1、ConversationListentoaconversationnastudentanda universitytravel nksfor thelistoftravel agencies.ThisllreallyhelpifIgetachancetogoanotherconference, butnowmyquestionis:you ConversationListentoaconversationnastudentanda universitytravel nksfor thelistoftravel agencies.ThisllreallyhelpifIgetachancetogo

2、anotherconference, butnowmyquestionis:you ttheuniversitydoesntforeverythingdoesntcoverallthecostsofschool-relatedtravel. (1 )2:Nope,wedocoverthecostofthe conferenceitself,theregistrationfees, universitypolicytweonlycoveruptoacertainamountoftravelWecalculatetheaveragecost oftravelingtoacity,the avera

3、gecostoffood, 住宿,etcetera 等等,andarewillingtotmuchbacktoyou. 1:Right.Sofindoutwhatthe averagecosts2:Well, onthetravel findthecolumnsforthe youwent, geyoullfindachartbunchofcities. tyouretravelingto,likets1:Yea,the EasternLiterarySocietyConference.It wasIwenttohearions,you2:Ok,sothechartlyou howmuchth

4、euniversitywillcover fortripsPhiladelphia.Therewillbeacolumnforfood,one forion,one for,butIm1:Yes,sincePhiladelphiasonlyanhourfrom here andtheconferencewasjustday,ItswhyIwasntoverlyconcerned abouttheexpenses(3-1),butItakethetraininandof courseI expenseform?Ill needtofill it unchthere, soanyway,canIh

5、aveacopyof2:Sure, butitsquickerifttwayyourinformationgoes directly thetraveloffice.Wellouchlaterifweneedyour 1:Ok,Ialreadyt,butthesystem,itwouldntletmegettothe 2:ts 1Yea,itkeptaskingformyfora preapprovalnumber. (4重讀停頓2:Ok, thenumberyourdepartmentgaveyouwhenyoucompletedthe1:Preapprovalrequest?Ididntk

6、now.Noone toldmeaboutapreapprovaltswhyyourehavingtrouble.See,thepolicytyours preapproveyouforthetravel,t1:Preapprovalrequest?Ididntknow.Noone toldmeaboutapreapprovaltswhyyourehavingtrouble.See,thepolicytyours preapproveyouforthetravel,twe,theuniversitytraveloffice,sowenglegitimateschool-relatedtrave

7、l.Wecantbereimbursingpeopletheir1:Well, howwas I edtoknow? Imean, myprofessor onlyaskedmelike ks agoaftersomeoneelse 2Ohtsit. (5 重聽題tstudentprobablyfilledoutarequest.Youredepartmentcanprobablytformwithyour Thenitllshowupunderyour nameinsteadandyoucan do theonline1:Oh, really?Letmetalktothemandseewha

8、tI cando. Illcomebacktoyouifhavequestions2:Okandgood nksforyourConversationListentopartofa conversationnastudentandhis music1:HiProfessorWilson!SorryImlate. My bikehadaflattirethis 2:Ohno!Well,sometimesthings1:2:So,whatdidyouindfor your 1:Iwasthinkingofcreatingacomputer gametousictoyoungchildren. te

9、resting.Idontthinkweveeverhad anyonetfora lmeabout1:Well, my mothersamusic2:So yourefollowinginher1:Hersandmyfathers.Theyrebothmusic2:Ok, ok,go 1:And mymotherrecentlytoldmeeachingmethodcalledtheOrffwhereyoubeginroducingtheverymostbasicelementsofmusic;patterns,rhythmicmovement,two-notemelodies,andso2

10、:Ok, ok,go 1:And mymotherrecentlytoldmeeachingmethodcalledtheOrffwhereyoubeginroducingtheverymostbasicelementsofmusic;patterns,rhythmicmovement,two-notemelodies,andsoon andthenyoumovetomoreadvancedstuff.Iknowthereare otherttsortof butthekeytotheOrffMethod is ateverystepyouencouragethekidstouse theyr

11、elearningtocreatetheirownmusic(5 重聽題)naturalaffinityformusic,theirnaturalabilityfortdrawsoutthe2:tsagreatmethod.Weactuallycoveritinanotherclass I 1:Oh, ok.Yea,Iguessyouwouldprobablyalreadyknowaboutit.Anyway,andhopethisisok,Imalsotakingarogrammingclassthissemesterandahat classwehavetocomeupn ideafor

12、acomputergamethenwritethe2:And youwantto combinethe two1:Yes.IknowitmightlooklikeImtryingtogetoutworkbysubmittingthe projectfortwo classes, butinfactIthinkIllendngalotmoreworkthis 2:1:Well, itdactually be muchsimplertojustmakeupsomesimplegameforrojectandjustdosomesort ofresearchrontheOrffMethod your

13、class.Itsgoingtotakealotmorework in bothclassestocombinetheIllhavetolearnallabouttheOrffMethodthenIllhavetoinventtsbasedontheOrffMethodand thenIllhavetolearntodo somesophisticatedprogrammingtocreatetherogramforthe2:Ok,Imtyouresynthesizinglearningfromn1:2:And Ititsgoingtobealotof workif t1:Dontworry.

14、MygoalistocreatesomethingIcanput onthemarketand somemoneytohelppayoffmystudentloansso(5 說這話的目的2:1:Itts unusually hefamily.Myparentsalreadyhaveanumber ofeducationalCDsDVDsonthe2:Okok.Well,yousoldme.Illbelookingforwardtoseeingwhatyoucome110-ListentopartofalectureinabiologyWhenwe hearthewordbacteriaalo

15、tofpeoplethink germs病菌ordiseasebutbacteriacanbeorbadandifitwerentfor2:Okok.Well,yousoldme.Illbelookingforwardtoseeingwhatyoucome110-ListentopartofalectureinabiologyWhenwe hearthewordbacteriaalotofpeoplethink germs病菌ordiseasebutbacteriacanbeorbadandifitwerentforthegoodbacteriawe wouldntbeabletosurviv

16、e,but beforeotletmereiteratetbacteriaarevirtuallyeverywhere.Therearebacterialivinginsoil,livingwindowsills窗臺theyrelivingonusandtheyrelivinginus. Asyouknow, bacteriatiny,single-anisms.Theymove,theybreathe,theydo alotofthetwedo.havemetabolicactivities.Theycanbreakdownsugars,buildproteins,andsecretethi

17、ngsandallthingshappenjustonamuch smallerandfaster Anumberofresearchstudieshave shownandnow,thisishardtove,butthenumberofcellsinandonourbodyactuallyexceedsthe numberofourhumancells.Ifyouconsideralltheandbacterialtexistinandonourbody, onlyoneineverytencellsin ourbodyishuman.restaremostlybacteria.Now,b

18、ecausethe bacteriacellsaremuchtdoesntt are90%bacteria, butstillItamazing.Nineoftencellsarebacteria(2 態度題受事實沒有confused沒有regret沒有未來研究，聽什么).So,whydowehavetheseeast500differenthedigestivesystemaloneandsayhelpful?Letslookat someles. ,ourbodiescantmakecertainvitamins,likecertainB-vitaminsandvitamin-K,whic

19、hplaysimportantroleinbloodclotting. So, wehavethesegoodbacteriainourdigestivesystem.Theyeatatandsecretethose vitaminsforus (3-1).Also,somebacteriahelpusdigestt owndigestiveenzymescannototherwises. Foreastonebacterialspeciesdownthecomplexcarbohydrates(3-2) 碳水化合tarefoundinvegetablesandlantOurownenzyme

20、scantdothisforus.Thebacteriainourdigestivesystemalsocompeteforthe tbadbacterianeed. (3-3)Youknow,thetifallowedtogrowunchecked制的檢查的canbeharmfultous.Therere somanymoregoodnbad tthegood onesoverwhelmthe badonesby taking upmostofthenutrients. ThebacteriaonourskindoasimilarthingTheypreventthebadbacteria

21、fromgettinga foothold點sotheyreallyserveasanotherlayerofprotectionagainstinfection影響sowhenyouwashhands ntibacterial抗菌的soap, youknowthesoapthelpskillbacteriawhenyouuseit, whattdo?Itsgoingtokillthebacteriaandnotjustthe badbacteria.Thesoap betnthegoodandbad.Alotofthe goodprotectingyouwillbedestroyed破壞 a

22、swell. (4)Anothertinadvertently疏忽的，非故意的killsgoodbacteriaareantibioticsMostofarewhatwecallbroad-spectrum廣譜antibioticseanstheykillallkindsofbacteria,notthebadonesSotoreplenish補充someofthegoodbacteriawecantakeprobioticslikethecontainedinyogurt.Theresabacteriumusedtohelpmakeyogurtanditsthe same kindoftca

23、naiddigestion,soifyouget sickandyoure givenantibioticsthedoctorlyoutotsoneformofprobiotictherapy.Thedoctorwouldactuallysaytoyoutoeatyogurt livecultures,withlivebacteria. Yousee,allcontainedinyogurt.Theresabacteriumusedtohelpmakeyogurtanditsthe same kindoftcanaiddigestion,soifyouget sickandyoure give

24、nantibioticsthedoctorlyoutotsoneformofprobiotictherapy.Thedoctorwouldactuallysaytoyoutoeatyogurt livecultures,withlivebacteria. Yousee,allyogurtismadewithlivebacteria,butsomeyogurtdestroythehesing Anyway,theresplentyoft probioticscanhelptreatorpreventcertaindigestive(6-1)butifyouoahealthfoodstoreyou

25、mayseeprobiotic ingtolowerreanddothingsbeyondimprovingestinal胃腸道的healthWhilethesemayverywell hefuture,rightnowtheyre tulationsbasedlaboratorydatatesttubeexperimentsNotonppenswhenpeopleactuallytake筆記orion crab 分開寫會更清楚，P 舉例邏輯不掉What is the main e ofthe TocontrastthefunctionsofprobioticsandantibioticsTo

26、describesomet bacteriacontributeto humanTodescribesome(NG)n l and harmfulbacteria The herelationship n bacteria andvitaminsThe professor mentions research findings on the number of bacterial cells human body. What is her opinion of these findings?Sheisconfused by theinconsistency of thevariousfindin

27、gs. Sheacceptsthevalidity正確，有效 oftheSheexpects She t futureresearch willt theestimatesare too high. t researchers did not include counts of bacteria in the system. According to the professor, what are the main functions of l tnormally hedigestive Click on 3 Theyhelp thebodyscomplex They consume the

28、tcausedigestiveproblems. tthe body cannot makeonitsTheyome Theyslow down theabsorption ofproteins. TheypreventbadbacteriafromobtainingenoughWhatdoestheprofessor implyabout theuseof antibacterial It may increasetheriskofan It is notvery effective inkillingbacteria. Itiseffectiveonlyif used onaregular

29、basis. It providestheskin nadded layerof protection. What doestheprofessor makeaboutthe bacteriapresentin Thebacteriacan causesicknessin somepeople. Thebacteria insome yogurtbrandsare difficulttodigest. LivebacteriaarenotpresentinallyogurtThebacteriaact likeItiseffectiveonlyif used onaregularbasis.

30、It providestheskin nadded layerof protection. What doestheprofessor makeaboutthe bacteriapresentin Thebacteriacan causesicknessin somepeople. Thebacteria insome yogurtbrandsare difficulttodigest. LivebacteriaarenotpresentinallyogurtThebacteriaact likean hedigestivesystem.What doestheprofessor implya

31、bout Click on 2 Theycan helpfixproblemscaused byThey willeventually replaceantibiotics.They probablycause more ngood.Evidenceislackingforcertain claims about probiotic111-l P:Nowwhen thelast classended, weweretalkingabout valuate people, how we lookat eopleanddeterminewhich peoplearelikely tohelpful

32、tous and which people are likelyto hinderusaswe go throughlife andt theability todistinguish nthesetwokindsof people, towhatwecall levaluations, iscriticaltoour survival. Yes,S1: talearnedabilityor somethingwereborn P: Well,therevebeen t t weare born certaincapacity l evaluation,tinfantsasyoung assi

33、x monthsareable tomakelevaluations. S2: Idont tsible, sixmonths, babiesarestillpreverbal 前語言期的, so(6 重聽tsagood question.Oneofthe studiesImreferringto consisted ofexperimentsdonebyresearchersatYaleUniversity.Inbothexperiments,the researchers looked at a group of six-month olds.To preparefor experimen

34、t, theresearchersconstructedalittlestageand tstage, theyconstructedalittlehill,ok?Andthen theygot threewooden he ofacircle, heof a square, and heof triangle,ok?Andoneach of theseblocks,they glued apair of eyes,littlecirclesblack t lookedlike eyes, ok?(2-phaseof theexperiment,theresearchersshowed the

35、infantsaseries brief scenarios(2-1) 情節;劇本; Inevery scenario, oneof theblocks, letssay lock, played the role ofa climbertryingtoget to thetop ofthe hill,ok? Solockwastheclimber. ,theclimberblockwould appear byitself startclimbing upthehill, but itwouldbestruggling. Thenin some of thescenarios, one of

36、 the other blocks, lets say the square, would appear and would alwayshelptheclimber blockgettothetopofthehill;gentlynudgeitupthehill,ok?So you hadthe square block always theclimber block he rest ofscenarios,theother block, letssaythetriangle, wouldappearandwouldhindertheclimber block.Itwould alwaysb

37、locktheclimbersndforce itscenarios, one of the other blocks, lets say the square, would appear and would alwayshelptheclimber blockgettothetopofthehill;gentlynudgeitupthehill,ok?So you hadthe square block always theclimber block he rest ofscenarios,theother block, letssaythetriangle, wouldappearandw

38、ouldhindertheclimber block.Itwould alwaysblocktheclimbersndforce itdownthehill, so thelockwasalwayshindering theclimber Ok,t wasphase. hesecondphaseof theexperiment, researchersplacedthehelperandhindererblocksinfrontofeachinfantandthey noted which block each infant reached for. (2-2)S2: And theidea

39、t theydreach for thehelper tsright tsexactly osteverycase. S1: Imwondering howyou couldbe ttheyrechoosing based on levaluation. Immean,maybethey justlike circlesnsquaresormaybejustliketoseethingsgoingupthehillmore the hill or something.nthey like to see thingscomingP: Excellentquestion, whichiswhat

40、theresearcherswereobviouslywondering well because, as I mentioned earr, they did a second experiment (3). They took anothergroupofsix-montholdsandshowedthemscenariosverysimilartotheonesexperiment, ok?Onlythistime,theclimber blockve eyesand nevermovedbyitself.Itonlygotpushedupthehillbyone block,veryg

41、ently, very smoothly and down the hill by the other block very gently, very smoothly.S1: hesecond experiment, theideatthe babieswouldnt perceive climber blockasalivingthinganditwasnttryingtodoanything, soitcouldntreally be helped or hindered. (4)P: S1:Sothentherewouldnt be anyl evaluation P:Exactlya

42、nd thistime, whentheresearchersoffered theinfantsthewooden they veaclear ts P:Yesand whatsconsideredmost significant aboutthesestudies isnot不是so t the infantswereable tomake levaluations, but t they wereable eractionsn unknown重讀individualsthad nothing todo withtspretty S1:Espe P: Yes.llyfor asix-mon

43、th 1. What doestheprofessor mainlyA. Amethodfor teaching infantsl-evaluation Varioustinfants learn l-evaluationtinfantsare ableto evaluate l tinfants tecertainemotionswithcertaingeometrics2. What didnexperimenttheprofessordescribes?Clickon2 eaning tohepassageisA. Theyobserved infantsastheyplaywithwo

44、oden B. They observedinfantsasC.TheypresentedinfantseractedwithoneseriesofsimpleD.Theyobserved2. What didnexperimenttheprofessordescribes?Clickon2 eaning tohepassageisA. Theyobserved infantsastheyplaywithwooden B. They observedinfantsasC.TheypresentedinfantseractedwithoneseriesofsimpleD.Theyobserved

45、astheinfantchosentwo3.Whatdoestheprofessorimplywasthepur researchers conducted?eof the second t Todeterminewhether thefindingsaboutyoungerinfantsalsoapplytoolder Tofindout whetherinfants l-evaluationskillsimprovewithC. Tocorrect aprocedural D.Toruleout sible alternativeexplanationsfor theresultsof4.

46、 Whydidtheresearcherschangetheappearanceandmovementoftheclimber block he second experimentA. Tomake theclimber blockmoreB. To ttheclimber blockwasnotC. Tomaketheclimber blockmoreattractive tothe D. Tomaketheclimber blockappear more 5. Accordingtotheprofessor,what isconsideredthemost significantfindi

47、ngof experiments he tinfantsare ableto evaluate eractionsinwhichtheyaretyoung infantslearn l skillseractingwithothertinfantsare ableto evaluate their ownl tinfantscannotdistinguishbet n eractionsand 6. What doesthestudent mean when hesaysA.He tpeople areborn with the ability to makel B.Hewondershowr

48、esearcherscamesaboutinfants l-evaluationC. Hetall infantshave theexact some D.Hedoesnotunderstandwhyinfantsneed l-evaluation 112-TheRiteofTodayIdliketolookatanimportantpieceofmusicofthe20thcentury.Itsaballet, so you might imagine graceful melodies and dancers, refined and beautiful, art butthistradi

49、tional viewof ballet waschallenged and altered oneevening inof 1913.Thetheater wasreopeningafter extensiverenovation andthe audience impressedwhentheysawthenewlyrestoredelegance. t wasa very traditionalballet remarkable尋常的，不值得注意的music,TodayIdliketolookatanimportantpieceofmusicofthe20thcentury.Itsaba

50、llet, so you might imagine graceful melodies and dancers, refined and beautiful, art butthistraditional viewof ballet waschallenged and altered oneevening inof 1913.Thetheater wasreopeningafter extensiverenovation andthe audience impressedwhentheysawthenewlyrestoredelegance. t wasa very traditionalb

51、allet remarkable尋常的，不值得注意的music,t could notbe said about whatfollowed:Rite ofSpringby Igor 首次 performance of TheRiteofSpringopened withsome very high notesplayed by the normallyadeep-tonedinstrument.Such strained, pinchedt audiencehad no ideawhat instrument wasplayingthenanother instrumentcame playi

52、ng a different melodyslightlydifferentrhythm, tdidntreally withtheopeningbassoon.(2，chaotic 不是樂器不典型，而是旋，聽到什么選什不要自己隨便imply)Gradually,moreandmoreinstrumentsin, each rfectlybeautifulmelody,but none of themreallymaking with what the other instrumentswereplaying. Itsounded (chaotic),but thenreally went c

53、razy whenthe curtain went upand the aw the Theywerewearingroughcostumesand werent poisedelegantly泰然自若優雅traditional balletdancersand when they starteddancing, Ishould mentiontthechoreographywascreatedbyStravinskyscollaborator,Naginski,andNaginski, in the words of an eye witness, Naginski had the danc

54、ers repeat the same gestures adred times.They edinplace he said,they , they. 別人話，quoteeyewitness,audience 的都很重要，以及該目的也很重要Well, verysoon noise startedto heaudienceand it quicklybecame ttherewere two differents,supportersanddetractors. Membersofthebeganto eachandsoonpeoplewere actually heaisles過道(5 眾的

55、反映Thelightswere even turned onso couldescort護送sometheoffendersoutofthe building,tdidntreally seem tohelp much.Initst the ually made itthrough ece,but whenit over, whileapplausebrokeoutfromsome whowere ic狂喜的;入迷的dhappened, andangry shoutingfrom manyotherswhowereshocked appalled bywhattheyfelttobeacomp

56、letebetrayal, abreakdownoftraditional ballet. (3 觀眾本以為傳統)The tevening wasagreat mentto Stravinsky. Ironicallytheproducer of thet nightwasallupset. Hewasteveryone in Paris would soon be talking of nothing but this, well what many were calling, thisterriblescandal.Thenasnowapparently, producerslikealm

57、ostanykind of publicity. Even notoriety 惡名，丑名; sells seats, they say.ts ppened tperformanceof TheRiteofSpring. Whatsquitesoclear iswhy, whatset offthishugeuproar 喧囂;吵鬧?WastStravinskysmusicchabreak from thepast?The ling oftheevents tevening certainly created thepopular t thispiece marked thedawn ofne

58、w, modernagein orchestral thelpedestablish eion an important,even toneusicalhistory and Idsay ionisprettywelldeserved,but we were trying to answer.ually adifferent questionfrom the Asto whatinfactevening certainly created thepopular t thispiece marked thedawn ofnew, modernagein orchestral thelpedest

59、ablish eion an important,even toneusicalhistory and Idsay ionisprettywelldeserved,but we were trying to answer.ually adifferent questionfrom the Asto whatinfactcaused thenearriot, wellconsider this: afterfew oftheperformance,therewasso muchhe tmusiccould hardly beheard. Im hardlyaloneintitwaslessnth

60、etoutragedso muchof theaudience. Ballet loverssoshockedbyNaginskisanyt the music, welllets sayit didnt getafair hearing.It wasonlywhenthework wasperformedinwithoutany dancersabout ayear t Stravinsky finally feltrues, t was just on the eve of World War I and so it wasnt performed as a ballet again fo