1、 Text Features of Scientific English（科技英語文本特點）I. A brief introduction to scientific styleII. Text features of scientific English Lexical features（詞匯特點） Syntactical features（句法特點）III. Assignment第1頁I. A brief introduction to scientific styleThe classification of style（文體）Journalistic style, expositive

2、 style, official style, literary style, practical style and scientific style. （劉宓慶）Scientific styleSpecial science style（專門科技文體）： monograph, thesis and scientific reportPopular science style（通俗科技文體）： universal scientific reading material（scientific prose）第2頁The difference between a brain and a compu

3、ter can be expressed in a single word: complexity. The large mammalian brain is the most complicated thing, for its size, known to us. The human brain weighs three pounds, but in that three pounds are ten billion neurons and a hundred billion smaller cells. These many billions of cells are interconn

4、ected in a vastly complicated network that we cant begin to unravel as yet. When a graphite crystal is crushed, it breaks into micro-scaled laminar flakes. They are many dangling bonds on the edge of an isolated graphite micro-sheet which elevates its energy and makes it unstable. When a graphite mi

5、cro-sheet curls into a nanotube, the number of dangling bonds decreases, and the system energy is reduced accordingly.第3頁 The difference between a brain and a computer can be expressed in a single word: complexity. The large mammalian brain is the most complicated thing, for its size, known to us. T

6、he human brain weighs three pounds, but in that three pounds are ten billion neurons and a hundred billion smaller cells. These many billions of cells are interconnected in a vastly complicated network that we cant begin to unravel as yet. (popular science) When a graphite crystal is crushed, it bre

7、aks into micro-scaled laminar flakes. They are many dangling bonds on the edge of an isolated graphite micro-sheet which elevates its energy and makes it unstable. When a graphite micro-sheet curls into a nanotube, the number of dangling bonds decreases, and the system energy is reduced accordingly.

8、 (special science)第4頁I. A brief introduction to scientific styleGeneral characteristics of scientific English texts Logic, precise, objectiveGeneral translation principles（普通標準）Accurate，smooth，conciseSummary科技英語是一個特殊文體，分為專門科技和通俗科技兩類，包括社會各個領域，包含政治、經濟、軍事、體育、科學技術等方面。科技英語重視邏輯性、準確性和嚴密性，在翻譯過程中要做到準確、通順、簡練。

9、第5頁II. Text features of Scientific English Lexical features(詞匯特點) Syntactical features(句法特點)第6頁1. Lexical features（詞匯特點）大量使用科學術語（scientific terms）magnetism, genome, hormone, psychopathology科學術語含有單義性（monosemy）seed: 種子選手（體育）Transmission：發射，播送（無線電工程學） 變速（機械學） 投射（物理學） 遺傳（醫學）第7頁1. Lexical features（詞匯特點）科

10、學術語起源（sources）給原有英語單詞賦予新義 memory, monitor, mouse, prompt從拉丁或希臘語中吸收而來詞（詞義窄） atmosphere，capsule, parasite, pneumonia auto-; bi-; counter-; hydro-; micro-;-graph; -logy;大量使用派生名詞(動詞和形容詞名詞化) -ation, -ment, -sion, -al, -ability, -ity, etc.第8頁Summary 科技英語大量使用科學術語，且術語含有單義性。在翻譯過程中，注意詞義準確性。對于那些一詞多義詞語，要掌握他們在科技

11、文件中含義。要盡可能地掌握英語前、后綴，擴大詞匯量，從而提升翻譯速度和質量。第9頁2. Syntactical features（句法特點）頻繁使用被動語態（passive voice）依據英國利茲大學John Swales 統計，科技英語中謂語最少三分之一是被動態。客體型思維在語言中表現（objective thinking）被動語態使用是科技文章追求客觀性一個有效伎倆第10頁Practice：translate the following sentences in passive voice into ChineseResearchers have found that emotions

12、are accompanied by biochemical changes in the brain. Fear, for example, is accompanied by the one set of brain chemicals that can make us alert and ready to flee研究者發覺，感情發生被大腦中生物化學改變所伴隨。比如，恐懼是受大腦中一個化學物質所伴隨，它令人警覺，并準備好逃之夭夭。研究者發覺，感情是伴伴隨大腦中生物化學改變發生。比如，在恐懼中，大腦會產生一個化學物質，令人們警覺，并準備好逃之夭夭。第11頁Practice：translat

13、e the following sentences in passive voice into ChineseCurrent will not flow continuously, since the circuits are broken by the insulating material.電流不再繼續流動，因為電路被絕緣材料隔斷了。Computers may be classified into analog and digital.計算機可分為模擬計算機和數字計算機兩種。 The molecules of all matters are believed to be moving.人們

14、確信，全部物質分子都在不停地運動。A brief discussion of some basic concepts is presented in this paper.本文簡明討論了一些基本概念。第12頁科技英語中含有被動語態慣用句型及翻譯定式It is supposed thatIt can be clearly seen thatIt should be noted thatIt may be safely said thatIt must be stressed thatIt has been proved thatIt was estimated thatIt is general

15、ly considered that 據推測；人們猜測 由此可見 應該注意是 能夠有把握地說 必須強調是 已經證實據預計人們（普遍）認為第13頁Summary 英語多用被動語態，尤其是科技英語，而漢語多用主動語態，這與中西方思維模式差異相關。所以，英語科技文翻譯成漢語時，經常采取“語態轉換法”(the conversion of voice)。第14頁2. Syntactical features大量使用結構復雜長句（long or complex sentence）英語是形合語言(hypotaxis)英語科技文要求敘述全方面、嚴謹，富有邏輯性，所以主從復合句、同位語、插入語使用頻率也很高。這

16、就使得科技文章往往句子長，結構也較為復雜。第15頁However，it is only the colon where we find all sorts of toxins and bacteria that provided the harsh circumstances that cause that gene to finally break down and the cancer to spread.初譯：而只有在結腸部位才能找到組成病變環境且造成該基因最終損壞、致使癌細胞擴散各種毒素和細菌。改譯：而只有在結腸部位，才能找到組成病變環境各種毒素和細菌，它們會造成該基因最終損壞，致使癌

17、細胞擴散。第16頁 Steel is usually made where the iron ore is smelted, so that the modern steelworks forms a complete unity, taking in raw materials and producing all types of cast iron and steel, both for sending to other works for further treatment, and as finished products such as joists and other consum

18、ers. 初譯 通常在煉鐵地方也煉鋼，所以當代煉鋼廠從運進原材料到生產供送往其它工廠深入加工處理并制成如工字鋼及其它商品鋼材成品而形成一整套聯合企業。 改譯 通常在煉鐵地方也煉鋼。所以，當代煉鋼廠是一個配套整體，從運進原料到生產各種類型鑄鐵與鋼材；有送往其它工廠深入加工處理，有就制成成品，如工字鋼及其它一些成材。第17頁Summary 科技英語中有大量結構復雜（complicated）長句，而漢語經常使用短句，防止使用過長、結構過于復雜句子。 在英譯漢時，首先要理清句子結構，然后將英語長句分割成短句，該翻譯技巧叫分句法或者是斷句法（division or splitting）。第18頁AssignmentTranslate the following sentences into ChineseThe