenBycontrast,ScottSulIivan,formerCFOofWorIdCom,engagedinamoretraditionalformofgallinpleadingguiItyto$11billionworthofaccountingfraud.Itwasa"misguidedefforttosavethecompany,"hesaid.CalIthistheVietnamdefense:itwasnecessarytodestroythecompanyinordertosaveit.WillnoonestepforwardtosayclearlythattheseseemingmalefactorsareactuallyheroesThatweneedmoreofthem,notfewerTrue,MarthahasbeenfoundguiIty(thoughsheisappealing),andothersmayloseincourtaswelI.True,thesepeopIemayhavepersonallyharmedtheeconomyandrippedoffmanyindividualinvestors.Nevertheless,takentogether,theyareasignof