1、重點復習課本18單元P124,125兩頁（加粗部分那些段落，考定義，復習資料1-2頁）；課本21單元P144145固廢解決措施、垃圾焚化，填埋技術特別是P145第二、三段，復習資料*頁；課本23單元 P156,第三段，噪聲控制室負責尖端的技術，復習資料*頁。 課本26單元P169第二部分Operational Procedures，環境影響評價的環節，考其中的1、2、3、4等小點。Unit 18Sources and Types of Solid Wastes固體廢物的來源和種類Knowledge of the sources and types of solid wastes, along

2、with data on the composition and rates of generation, is basic to the design and operation of the functional elements associated with the management of solid wastes. 理解固體廢物的來源和種類，以及其數量構成和產生率，是設計和管理有關固體廢物的基本運作條件。Sources of solid wastes固體廢物的來源Sources of solid wastes are, in general, related to land us

3、e and zoning. 固體廢物的來源，一般來說，與土地使用和劃分有關。 Although any number of source classifications can be developed, the following categories have been found useful雖然許多廢物的來源分類可以發展，如下是已被發既有用的分類措施 (1)residential , 住宅(2)commercial, 商業(3)municipal, 市政(4) industrial, 工業(5)open areas, 開放地區(6)treatment plants, 解決廠and (7

4、)agricultural. 和農業。Typical waste generation facilities, activities, or locations associated with each of these sources are presented in Table 1. 典型的廢物是發電措施，人類活動，或與這些來源有關的每個地點見表1。The types of wastes generated, which are discussed next, are also identified. 對產生的廢物，這是接下去要討論的種類，也被辨認了。Types of solid wast

5、es固體廢物的種類The term solid wastes is all-inclusive and encompasses all sources, types of classifications, composition, and properties. 固體廢物一詞是所有涉及所有廢物的來源，分類，構成類型和屬性。Wastes that are discharged may be of significant value in another setting, but they are of little or no value to the possessor who wants t

6、o dispose of them. 被丟棄的廢物，在另一種環境也許具有重要價值，但是對于樂意處置它們占有者來說，它們很少或者沒有價值，To avoid confusion, the term refuse，often used interchangeably with the term solid wastes, is not used in this text. 為了避免混淆都市垃圾一詞，常常使用這個詞，替代固體廢物，而不是使用本書的。 As a basis for subsequent discussions. 作為此后討論的基本。 It will be helpful to defin

7、e the various types of solid wastes that are generated. 這將有助于擬定不同類型固體廢物的產生。It is important to be aware that the definitions of solid waste terms and the classifications vary greatly in the literature. 重要的是要懂得，固體廢物的術語的定義和分類在不同的文獻中差別很大。Consequently, the use of published data requires considerable care

8、, judgment, and common sense. 因此，在發布的數據的使用時需要相稱謹慎，判斷和常識。The following definitions are intended to serve as a guide and are not meant to be arbitrary of precise in a scientific sense. 如下定義的目的是作為一種指引，是不是為了精確任意科學概念。Food wastes食品廢棄物Food wastes are the animal, fruit, or vegetable residues resulting from

9、the handling, preparation, cooking, and eating of foods (also called garbage ). 食品廢棄物是動物，水果或蔬菜制備，烹飪，和食用的食品殘留物的導致的（也稱為垃圾）。The most important characteristic of these wastes is that they are highly putrescible and will decompose rapidly, especially in warm weather. 這些廢物的最重要特性是她們很容易腐爛，并會迅速分解，特別是在溫暖的天氣。O

10、ften, decomposition will lead to the development of offensive odors. 一般狀況下，分解會導致產生異味。 In many locations, the putrescible nature of these wastes will significantly influence the design and operation of the solid waste collection system. 在許多地方，這些廢物腐爛的性質將大大影響設計和固體廢物收集系統的運作。 In addition to the amounts o

11、f food wastes generated at residences, considerable amounts are generated at cafeterias and restaurants, large institutional facilities such as hospitals and prisons, and facilities associated with the marketing of foods, including wholesale and retail stores and markets. 除了在住宅產生的食品廢物的數量，尚有食堂和餐廳也產生的

12、相稱數量食品廢物，大型機構的設施如醫院和監獄，以及與食品的銷售有關設施，涉及批發和零售商店和市場。Rubbish家庭垃圾Rubbish consists of combustible and noncombustible solid wastes of household, institutions, commercial activities, etc., excluding food wastes or other highly putrescible material. 家庭垃圾涉及可燃和不可燃固體廢物，其來自家庭，機構，商業活動等，不涉及食品廢物或其她高度容易腐爛的材料。Typical

13、ly, combustible rubbish consists of materials such as paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, rubber, leather, wood, furniture, and garden trimmings. 一般狀況下，可燃垃圾，涉及材料例如: 紙，紙板，塑料，紡織，橡膠，皮革，木材，家具和庭院修剪物。Noncombustible rubbish consists of items such as glass, crockery, tin cans, aluminum cans, ferrous and o

14、ther nonferrous metals, and dirt. 不燃垃圾涉及如玻璃，陶器，鐵罐，鋁罐，黑色金屬和有色金屬等物品，和泥土。Ashes and Residues灰燼和殘留物 Materials remaining from the burning of wood, coal, coke, and other combustible wastes in homes, stores, institutions, and industrial and municipal facilities for purposes of heating, cooking, and disposin

15、g of combustible wastes are categorized as ashes and residues.從木材，煤炭，焦炭，和家庭其她可燃廢物燃燒剩余的材料，商店，機關，以及工業和市政設施取暖，做飯，產生的可燃廢物處置被歸類為灰燼和殘留物。Residues from power plants normally are not included in this category. 發電廠的殘留物一般不涉及在這一類。Ashes and residues are normally composed of fine, powdery materials, cinders, clin

16、kers, and small amounts of burned and partially burned materials. 灰燼和殘留物一般是由細微的，粉狀物料，爐渣，熟料，和少量燒焦的和部分燒毀材料構成。Glass, crockery, and various metals are also found in the residues from municipal incinerators. 玻璃，陶器，以及多種金屬也從市區焚化爐的殘留物中被發現。Demolition and construction wastes拆除和建筑垃圾Wastes from razed buildings

17、and other structures are classified as demolition wastes. 建筑物被夷為平地，及其她廢物被列為拆除廢物。 Wastes from the construction, remodeling, and repairing of individual residences, commercial buildings, and other structures are classified as construction wastes.來自建筑的改造，以及個別住宅，商業樓宇維修，和其她建筑物的廢物，被列為建筑廢料。These wastes are

18、 often classified as rubbish. 這些廢物往往列為垃圾。The quantities produced are difficult to estimate and variable in composition, but may include dirt, stones, concrete, bricks, plaster, lumber, shingles, and plumbing, heating, and electrical parts. 以上垃圾的生產數量很難估計和構成會變化，但是也許涉及泥土，石塊，水泥，磚塊，灰泥，木材，瓦塊，管材管件，暖氣設備及電氣零

19、件。Special wastes 特殊廢物wastes such as street sweepings,roadside litter, litter from municipal litter containers, catch-basin debris,dead animals, and abandoned vehicles are classified as special wastes. 例如街頭雜物，路邊的垃圾，都市垃圾的廢屑箱，集水井的碎片，動物尸體，以及被遺棄的車輛都被列為特殊廢物。Because it is impossible to predict where dead a

20、nimals and abandoned automobiles will be found, these wastes are often identified as originating from nonspecific diffuse sources. 由于無法預測動物尸體和被遺棄的汽車一定在哪里，這些廢物是常常被列為非特定的擴散來源。This is in contrast to residential sources,which are also diffuse but specific in that the generation of the wastes is a recurr

21、ing event. 這是相對于住宅源，它同樣是擴散源，但覺得，廢物的產生是一種反復發生的事情具體。Treatment Plant Wastes 廢物解決廠The solid and semisolid wastes from water ,waste water, and industrial waste treatment facilities are included in this classification.固體和半固體廢物來自水，生活廢水和工業廢物解決設施，涉及在此分類。The specific characteristics of these materials vary, d

22、epending on the nature of the treatment process. 這些材料的具體特點各不相似，根據性質擬定解決過程。At present, their collection is not the charge of most municipal agencies responsible for solid waste management. 目前，她們的收集內容不是大多數市政機構負責固體廢物管理工作。In the future, however, it is anticipated that their disposal will become a major

23、factor in any solid waste management plan. 在將來，然而，估計它們的處置，將成為一種在任何固體廢物管理籌劃的重要因素。Agricultural Wastes 農業廢棄物Waste and residues resulting from diverse agricultural activities-such as the planting and harvesting of row, field ,and tree and vine crops,the production of milk, the production of animals for

24、slaughter, and the operation of feedlotsare collectively called agricultural wastes .不同的農業活動導致的，例如種植和收獲，牧場，樹和葡萄作物，生產牛奶，屠宰動物，與飼養場的運作，產生的廢物和殘存物，統稱農業廢棄物。At present, the disposal of these wastes is not the responsibility of most municipal and county solid waste management agencies. 目前，這些廢物的處置，不是大多數市，縣固體

25、廢物管理機構的責任范疇。However, in many areas the disposal of animal manure has become a critical problem, especially from feedlots and dairies. 然而，在許多領域中的動物糞便解決已成為一種嚴重的問題，特別是飼養場和奶牛場。Hazardous Wastes 危險廢物Chemical, biological, flammable, explosive, or radioactive wastes that pose a substantial danger, immediate

26、ly or over time, to human, plant, or animal life are classified as hazardous. 化學，生物，易燃，易爆，放射性廢物，它們立即或隨著時間的推移，對人類，植物或動物的生活導致重大危險的，是危險廢物。Typically, these wastes occur as liquids, but they are often found in the form of gases, solids,or sludges. 一般，這些廢物產生的是液體，但是它們常常被發現以氣體，固體，或廢渣形式存在。In all cases, these

27、 wastes must be handled and disposed of with great care and caution. 在所有狀況下，這些廢物必須妥善解決和小心謹慎地處置。Unit 20 Methods of Waste Disposal廢物處置措施It is inevitable that as there are different types of waste,there will be varying methods of waste disposal. 這是不可避免的，既然有不同類別的廢物，將有不同限度的廢物處置措施。Briefly most solid waste

28、s are deposited on land as tips or spoil heaps,or as land infill to quarries and mine shafts,or as dumps containing a large range of materials. 簡要大多數固體廢物被寄存在土地的提示或破壞堆，或填充的土地采石場和礦井，或堆放場的材料大范疇。In addition,small quantities of waste are are dumped into the sea. 此外，少量的廢物傾入海中。Waste is produced continually

29、 so there is often a need for some sort of storage facility. 不斷產生的廢物因此往往是某些儲存設施類的需要。In the case of some mineral extractive industries such as deep mined coal,china clay and ironstone,there is storage on the working site as spoil heaps,but this is waste deposition rather than disposal. 在某些礦產采掘業，如深開采煤

30、炭，粘土和鐵礦石中國的狀況，但在工作場合堆作為存儲破壞，但這是廢物沉積，而不是解決。In other industries the stored waste often has to be transported to disposal areas and tipped or dumped. 在其她行業存儲的廢物往往被運送到垃圾解決領域和傾斜或傾倒。Alternatively,the stored waste may be treated in various ways before disposal . 此外，存儲的廢物可被視為前以不同的方式解決。The treatment may redu

31、ce the bulk,or make disposal easier,or extract materials that can be reused or recycled back into manufacturing processes. 這種治療也許會減少體積，以便或進行處置，或摘錄可再用或循環再造到制造過程的回材料。In respect of environmental pollution the quantity,the treatment,and disposal methods of waste are of pime importance. 在環境污染的數量方面，治療和廢物解

32、決措施是宗座外方傳教會的重要性。Methods Used by Local Authorities地方當局使用的措施The Public Health Act 1936 enables Local Authorities to collect,treat,and dispose of all refuse from the domestic sector,and such industrial and trade waste as requested. 公共健康法1936年使地方當局可以收集，解決和處置都來自國內部門的垃圾，以及工業和貿易等的規定揮霍。In 1973,Local Authori

33、ties in England dealt with 19.5 M tonnes of waste by various methods (see table l) . 在1973年為19.5 M號公噸廢物通過多種方式解決的英國地方當局（見附表）。About 15 M tonnes of the tipped waste is household refuse consisting of cinders,ash,dust,vegetable and waste food matter,paper,board,metal,rags,glass,and plastics,whilst the re

34、maining 4.5 M tonnes is from trade sources. 約15M的傾瀉公噸廢物是生活垃圾構成的爐渣，粉煤灰，粉塵，蔬菜和揮霍糧食的問題，紙張，紙板，金屬，破布，玻璃，塑料，而余下的四米半噸是從貿易來源。About 86% of this waste is not pretreated an is disposed of by land tipping.One quarter of this waste is just dumped in an uncontrolled or non-systematic manner. 約86，這不是揮霍預解決是一種傾斜的土地處

35、置的。 The other 75% is dealt with by controlled tipping. 這些廢物的一種季度，只是在無法控制的傾倒或不系統的方式。此外75是通過控制解決傾瀉的。This means the waste is deposited,spread,and compacted into shallow layers,and covered with soil to assist decomposition and sealing. 這意味著廢物寄存，傳播和壓縮成淺層，并與土壤，協助分解和密封覆蓋。This method should ensure that loos

36、e litter does not blow about,there is no unpleasant odour,and flies and vermin do not breed to produce a health hazard. 這種措施應當保證垃圾不松散的打擊對，沒有任何不快樂的氣味，蒼蠅和害蟲繁殖不產生健康危害。An alternative to tipping is the use of waste for land in filling. 對傾斜的替代措施是揮霍土地使用彌補。Disused quarries, or land which is derelict by virt

37、ue of being low-lying and badly drained, or derelict as a result of spoil tips, can be reclaimed by refuse in-filling. 廢棄的采石場，或土地是由廢棄的正憑借低洼地帶及排水不好，或者廢棄因素導致的破壞技巧，可以回收的垃圾填。The shortage of suitable land for tipping purposes has caused some Local Authorities to consider alternative alternative methods o

38、f waste disposal.缺少合適的土地用于解決廢物，導致某些地方當局考慮其她廢物處置的替代措施。Controlled tipping is usually cheap in respect of capital and labour costs, but it can become costly if highly priced land has to be purchased for future tipping. 控制成本一般是減少在資本和勞動力方面的成本, 但它會變得更昂貴，如果高價的土地必須為將來的成本買單。A way of avoiding this, and assist

39、ing land conservation, is to reduce the bulk quantity of the waste before tipping.一種措施避免上述狀況，和保護土地，就是在傾倒之前大量減少廢物的量。This allows existing tips to be used for a longer time, reduces the need for new ones, and reduces labour costs for tipping operations. 為了傾倒廢物的行動，這表白既有的土地，要使用更長的時間，以減少新的需求，并減少勞動力成本。 Was

40、te can be pretreated by pulverizing, or mechanically breaking it down into smaller particle sizes which can reduce the bulk by up to 33% by volume. 廢物預解決可以粉碎，或機械分解成較小的顆粒尺寸下來，可減少多達33的體積。Whilst the cost of a pulverizing plant is high, the salvaging of materials for recycling, and less waste to deposit

41、 can help to off-set the initial capital cost. 雖然粉碎設備的成本高，但廢物原料可以循環再用，減少廢物的寄存，有助于抵消初始資本費用。Another pretreatment waste technique is incineration, which involves combustion in a furnace at a temperature between 950 and 1100C to minimize corrosion and the emission of odours. 另一種預解決垃圾的措施是焚燒，此措施是在溫度處在9501

42、100攝氏度之間的熔爐中燃燒，以減少腐爛和氣味的產生。This reduces the waste bulk considerably, and the process can reduce the volume up to 90% and the weight up to 60%, compared to untreated waste. 相對于未經解決的廢物，這大大減少了廢物的體積，這一過程可以體積減少高達90，重量達60。Also it is possible to use the heat energy produced for augmenting electrical genera

43、tion or district heating, and this is already being carried out in some countries. 并且可以用產生的熱能來增長發電量或用于地區取暖，并且這已經正在某些國家應用。It has been estimated that if all the household and trade refuse collected in the UK in 1974 had been incinerated and thr heat used, this could have saved energy equivalent to 6 M

44、 tonnes of coal.據估計，如果1974年英國所收集的家庭和交易市場的垃圾所有用來焚燒并且熱能都加以運用，則可以節省相稱于600萬噸煤的能量。Methods Use by industryAn approximate estimate of the annual amount of industrial waste produced in 1973 was 110M tonnes or 67% from the mining and quarrying industries,12M tonnes or 7.3% from CEGB power stations,and 23M to

45、nnes or 14% from other industrial sectors. 一種1973年生產的工業廢水量估計約為110噸，或從采礦及采石業67，1200萬噸，從中央發電局發電站7.3，二千三百萬噸或其她工業部門的14。There are no published figures for radioactive wastes, but the amount is relatively small. 沒有發布對放射性廢物的數字，但數額相對較小。The quantity and type of waste varies from industry to industry ,but the

46、 major part consists of solid material,liquid slurries and effluent containing a wide range of suspended and dissolved chemical substances.工業行業的不同廢物的數量與類型不同，但重要部分是固態物質，液體泥漿和污水具有懸浮和溶解多種化學物質構成。The large amount of solid waste produced by the mining and extractive industries is disposed of by tipping on

47、 land or into the sea. 采礦業和采掘工業產生的大量固體廢物用來處置土地或傾瀉入海。Other wastes such as furnace clinker, blastfurnace slag, and copper, tin and zinc-lead slags have been omitted because they are mainly re-use in subsequent production. 其她廢物，如高爐熟料，礦渣，銅，錫和鋅，鉛爐渣被忽視，由于它們是重要是在隨后的生產使用。About 70% of this waste is not treat

48、ed in any way and is tipped on land,or is use for land in-full and reclamation. 約70的這些廢物不以任何方式解決，是傾倒到土地上，或用于填埋土地或填海工程。The problems associated with this are not discussed in this paper. 這不是本文討論有關的問題。It should be noted that about 26% of the above wastes are not tipped,but are used to assist in the pro

49、duction of materials such as bricks, concrete blocks, cement, and road and concrete aggregate. 應當指出，大概26%以上不傾卸的廢物，但用于為材料的生產提供協助，如磚，水泥塊，水泥，道路，混凝土骨料。 Manufacturing industries produce wastes which are solid, semi-solid, liquid, or gaseous,and each category may contain toxic or non-toxic, flammable, and

50、 no-combustible constituents. 制造業產生的廢物是固體，半固體，液體或氣體，每類包具有毒或無毒，易燃，不可燃成分。There are no overall data available across all industries to show the quantities of waste or the methods of disposal. 沒有整體的數據提供各行業以顯示或處置廢物的措施的數量。Some limited surveys have been carride out, and these at least provide some detailed

51、 information. 某些有限的調查已經進行了，而這些至少提供了某些具體的資料。The Local Government Operational Research Unit conducted a survey of the industrial wastes from 600 firms in the heavily industrialized area of Manchester and Salford in 1970. 地方政府在1970年研究進行的一種高度工業化地區工業廢物的調查涉及曼徹斯特和索爾福德的600個行業。It was found that one million t

52、onnes of waste annum was produced, consisting of non-combusteble sludge, dust,ash,brick,slag and excabated materials; and combustible paper,rubber,plastics, timber, sawdust, textiles and chemical materials. 成果發現，每年產生100萬噸垃圾，涉及非可燃污泥，粉塵，灰，磚，爐渣和挖掘材料和可燃造紙，橡膠，塑料，木材，木屑，紡織品和化工原料。The quantities and methods

53、of disposal are shown in reference. In this survey, 72% of waste was tipped on land , 16% of the intractable an dangerous waste was dumped at sea in sealed containers , and 8.6% was buried . 波及廢物的數量和解決措施。在這個調查中，72的垃圾被堆積在土地上，16的危險廢物被傾倒在密封的集裝箱海，8.6被埋葬。Only about 3% of the waste disposed of by the alte

54、rnative methods of incineration or discharge into sewers. 只有約3作解決，焚化或排放入污水渠替代揮霍的措施。Unit 21Disposal of Solid Wastes固體廢物的處置LandfillingExcept for the disposal of municipal solid wastes at sea, which is not permitted by most developed countries, solid wastes, or their residues in some form, must go to t

55、he land. Landfilling, the most economical and consequently the most common method of solid waste disposal, is used for 90 percent f the municipal solid wastes in the United Kingdom and North America. Even in European countries like West Germany and Switzerland, with massive investments in incinerati

56、on and composting plants, over 6 percent of domestic and commercial waste is landfilled. Incineration cannot, of course, eliminate landfilling. In fact, it creates a more concentrated residue that may be more hazardous to water supplies than unburned solid wastes. The area needed for landfilling of

57、solid wastes is about 1 ah per year for every 25,000 people (1 Ac/10,000 people). This is illustrated in the following Example.Example For a population of 25,000, estimate the annual area requirements (excluding the buffer zone) for a normally compacted landfill having a refuse depth of 4m excluding

58、 cover material.Solution Assuming that per capita waste generation is 2.0kg/d and that the density of a well-compacted landfill is 450kg/m3,the annual area required is Area requirements for landfilling can vary considerably with the type of waste and the degree of compaction. Details of the design a

59、nd operation of sanitary landfills are discussed in reference.The balance of this section reviews some of the processes that may be used prior to land disposal to reduce waste volume and/or utilize waste components, thus reducing landfill needs.IncinerationVolume reduction. Large numbers of batch-fe

60、d incinerators built during the 1930 and 1940s to reduce waste volume were major contributors to air pollution, performed poorly, and were costly to maintain. Some of these were upgraded, but most were shut down and replaced by land disposal of refuse whenever possible. However, as landfill capacity