1、新概念英語第四冊課堂筆記1fossilman（化石人）WhyarelegendshandeddownbystorytellersusefulWecanreadofthingsthathappened5,000yearsagointheNearEast,wherepeoplefirstlearnedtowrite.Buttherearesomepartsoftheworldwhereevennowpeoplecannotwrite.Theonlywaythattheycanpreservetheirhistoryistorecountitassagas-legendshandeddownfrom

2、onegenerationofstorytellerstoanother.Theselegendsareusefulbecausetheycantellussomethingaboutmigrationsofpeoplewholivedlongago,butnonecouldwritedownwhattheydid.AnthropologistswonderedwheretheremoteancestorsofthePolynesianpeoplesnowlivinginthePacificIslandscamefrom.Thesagasofthesepeopleexplainthatsome

3、ofthemcamefromIndonesiaabout2,000yearsago.Butthefirstpeoplewhowerelikeourselveslivedsolongagothateventheirsagas,iftheyhadany,areforgotten.Soarchaeologistshaveneitherhistorynorlegendstohelpthemtofindoutwherethefirstmodernmencamefrom.Fortunately,however,ancientmenmadetoolsofstone,especiallyflint,becau

4、sethisiseasiertoshapethanotherkinds.Theymayalsohaveusedwoodandskins,butthesehaverottedaway.Stonedoesnotdecay,andsothetoolsoflongagohaveremainedwheneventhebonesofthemenwhomadethemhavedisappearedwithouttrace.【Newwordsandexpression生詞和短語】fossilmanadj.化石人recountv.敘述sagan.英雄故事legendn.傳說，傳奇migrationn.遷移，移居

5、anthropologistn.人類學家archaeologistn.考古學家ancestorn.祖先Polynesianadj.波利尼西亞（中太平洋之一群島）的Indonesian.印度尼西亞flintn.燧石rotn.爛掉【課文注釋】down把.傳下去例句：Manyoldlegendswerehandeddownfromgenerationbymouth.許多古老的傳說都是一代一代口傳下來了。of,讀到，和readabout是相同的意思。談到：speakof，talkof了解到：knowof聽到：hearoffirstpeople，原始人people+s表示民族theyhadany:即便是

6、有，表假設例句：Hisrelatives,ifhehadany,neverwenttovisithimwhenhewashospitalized.他的親戚，即便他還有的話，在他住院時也從來不去看他。eventhebonesofthemenwhomadethemhavedisappearedwithouttrace，這個以when弓I導的狀語從句表示讓步的意思，而when可以譯成“雖然，“盡管。參考譯文】我們從書籍中可讀到5,000年前近東發生的事情，那里的人最早學會了寫字。但直到現在,世界上有些地方，人們還不會書寫。他們保存歷史的唯一辦法是將歷史當作傳說講述，由講述人一代接一代地將史實描述為傳

7、奇故事口傳下來。人類學家過去不清楚如今生活在太平洋諸島上的波利尼西亞人的祖先來自何方，當地人的傳說卻告訴人們：其中一部分是約在2,000年前從印度尼西亞遷來的。但是，和我們相似的原始人生活的年代太久遠了，因此，有關他們的傳說既使有如今也失傳了。于是，考古學家們既缺乏歷史記載，又無口頭傳說來幫助他們弄清最早的“現代人”是從哪里來的。然而，幸運的是，遠古人用石頭制作了工具，特別是用燧石，因為燧石較之其他石頭更容易成形。他們也可能用過木頭和獸皮，但這類東西早已腐爛殆盡。石頭是不會腐爛的。因此，盡管制造這些工具的人的骨頭早已蕩然無存，但遠古時代的石頭工具卻保存了下來。【作業時間】我們為大家提供了兩種主

8、流英語發音的音頻，請大家下載自己喜歡的一種，放到MP3里反復聽！（剛開始練習英語聽力和口語最好選定一種學習，不要英音美音混淆哦！）*背誦、并默寫今天的課文。實在沒有時間的同學就抄寫一遍吧。（希望大家多多開口，我會幫大家做點評，可能偶爾會稍有點兒晚，還請見諒哈）用今天學到的單詞或句型造句一個。Lesson2Sparethatspider不要傷害蜘蛛Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。HowmuchofeachyeardospidersspendkillinginsectsWhy,youmaywonder,should

9、spidersbeourfriendsBecausetheydestroysomanyinsects,andinsectsincludesomeofthegreatestenemiesofthehumanrace.Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld;theywoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals.Weowealottothebirdsandbeastswhoeati

10、nsectsbutallofthemputtogetherkillonlyafractionofthenumberdestroyedbyspiders.Moreover,unlikesomeoftheotherinsecteaters,spidersneverdotheharmtousorourbelongings.Spidersarenotinsects,asmanypeoplethink,norevennearlyrelatedtothem.Onecantellthedifferencealmostataglance,foraspideralwayshaseightlegsandinsec

11、tnevermorethansix.HowmanyspidersareengagedinthisworknoourbehalfOneauthorityonspidersmadeacensusofthespidersingrassfieldinthesouthofEngland,andheestimatedthatthereweremorethan2,250,000inoneacre;thatissomethinglike6,000,000spidersofdifferentkindsonafootballpitch.Spidersarebusyforatleasthalftheyearinki

12、llinginsects.Itisimpossibletomakemorethanthewildestguessathowmanytheykill,buttheyarehungrycreatures,notcontentwithonlythreemealsaday.IthasbeenestimatedthattheweightofalltheinsectsdestroyedbyspidersinBritaininoneyearwouldbegreaterthanthetotalweightofallthehumanbeingsinthecountry.T.H.GILLESPLESparetha

13、tspiderfromTheListenerNewwordsandexpressionsBeastn.野獸Censusn.統計數字Acren.英畝Contentadj.滿足的本文參考譯文你可能會覺得奇怪，蜘蛛怎么會是我們的朋友呢因為它們能消滅那么多的昆蟲，其中包括一些人類的大敵，要不是人類受一些食蟲動物的保護，昆蟲就會使我們無法在地球上生活下去，昆蟲會吞食我們的全部莊稼，殺死我們的成群的牛羊。我們要十分感謝那些吃昆蟲的鳥和獸，然而把它們所殺死的昆蟲全部加在一起也只相當于蜘蛛所消滅的一小部分。此外，蜘蛛不同于其他食蟲動物，它們絲毫不危害我們和我們的財物。許多人認為蜘蛛是昆蟲，但它們不是昆蟲，甚至

14、與昆蟲毫無關系。人們幾乎一眼就能看出二者的差異，因為蜘蛛都是8條腿，而昆蟲的腿從不超過6條。有多少蜘蛛在為我們效力呢一位研究蜘蛛的權威對英國南部一塊草坪上的蜘蛛作了一次調查。他估計每英畝草坪里有225萬多只蜘蛛。這就是說，在一個足球場上約有600萬只不同種類的蜘蛛。蜘蛛至少有半年在忙于吃昆蟲。它們一年中消滅了多少昆蟲，我們簡直無法猜測，它們是吃不飽的動物，不滿意一日三餐。據估計，在英國蜘蛛一年里所消滅昆蟲的重量超過這個國家人口的總重量。【新概念英語四】第3課Matterhornman馬特霍恩山區人聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。Whatwasthemainobjectiveofearlymounta

15、inclimbersModernalpiniststrytoclimbmountainsbyaroutewhichwillgivethemgoodsport,andthemoredifficultitis,themorehighlyitisregarded.Inthepioneeringdays,however,thiswasnotthecaseatall.Theearlyclimberswerelookingfortheeasiestwaytothetop,becausethesummitwastheprizetheysought,especiallyifitandneverbeenatta

16、inedbefore.Itistruethatduringtheirexplorationstheyoftenfaceddifficultiesanddangersofthemostperilousnature,equippedinamannerwithwouldmakeamodernclimbershudderatthethought,/bbuttheydidnotgooutoftheirway/btocourtsuchexcitement.Theyhadasingleaim,asolitarygoal-thetop!Itishardforustorealizenowadayshowdiff

17、icultitwasforthepioneers.ExceptforoneortwoplacessuchasZermattandChamonix,whichhadrapidlybecomepopular,Alpinevillagetendedtobeimpoverishedsettlementscutofffromcivilizationbythehighmountains.Suchinnsasthereweregenerallydirtyandflea-ridden;thefoodsimplylocalcheeseaccompaniedbybreadoftentwelvemonthsold,

18、allwasheddownwithcoarsewine.Oftenavalleyboastednoinnatall,andclimbersfoundshelterwherevertheycould-sometimeswiththelocalpriest(whowasusuallyaspoorashisparishioners),sometimeswithshepherdsorcheese-makers.Invariablythebackgroundwasthesame:dirtandpoverty,andveryuncomfortable.Formenaccustomedtoeatingsev

19、en-coursedinnersandsleepingbetweenfinelinensheetsathome,thechangetotheAlpsmusthavebeenveryhardindeed.WALTERUNSWORTHMatterhornManNewwordsandexpressions生詞和短語】Matterhornn.馬特霍恩峰（阿爾卑斯山之一，在意大利和瑞士邊境）Alpinistn.登山運動員pioneerv.開辟，倡導；n.先鋒，開辟者summitn.頂峰attainv.到達perilousadj.危險的shudderv.不寒而栗courtv.追求solitaryadj.唯

20、一的impoverishv.使貧困Alpineadj.阿爾卑斯山的flea-riddenadj.布滿跳蚤的coarseadj.粗劣的boastv.自恃有parishionern.教區居民shepherdn.牧羊人linenn.亞麻布床單theAlpsn.阿爾卑斯山脈【新概念英語四】第4課Seeinghands能看見東西的手HowdidVeradiscovershehadthisgiftofsecondsightSeveralcaseshavebeenreportedinRussiarecentlyofpeoplewhocanreadanddetectcolourswiththeirfinger

21、s,andevenseethroughsoliddoorsandwalls.Onecaseconcernsaneleven-year-oldschoolgirl,VeraPetrova,whohasnormalvisionbutwhocanalsoperceivethingswithdifferentpartsofherskin,andthroughsolidwalls.Thisabilitywasfirstnoticedbyherfather.Onedayshecameintohisofficeandhappenedtoputherhandsonthedoorofalockedsafe.Su

22、ddenlysheaskedherfatherwhyhekeptsomanyoldnewspaperslockedawaythere,andevendescribedthewaytheyweredoneupinbundles.VerascurioustalentwasbroughttothenoticeofascientificresearchinstituteinthetownofUlyanovsk,nearwhereshelives,andinAprilshewasgivenaseriesoftestsbyaspecialcommissionoftheMinistryofHealthoft

23、heRussianFederalRepublic.Duringthesetestsshewasabletoreadanewspaperthroughanopaquescreenand,strangerstill,bymovingherelbowoverachildsgameofLottoshewasabletodescribethefiguresandcoloursprintedonit;and,inanotherinstance,wearingstockingsandslippers,tomakeoutwithherfoottheoutlinesandcoloursofapicturehid

24、denunderacarpet.Otherexperimentsshowedthatherkneesandshouldershadasimilarsensitivity.DuringallthesetestsVerawasblindfold;and,indeed,exceptwhenblindfoldshelackedtheabilitytoperceivethingswithherskin.Itwasalsofoundthatalthoughshecouldperceivethingswithherfingersthisabilityceasedthemomentherhandswerewe

25、t.ERICDEMAUNYSeeinghandsfromTheListener【Newwordsandexpressions生詞和短語】solidadj.堅實的safen.保險柜ulyanovskn.烏里揚諾夫斯克commissionn.委員會opaqueadj.不透明的lotton.一種有編號的紙牌slippern.拖鞋blindfoldadj.&adv.被蒙上眼睛的ofpeoplewhocanread.,這個定語從句用來修飾主語cases,由于太長，因此被移至謂語之后。throughsolidwalls與withdifferentpartsofherskin并列，作perceive的狀語。

26、perceivethings辨認東西。perceive表示注意到、觀察到、辨認出某事物。例句：丨perceivedachangeinhisbehaviour/thathisbehaviourhadchanged.我發覺他的行為有些變化。percievesthassth表示理解或領悟某事物。例句：丨perceivedhiscommentasachallenge.我認為他的批評是對我的激勵。locksomethingaway，把某物鎖起來。lockup（給門窗）上鎖；lock.in.把鎖在；lockontosth追蹤目標doup,捆，包，也表示收拾。例句：Atcamp,theboyshavetod

27、ouptheirowncabins.在營地，男孩們不得不自己打掃小屋。bring.tothenoticeof，弓I起某人注意。例句：ItwasSusanwhobroughttheproblemtoournotice.是蘇珊提醒我們注意那個問題的。takenoticeof表示注意，留心。例句：Pleasetakenoticeofmyannouncement.請注意聽我的通知。exceptwhenblindfold，其中when之后省略了shewas。themomentherhandswerewet，這是一個時間狀語從句,themoment有“一.就.”的意思，省略了when。例句：Themeom

28、entwhenIgothome,itstartedtorain.我剛到家，外面就開始下雨了。【參考譯文】俄羅斯最近報導了幾個事例，有人能用手指看書識字和辨認顏色，甚至能透過厚實的門和墻看到東西。其中有一例談到有一個名叫維拉.彼托洛娃的11歲學生。她的視力與常人一樣，但她還能用皮膚的不同部位辨認東西，甚至看穿堅實的墻壁。是她父親首先發現她這一功能的。一天，維拉走進父親的辦公室，偶然把手放在一個鎖著的保險柜的門上，她突然問父親為什么把這么多的舊報紙鎖在柜子里，還說了報紙捆扎的情況。維拉的特異功能引起了她家附近烏里揚諾夫斯克城一個科研單位的注意。4月里，俄羅斯衛生部一個特別委員會對她進行了一系列的測

29、試。在這些測試中，她能隔著不透明的屏幕讀報紙。更為奇怪的是，她把肘部在兒童玩的“羅托”紙牌上移動一下，便能說出印在紙牌上的數字和顏色。還有一次，她穿著長筒襪子和拖鞋，能用腳步識別出藏在地毯下面的一幅畫的輪廓和顏色。其他實驗表明，她的膝蓋和雙肩有類似的感覺能力，在所有這些實驗中，維拉的雙眼都是蒙著的。如果不蒙上雙眼她的皮膚就不再具有識別物體的能力。這是千真萬確的。同時還發現，盡管她能用手指識別東西，但她的手一旦弄濕，這種功能便會立即消失。第5課Youth青年英音課文朗讀】點擊下載此音頻美音課文朗讀】點擊下載此音頻課文】Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingque

30、stion.聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。HowdoesthewriterliketotreatyoungpeoplePeoplearealwaystalkingabouttheproblemofyouth.Ifthereisone-whichItakeleavetodoubt-thenitisolderpeoplewhocreateit,nottheyoungthemselves.Letusgetdowntofundamentalsandagreethattheyoungareafterallhumanbeings-peoplejustliketheirelders.Thereisonlyone

31、differencebetweenanoldmanandayoungone:theyoungmanhasagloriousfuturebeforehimandtheoldonehasasplendidfuturebehindhim:andmaybethatiswheretherubis.WhenIwasateenager,IfeltthatIwasjustyounganduncertain-thatIwasanewboyinahugeschool,andIwouldhavebeenverypleasedtoberegardedassomethingsointerestingasaproblem

32、.Foronething,beingaproblemgivesyouacertainidentity,andthatisoneofthethingstheyoungarebusilyengagedinseeking.Ifindyoungpeopleexciting.Theyhaveanairoffreedom,andtheyhavenotadrearycommitmenttomeanambitionsorloveofcomfort.Theyarenotanxioussocialclimbers,andtheyhavenodevotiontomaterialthings.Allthisseems

33、tometolinkthemwithlife,andtheoriginsofthings.Itsasiftheywere,insomesense,cosmicbeingsinviolentandlovelycontrastwithussuburbancreatures.AllthatisinmymindwhenImeetayoungperson.Hemaybeconceited,ill-mannered,presumptuousorfatuous,butIdonotturnforprotectiontodrearyclichesaboutrespectforelders-asifmereage

34、wereareasonforrespect.Iacceptthatweareequals,andIwillarguewithhim,asanequal,ifIthinkheiswrong.FIELDENHUGHESfromOutoftheAir,TheListene【Newwordsandexpressions生詞和短語】leaven.允許fundamentalsn.基本原則gloriousadj.光輝燦爛的splendidadj.燦爛的rubn.難題identityn.身份drearyadj.沉郁的commitmentn.信奉meanadj.吝嗇，小氣socialclimber追求更高社會地位的，向上爬的人devotionn.熱愛cosmicadj.宇宙的suburbanadj.見識不廣的，偏狹的conceitedadj.自高自大的presumptuousadj.自以為是的，放肆的fatuousadj.愚蠢的clichen.陳詞濫調whichItakeleavetodoubt,這是一個插入成分，用兩個破折號與句子的主要部分分開。takeleavetodosth.是