1、衛星通信信道的建模和測量一、 通信衛星分類衛星可以分類的方式有很多種，這里只列出常見的分類。軌位衛星可以根據軌道的高度分為以下幾種。其中，近地軌道衛星( Land mobile satellite-LMS )為當前研究的熱點。因為在高軌位上，衛星信道更加趨近于高斯信 道。而在低軌位工作的衛星，由于其運動性，會存在遮擋、時變、多徑效應和多 普勒效應。LEO (low earth orbit): 1602000kmMEO (medium earth orbit): 200036000kmHEO (high earth orbit)：36000kmGEO (geostationary orbit)：

2、36000km頻段按照衛星工作的頻段，一般可以分為以下幾類。其中，在衛星信道測量上，要特 別考慮高頻段所帶來的陰影衰落，以及天氣狀況。工作在 ka 波段的衛星，雨衰 嚴重。L-band: 0.33GS-band: 2-4GC-band: 48GX-band: 812GKu-band: 1218GKa-band: 2740G服務區域根據衛星服務的區域不同，又可以把衛星分為以下幾類。如果衛星服務的區域在 城區，則遮擋會更加嚴重。而在空曠的郊區，則遮擋會相應變少。另外，最近有 些工作是測量熱帶區域的衛星信道，主要是因為熱帶區域天氣多變，因此，有必 要單獨考慮。RuralSuburbanUrbanTr

3、opical area極化方式根據衛星的極化方式不同，又可以把衛星分為多極化和雙極化衛星。1. Single-polarized2. Dual-polarized目前，大部分信道建模或者測量都是選擇其中的一個子集，作為研究對象。比如， 研究近地軌道衛星在 Ka 波段下城區的信道的測量和建模。就調研的結果來看， 現在大部分文獻都集中在低軌衛星條件下，研究衛星信道的測量和建模。主要是 由于低軌衛星高度低，衛星運動速度快，當最小通信仰角為 10， 衛星軌道高度 為 1300km 時，用戶看到衛星升起到衛星落下的持續時間在 10 分鐘左右。因此 在用戶的一次呼叫過程中，用戶與衛星之間的仰角變化很快且變

4、化范圍大。因而， 在研究信道模型時，必須研究通信全仰角下的信道模型。多數研究都是假設在大部分時間內衛星和移動臺之間存在直射分量；由于建筑物 和樹木等物體的遮蔽，存在陰影效應；由于信號的反射、散射和繞射造成的多徑 效應；由于衛星和移動臺間的相對運動形成的多普勒效應。所以，移動衛星通信 信道的特點可以歸納為：時變、多徑效應、陰影效應和多普勒效應。在衛星信道建模和測量中比較有代表性的研究是C.Loo1和Lutz2等人的工作。Loo模型假設信道由直射分量和散射分量組成。其中直射分量(LOS component)服從 log-normal 分布，而多徑分量服從瑞利分布。 Lutz 通過對信道處在不同狀態

5、的概率的研究，提出了基于markov鏈的信道模型。大部分論文都是針對不同的衛星、不同的地理環境，通過測量或者改進他人的信道模型，得到不同的有針對性的衛星信道模型。比如，很多論文都是應用 C.Loo的基本模型，但是采用其他概率分布來滿足不同場景下的信道特性。或者，通過狀態細分，擴展Lutz模型，建立更加準確的反映實際衛星信道的模型。2.0 綜述類文獻Karaliopoulos, M. S. and F.-N. Pavlidou (1999). Modelling the land mobile satellite channel: areview. Electronics & Communica

6、tion Engineering Journi： 235-248.Loo, C. and J. S. Butterworth (1998). Land mobile satellite channel measurements andmodeling. Proceedings of the TEE86: 1442-1463.Lutz, E. (2012). Modelling of the Satellite Communica tions ChaWiith Emphasis on theLand Mobile Satellite Channel. Tnvited Lecture.2.1衛星信

7、道測量和建模的有關文獻Statistical ModelAbdi, A., et al. (2003). A new simple model for land mobile satellite channels: first- andsecond-order statisti cs. TEEE Transactions on Wireless Communicai2jnrfsi9-528.Cheffena, M., et al. (2012). Land Mobile Satellite Dual Polarized MTMO Channel AlongRoadside Trees: Mod

8、eling and Performance Evaluation. TEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation 60 : 597-605.Corazza, G. E., et al. A Rice-lognormal terrestrial and satellite channel model._ceedings of1994 3rd TEEE Tnternational Conference on Universal Personal Communications, IEEE-Corazza, G. E. and F. Vatalaro (19

9、94). A statistical model for land mobile satellite channelsand its application to nongeostationary orbit systems. TEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 43: 738-742.Channel characteristics analysis of the dual circular polarized land mobile satellite MTMO radio channel. 2011 IEEEAPS Topical Confe

10、rence on Antennas and Propagation in Wireless Communications, IEEE : 781784.Fontan, F. P. (2010). Channel modeling for land mobile satellite services. Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 2010 Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on: 15.Hazra, S. and A. Mitra (2012). Additive statistical model

11、ling of land mobile satellite channels in threedimensional scattering environment. TET Communicat6on23612370.Kanellopoulos, S. A., et al. (2014). Channel Model for Satellite Communication Links Above 10GHz Based on Weibull Distribution. IEEE Communications Lette8s 568-571.Li, W., et al. (2001). Kaba

12、nd land mobile satellite channel model incorporating weather effects. TEEE Communications Lette5: 194-196.Li, W., et al. Kaband land mobile satellite channel model: with rain attenuation and other weather impairments in equatorial zoneVTC2000-SpringularTechnology Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH

13、37026), IEEE.3： 2468-2472.Li, X. and S. Wu A generalized model for mobile satellite channels and performance analysis.International Conference on Communication Technology Proceedings, 2003._03.,Beijing Univ. Posts & Telecommun. Press2.: 1070-1073.Li, Y., et al. (2007). On the second-order statistics

14、 of a new fading model for land mobile satellite channels._IET Conference on Wireless, Mobile and Sensor Networks 2007 (CCWMSN07), IEE. 2007: 12-15.Liolis, K. P., et al. (2007). On the Relation between Mobility and Rainfall Effects in Ku/Ka-bandLine-of-Sight Land Mobile Satellite Channels: An Analyt

15、ical Statistical Approach. 2007International Workshop on Satellite and Space Communications, IEEE-30.Liolis, K. P., et al. (2010). Statistical Modeling of Dual-Polarized MIMO Land Mobile Satellite Channels. TEEE Transactions on Communica.tions58: 3077-3083.Loo, C. (1985). A statistical model for a l

16、and mobile satellite link. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology34: 122-127.Lutz, E. (2012). Modelling of the Satellite Communications ChOKntH Emphasis on theLand Mobile Satellite Channel.APS Topical Conference on Antennas and Propagation in Wireless Communications (APWC), IEEE : 199-202.Lutz, E

17、., et al. (1991). The land mobile satellite communication channel-recording, statistics, and channel model- TEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology： 375-386.Patzold, M., et al. (1998). A study of a land mobile satellite channel model with asymmetrical Doppler power spectrum and lognormally distrib

18、uted line-of-sight component. TEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology?: 297-310.Scalise, S., et al. A Comparison of the Statistical Properties of the Land Mobile Satellite Channel at Ku, Ka and EHF Bands. 2005 TEEE 61st Vehicular Technology Conference, TEEE.4: 2687-2691.Seyedi, Y., et al. (2013).

19、Use of Shadowing Moments to Statistically Model Mobile Satellite Channels in Urban Environments. TEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications： 3760-3769.Zhang, X. and Z. Wang (2014). Characteristics of narrow band dual-polarized MTMO over satellite channel model. 5th Tnternational Conference on Comp

20、uting Communication and Networking Technologies, TCCCNT 2014: 3-7.Empirical ModelMoraitis, N., et al. (2007). On the Empirical Model Comparison for the Land Mobile SatelliteChannel. 2007 TEEE 65th Vehicular Technology Conference VTC2007Spring, TEE14051409.Geometric ModelDottling, M., et al. (2001).

21、Two- and three-dimensional ray tracing applied to the land mobile satellite (LMS) propagation channel. TEEE Antennas and Propagation Maga4ine27-37.Ni Mhearain, F., et al. (2015). A Comparison of Statistical and Geometric Models for the DualPolarised MTMO Land Mobile Satellite Channel._ogyConference

22、(VTC Spring), TEEE 1-5.channels in urban environments. The 8th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2014), IEEE : 2261-2263.Oestges, C., et al. (1999). Physical statistical modelling of the land mobile satellite channel based on ray tracing. TEE Proceedings - Microwaves, Antennas a

23、nd Propaga146Qn 45.Sofos, T., et al. A deterministic ray-tracing based model for land mobile satellite channel inurban environment._48th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference._obalWireless Revolution (Cat. No.98CH36151), IEEE.: 658-6 Markov Chain Based ModelAlasseur, C., et al. Application of

24、 Monte Carlo Markov chain to determination of hiddenMarkov model for mobile satellite channels._ologyConference. VTC 2004-Spring (IEEE Cat. Nc.04CH37514), IEEE. 1： 186-190.Alasseur, C., et al. (2008). A novel approach to model the land mobile satellite channel through reversible jump markov chain mo

25、nte carlo technique. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 7: 532-542.Dottling, M., et al. (2001). Two- and three-dimensional ray tracing applied to the land mobile satellite (LMS) propaga tion channel. IEEE Antennas a.nd Propagation Maga.4ine27-37.Drougas, A. E., et al. (2008). Stochastic Ve

26、rification of the First-Order Markovian Assumption of Rain Attenuation for Satellite Channel Dynamic Modeling. IEEE Communications Letters12: 663-665.Hofmann, C. A., et al. (2015). Measurement and modeling of the UHF satellite channel for animal tracking system_(ICC), IEEE: 903-909.Meng, D. and W. W

27、u A model of mobile satellite channel._nce onCommunication Technology Proceedings,_2003._, Beijing Univ. Posts &Telecommun. Press. 2: 1067-1069.Lin, H.-P., et al. (2001). Satellite propagation channel modelling using photogrammetry and hidden Markov model approach. IEE Proceedings - Microwaves, Ante

28、nnas and Propagation148: 375.Lin, H.-P., et al. A non-stationary hidden Markov model for satellite propagation channel modeling. Proceedings TEEE 56th Vehicular Technology Conference, IEEE.2485-2488.2008 8th International Symposium on Antennas, Propagation and EM Theory, IEEE12 1515.Matolak, D W On

29、the multi-state modeling of mobile satellite channels. MILCOM 2000 Proceedings. 21st Century Military Communications. Architectures and Technologies for Information Superiority (Cat. No.00CH37155), IEEE261-265.Tropea, M., et al. (2013). A new DVB-RCS satellite channel model based on Discrete TimeMar

30、kov Chain and Quality Degree._gConference (WCNC), IEEE : 2615-2619.Yang, M., et al. (2011). Markov Chain Based Two-State Satellite Mobile Channel Model. 2011 IEEE 73rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), IEEE- MeasurementsAl-Saegh, A. M., et al. (2017). Channel Measurements, Charact

31、erization, and Modeling for Land Mobile Satellite Terminals in Tropical Regions at Ku-band. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology66: 897-911.Butt, G., et al. (1992). Narrowband channel statistics from multiband propagation measurements applicable to high elevation angle land-mobile satellite sys

32、tems. TEEE Journal on Selected Areas in CommunicationdO: 1219-1226.Cid, E. L., et al. (2016). Wideband Analysis of the Satellite Communication Channel at Ku- and X-Bands. TEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technolo65: 2787-2790.King, P. and S. Stavrou (2007). Low Elevation Wideband Land Mobile Satellite

33、 MIMOChannel Characteris ti cs. TEEE Transactions on Wireless Communicati6ns2712-2720.Lemos Cid, E., et al. (2014). Measurement, Characterization, and Modeling of the Helicopter Satellite Communica tion Radio Channel. TEEE Transactions on Antennas a.nd Propaga. tion62: 3776-3785.Loo, C. and J. S. Bu

34、tterworth (1998). Land mobile satellite channel measurements and modeling. Proceedings of the IEE86: 1442-1463.Neul, A., et al. (1987). Propagation measurements for the aeronautical satellite channel. 37th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, IEEE90-97.Nikolaidis, V., et al. (2017). Dual-Polarized

35、Narrowband MIMO LMS Channel Measurementsin Urban Environments. TEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation： 763-774.Petropoulou, P., et al. (2014). Radio Propagation Channel Measurements for Multi-AntennaSatellite Communication Systems： A Survey. TEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine：102-122.Rougeri