1、Unit 3 Conservation Lesson 1 The Sixth Extinction學習目標1. 掌握本節生詞、短語及句型的表達與運用。2. 掌握定語從句的用法。3. 通過課堂練習，對課文內容有更深入的了解。知識運用1. blame 詞性：_ 意思：_blame sb. for (doing) sth. 因（做）某事而責備某人blame sth. on sb. 把某事歸咎于某人be to blame (for) 該（為）受責備（用主動形式表被動意義）accept/ bear/ take the blame for sth. 對某事負責，承擔責任put/ lay the blame

2、 for sth. on sb. 把某事歸咎于某人練習：Dont _ your failure to others. 2. occur詞性：_ 意思：_sth. occurs to sb. 某人突然想起某事It occurs to sb. that 某人突然想起練習：The idea _ to him in a dream. 3. survival詞性：_ 意思：_survive v. 幸免于難，幸存；比活得長survive on 依靠生存下來survivor n. 幸存者練習：His _ is a real wonder.4. die out意思：_die away 逐漸消失；逐漸減弱。側重

3、指已經減弱到一個狀態die down 逐漸變弱；逐漸平息。側重于減弱的過程die off 相繼死去練習：This species has nearly _.5. depend on意思：_depend on sb. to do sth. 依靠某人做某事depend on sb. for sth. 靠某人供給某物depend on/ upon it that 指望，對深信不疑練習：You may _ her to help you.6. at risk意思：_at the risk of 冒著風險take/ run the risk of 冒著風險take risks/ a risk to do

4、 sth. 冒險做某事risk doing sth. 冒險做某事risk ones life to do sth. 某人冒著生命危險做某事練習：If we go to war, innocent lives will be _. 閱讀探究1 What did scientists find out in 2015?2 Why does the writer think the sixth mass extinction will come? 3 Why does the writer believe well probably die out if 75% of the Earths spec

5、ies die out?4 What did people do in the case study to protect black robins? Which claim(s) did the case study support in the text?句型梳理 1.（教材P52） Extinctions, where entire species are wiped out, are not unusual in our Earths history. 滅絕在我們地球的歷史上很常見，它指的是整個物種的消亡。本句包含where引導的非限制性定語從句。關系副詞where引導的定語從句（1）

6、先行詞是表示地點的名詞，且從句不缺主語、賓語或表語時，引導詞常用關系副詞where, where在從句中充當地點狀語。Jane paused in front of a counter where some attractive ties were on display. 簡在一個柜臺前停了下來，這個柜臺展示出了一些很吸引人的領帶。（2）有時先行詞是表抽象意義的地點名詞，像activity, business, career, case, job, point, situation等。I have reached a point in my life where I am supposed t

7、o make decisions of my own. 我已到了人生中該自己做決定的時候。2.（教材P52）In the last 500 million years, there have been five times when life on Earth has almost ended.在過去的5億年間，有5次地球上的生命幾乎都消亡了。本句包含when引導的限制性定語從句。關系副詞when 引導的定語從句（1）先行詞是表時間的名詞，且從句不缺少主語、賓語或表語時，引導詞常用關系副詞when, when在從句中充當時間狀語。I still remember the day when I

8、first came to this school. 我仍然記得第一次來這所學校的那一天。（2）有時先行詞是表抽象意義的時間名詞，如occasion. Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids.我很少有機會能有時間和孩子待上一天。3.（教材P52）These include the third mass extinction, known as the Great Dying, which killed 90% to 96% of all species.它們包括第3次大型物種滅絕。它也叫

9、做“大滅絕”，這次滅絕使90%到96%的物種都消亡了。本句包含which 引導的非限制性定語從句。關系代詞 which 引導的定語從句關系代詞which一般指物，在定語從句中做主語、賓語或定語，既可引導限制性定語從句，又可引導非限制性定語從句。（1）引導限制性定語從句A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best. 對于最暢銷的商品，商店應備有存貨。（2）引導非限制性定語從句 用來指代一個句子He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.

10、他似乎沒有領會我的意思，這讓我感到非常煩惱。 用來指代句子的一部分He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true. 他說以前從未見過她，這不是真的。4.（教材P52）Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally, the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern. 雖然物種自然滅絕是很常見的，但是現在物種滅絕的速度引起了擔憂。本句包含although 引導的讓步狀語從句，而主

11、句包含“介詞which”引導的定語從句。“介詞關系代詞”引導的定語從句“介詞關系代詞”引導定語從句，即把從句中的某一介詞或介詞短語提到關系代詞之前。在這種結構中，關系代詞指人時只能用whom,指物時只能用which，做定語時用whose。介詞的選擇一般是根據介詞與從句中相關的動詞、形容詞、名詞的搭配關系而定，有時根據先行詞與介詞的搭配關系而定，有時也要根據句子的意思而定。Do you know the man to whom I spoke just now? 你認識剛才同我交談的那個人嗎？5.（教材P52）There is a long list of reasons why so many

12、 species are dying out: air and water pollution, forests being destroyed, factory farming and overfishing. 這么多物種滅絕的原因有很多：空氣污染和水污染、森林被破壞、工廠化農業和過度捕撈。本句包含why引導的定語從句。關系副詞why 引導的定語從句關系副詞why引導的定語從句修飾表原因的名詞，其中why在定語從句中充當原因狀語，等同于for which。I dont know the reason why he came so late. 我不知道他來這么晚的原因。注意：若reason在從

13、句中做主語或賓語，引導詞則使用that/which，做賓語時可省略引導詞。6.（教材P52）Without forests, we would have no air to breathe, and without clean water we would be unable to survive. 沒有森林，我們將沒有空氣可呼吸；沒有干凈的水，我們將無法生存。本句是without引導的含蓄虛擬條件句。含蓄虛擬條件句有時假設的情況并不用條件從句表示，而用其他方式來表示，這樣的句子叫含蓄虛擬條件句。主要有以下幾種情況：（1）用with, without, but等構成的介詞短語來替代條件從句，它

14、們都可以轉換成由if引導的虛擬條件從句。We might have died without your help. = We might have died if you hadnt helped us. 要不是有你幫助我們，我們可能就已經死了。（2）用 or, otherwise, suppose/ supposing (that) , provided/ providing (that) 等引導虛擬語氣。You didnt come yesterday, or you would have seen him. 你昨天沒有來，不然的話你就會看到他了。（3）通過上下文來表虛擬，在這種情況下，需

15、對具體語境加以分析。I would have given you more money, but I was so poor. 我本來會給你更多的錢，但我很窮。語法解析語法：定語從句在句中充當定語修飾名詞或代詞的句子叫定語從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞。定語從句可分為兩大類：限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。對比兩句：This is the house which/ that we bought last month.這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮，是

16、我們上個月買的。限制性定語從句是句中不可缺少的組成部分，主句和從句之間不用逗號隔開引導詞：關系代詞和關系副詞，做賓語時一些關系代詞可以省略非限制性定語從句是對主句先行詞的補充說明，沒有這一從句不影響主句意思完整。一般用逗號把主句和從句分開引導詞：who, whom, whose, which, when, where等，不用一般that，不能省略限制性定語從句的先行詞只能是名詞或代詞，而非限制性定語從句的先行詞可以是名詞或代詞，也可以是短語或句子。Then he met Mary, who invited him to a party. 后來他遇到了瑪麗，瑪麗邀請他參加晚會。（who指代 Ma

17、ry）He changed his mind, which made me very angry.他改變了主意，這使我很生氣。（which指代逗號前的整個主句）1. 定語從句的關系詞分為關系代詞和關系副詞兩類。關系代詞先行詞作用備注who人主語關系代詞whom, which, that在從句中做賓語時常可以省略，但在介詞后不能省略。whom人賓語whose人、物定語that人、物主語、賓語which物、句子主語、賓語as人、物、句子主語、賓語as做賓語時一般不省略關系副詞先行詞作用備注when時間時間狀語相當于“介詞+which”where地點地點狀語相當于“介詞+which”why原因原因狀

18、語相當于“for+which”2. 關系代詞的用法（1）只能用that引導定語從句的情況： 當先行詞是 everything, anything, nothing, all, none, few, little, some等不定代詞時，或當先行詞被every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等詞修飾時。如：There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 對他來說，世界上似乎沒有什么不可能的事情。 當先行詞被序數詞修飾時。如：The first American mov

19、ie that I watched was Titanic. 我看的第一部美國電影是泰坦尼克號。 當先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時。如：This is the best museum that I have visited all my life. 這是我這輩子參觀過的最棒的博物館。 當先行詞被 the very, the only, the first/ last 等修飾時。如：She is the only person that understands me. 她是唯一理解我的人。 當先行詞前面有who, which等疑問代詞時。如：Which is the room that Mr Wan

20、g lives in?王先生住的是哪一個房間？ 當先行詞既指人又指物時。如：Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 瞧瞧那個正在街上走的人和他的驢子。（2）只能用which引導定語從句的情況： 關系代詞前有介詞時只能用which。如：This is the room in which she lived. 這是她住過的房間。 在非限制性定語從句中，關系詞指物時只能用which。如：He will make a trip to Suzhou, which is famous for its beautiful

21、scenic spots. 他將到蘇州去旅行，那里因其美麗的景點而聞名。 先行詞本身是that時只能用which。如：The clock is that which tells the time. 時鐘顯示時間。（3）用as引導定語從句的情況： 在限制性定語從句中，當先行詞被 the same, such, as修飾時，定語從句用as引導。如：Such problems as are often mentioned should be solved. 類似這樣經常被提及的問題應該得到解決。He would like to use the same pen as I used yesterday

22、. 他想用我昨天用過的同一支筆。I will read as many books as are required. 要求讀多少書我就讀多少書。 在非限制性定語從句中，as和which都可以用于指代整個主句。區別在于：as引導時意為“正如”，可位于句首或句中；而which 引導時意為“這一點；這件事”，只能位于句中。as構成的固定表達：as is known to allas we all knowas is often the caseas is expectedas is often saidas is reportedas is hopedas is stressed（4）定語從句中“介

23、詞關系代詞”的用法：做介詞的賓語的關系代詞一般是which和 whom。“介詞which/whom”既可以引導限制性定語從句，又可以引導非限制性定語從句。常見的有以下幾種結構： 介詞關系代詞Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice.Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice.曼德拉是我向其征求建議的一位黑人律師。I still remember the day on which we had a big party.我仍然記得我們舉行一場盛大聚會的那一天。注意：

24、介詞的選擇與先行詞或者從句的謂語動詞有關。把先行詞放到從句里寫出一個完整的句子，然后再將先行詞換成對應的關系代詞。固定短語中的介詞不能提到關系代詞的前面。如：He is the man that/whom your mother took care of last month. 他是你母親上個月照顧的那個人。 名詞/ 代詞/ 數詞介詞關系代詞Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels.Last Sunday I bought some books from the

25、bookstore, of which three were English novels.上個星期天，我從書店買回幾本書，其中3本是英文小說。 形容詞最高級介詞關系代詞。如：China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.中國有成千上萬的島嶼，其中最大的是臺灣。（5）定語從句中whose的用法： whose既可以指人，又可指物，在定語從句中做定語，表示“人的；物的”如：The room whose window faces south is mine. 窗戶朝南的那個房間是我的。 whose指物時可用 of whi

26、ch 代替，但語序不同，即“whose名詞”相當于“the名詞of which”或“of whichthe名詞”。如：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom of which the door is broken will soon be repaired.門壞了的那間教室將很快得到修繕。3. 關系副詞的用法當先行詞是表時間、地點、方式或原因等的詞，且從句缺狀語時，從

27、句用關系副詞引導。關系副詞有時可轉化為“介詞關系代詞”。如：This is the place where we spent our childhood. 這里是我們度過童年的地方。注意：（1）當先行詞是表時間、地點、方式、原因等的詞時，只有在從句缺狀語時才用關系副詞引導；否則，用關系代詞引導。如：Hell always remember the day when his grandmother passed away. 他會永遠記住他的奶奶去世的那一天。I will always remember the day that/ which we spent together in the co

28、untryside. 我會永遠記住我們在鄉下一起度過的那一天。This is the factory where my father once worked. 這是我父親曾經工作過的工廠。This is the factory that/which they showed us around last year. 這是去年他們領我們參觀的工廠。This is the reason why/ for which he was late this morning.這是他今天早上遲到的原因。This is the reason that/ which may explain his absence.

29、 這是可以解釋他缺席的理由。（2）先行詞為 point, situation, case, stage, position, degree等表抽象的地點和情況的名詞時，其后常用where引導定語從句，where在定語從句中做地點狀語。而occasion 作“時機”講時用when引導；作“場合”講時用where引導。如：Today, we will discuss a number of cases where English beginners fail to use the language properly. 今天，我們將討論一些英語初學者使用語言不當的例子。I can remember

30、very few occasions when he had to cancel because of ill health. 我記得他因為健康不佳而被迫取消的情況絕無僅有。（3）先行詞是the way （方式、方法），且引導詞在定語從句中做狀語時可以用in which或that引導從句，也可以省略引導詞。如：The way (that/ in which) he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand. 他解釋這個句子的方式并不難懂。練習：1. The meeting room is crowded with

31、children _ have poor eyesight, all of them interested in painting.2. Tango is a passionate dance, _ brings the dancers together in a way that words cant express.3. Im taking some weight-loss pills, _ are quite popular here. 4. It was the largest map _ I had ever seen.5. Mr Zhang had a lot of friends, none of _ could lend him any money. 6. _ was announced in the newspaper, our country won 51 gold medals in the 29th Olympic Games.7. Which was the very hotel _ was recommended to you?8. Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _ we