1、外文文獻翻譯譯稿1基于電阻應變式稱重傳感器的高精度和低容量電子秤開發Baoxiang He,Guirong Lu ,Kaibin Chu ,Guoqiang Ma摘要：基于稱重傳感器的應變計優化設計中除了一些先進的穩定技術比如溫度的影響之外，靜態超載和計算機模式識別（CRT）技術也被用來進行動態模擬與分析。這種多諧振蕩的壓力釋放方法是在生產中創造性的使用了壓力傳感器，由于這種技術，量程30G的壓力傳感器才能做到高精度，高穩定性。由于使用了這種壓力傳感器，使得基于傳感器的電子秤擁有300,00種分類和mg的精度。這種壓力傳感器的量程和精度遠遠高于市場上的同類產品，而其價格卻遠低于電磁壓力傳感器。

2、因此，這種壓力傳感器的商業前景是十分廣闊的。關鍵詞：設計；電阻應變式稱重傳感器；精度；電子秤眾所周知，壓力傳感器的精度是決定一個的電子秤精度的關鍵。目前，用于高精度稱重的傳感器主要是電磁平衡式稱重傳感器。低成本電阻應變式稱重傳感器僅能用于使低精度的稱量。主要影響精度應變式稱重傳感器的誤差是蠕變和溫度漂移，特別是對于低負荷的傳感器來說。一般來說，高精度傳感器的負載能力最低是300克。稱重傳感器的最大分配平衡只有50K，最小分辨率是不小于0.01克。總而言之，對于超低容量稱重傳感器來說設計和制造技術是很難被應用到敏感的稱重傳感器的加工和生產中的。因此很難做出足夠好的高精度平衡的稱重傳感器 。使得低

3、量程和高精度的傳感器始終是全世界的熱門話題。本文將分析應力釋放及補償技術，探索低量程高精度應變式稱重傳感器的制造技術。2原理與方法A. 殘余應力的釋放制作壓力傳感器主要部件的材料是鋁棒。為了獲得更好的綜合性能，鋁條會在擠壓后進行淬火。由于淬火的殘余應力不能被自然老化而得到充分釋放，此外，機械加工和固化過程中也會造成很大的殘余應力，特別是對于超低容量稱重傳感器來說，如果這個壓力不及時釋放，可能就會在壓力傳感器被測試或者是最終使用的時候釋放出來。這將導致改變壓力傳感器傳感器的輸出，而且這種變化不能從壓力傳感器的溫度和蠕變性能中被篩選出來。這將會影響稱重傳感器穩定性與精度。這是一個制造超低量程傳感器

4、的主要困難。為了釋放殘余應力，壓力傳感器要經受高溫和低溫室不同溫度的敲打。盡管這些都不夠，但是靜態超載方法還是在被使用。多諧振蕩的方法被引進來讓應力得到進一步的釋放。該方法解決了勵磁機和振動傳感器，稱重傳感器，并將其放置在橡膠墊上。諧振頻率將被自動掃描出來，然后將壓力傳感器進行少于30分鐘的共振。當壓力傳感器的應力得到釋放的時候會發生微型的塑料變形。有一點需要提一下的是，對傳統的振動時效設備，工藝調整興奮點，支撐點和部分拾取點很 復雜。并且也難以達到最佳狀態。 每個部分都需要不同的工藝參數。然而，對于這里提到的全能多諧振蕩應力釋放法，有一個拾取點沒有特殊的要求和支撐點。運營商可以通過簡單的訓練

5、掌握那個技能 。圖1所示的是這種全方位多諧振蕩器的模擬圖紙1,2。圖2是稱重傳感器的零點平衡和靈敏度穩定性的應力釋放效果的對比。4#-6#號樣品通過了壓力釋放過程，而1#-3#號樣品卻沒有。顯然，當應力用以上述方法被釋放時，測力傳感器的零平衡和靈敏度的穩定性將大大提高。 圖1全能多諧振蕩器測力傳感器的蠕變是指具有相同的溫度和相同的負載下時的負載傳感器的輸出變化。蠕變基本上是由元件的材料的蠕變現象引起的，這會導致傳感器正蠕變。一般情況下，應變片被設計成負蠕變補償蠕變的元件。理論上，該元件的蠕變可以通過合理匹配的應變片和元件進行補償。在生產過程中，元件的屬性和應變有很大的偏離批次，甚至有不同的單位

6、。特別是對于超低 容量稱重傳感器,已蠕變匹配的可能性是非常低的。除了物質，有些因素比如壓制粘合，引線和密封在生產過程中在很大程度上也會影響蠕變性能。因此，原料的分級，降低每個關鍵過程因素的偏差都非常重要。在這里提到的稱重傳感器的生產過程中，如嚴格控制方法進一步分類的原材料和零部件，從原材料的批次控制入手，對關鍵過程相一致的操作是用來增強一致性。在這里提到的稱重傳感器的生產過程中，如嚴格控制方法進一步分類的原材料和零部件，從原材料的批次控制入手，對關鍵過程相一致的操作是用來增強一致性。通過以上所有這些努力，蠕變的收益率足夠達到大規模生產的要求，使得大規模生產超低容量稱重傳感器得以實現。作為補償方

7、法中最有效的一個，該模糊補償被廣泛地用來降低蠕變。模糊識別原理目前，有兩種方法進行模糊識別,分別是最大隸屬度原則和選擇最接近的原則。前者被用來識別單個模型，而后者是用來識別多個模型。根據具體情況，本文采用最大隸屬原則來確定蠕變的起點。根據最大隸屬原則如果存在一個元素使得那么是從屬于，。（2）傳感器的負載變化的區分。假設為傳感器的前一時間的輸出，是傳感器的當前輸出，所以 該可變數量的電流輸出等于傳感器輸出的相對變化量 等于。要研究傳感器輸出的不同嚴重程度;需要把傳感器輸出的相對變化量用通過從視圖簡化算法相對浮動利率替代。假設相對變化量是在采樣時間段（或其整數倍）的傳感器輸出的是整體U,A1,A2

8、是模糊集的急性變化和U，分別緩慢的變化，及其隸屬函數如下。的單位是1/100000，判斷在一定時間段的點的狀態，所述傳感器計算的點的隸屬度，在實際測量中，其中兩個以上提的模糊集合是用上述隸屬函數分別計算。（3）傳感器蠕變的模糊補償的現實化。采用上述補償方法，本文以正蠕變曲線為例，說明傳感器蠕變的模糊補償過程。該傳感器從零負載和零蠕變工作開始。從傳感器的輸出的急性變化的負荷段到傳感器輸出緩慢變化的蠕變段。在蠕變段，該計算機作為傳感器的數據采集系統讀取傳感器以一定的速度輸出，計算輸出的變化，求隸屬度和，其對應的模糊集合的急性變化和在當前時間點的緩慢變化，并比較它們的值，最后的電流傳感器的輸出已被存

9、儲。當時，通過傳感器實際能承受的負載減去來自傳感器的前一時間的輸出存儲在存儲器中的蠕變量獲得判斷上述時間是蠕變點。繼而W0的在存儲器中的初始值被移位與上述計算值作為下一個時間段的初始負載W0。電腦會繼續讀取輸出，計算出模糊集A1和A2在當前時間的隸屬度，比較值，判斷是否蠕變繼續發生，并尋求當前蠕變值通過來自所述傳感器的電流輸出中減去W0以上的值，然后將其存儲到流離失所原來的蠕變值的內存。通過不斷地模糊識別負載雕像和動態調整初始負載和每一個過程的蠕變量得到實際的負載。稱重傳感器的補償進行了詳細的描述，并且它需要說明的是，上述方法中提到也適用只是讓蠕變。（4）驗證測試采用上述補償方法使試驗驗證。實

10、驗程序在加載傳感器上的各10g，2分鐘后加入10克，持續2分鐘，并卸到零，并等待2分鐘，再加入30克，等待5分鐘。該傳感器的輸出應該被讀到分別在已經加載的時間和下次加載的時間。測試數據如表1所示。試驗結果表明了非常滿意的補償。蠕變補償的方法不被許多傳感器廠商受歡迎。一些公司在國外使用的方法是建立數學模型，并利用該模型彌補蠕變。但這不是太好辦法因為較昂貴的成本，計算量大和在不同環境下的適應性差，對重量傳感器的蠕變特性關于提到的模糊補償分析了蠕變和傳感器的工作狀態。使用的特性曲線，如裝卸傳感器蠕動，使用特殊功能傳感器的當前輸出的計算的改變，結合動態模糊識別，找出蠕變不同加載條件下的開始和結束，并由

11、小而簡單的方式蠕變值計算區別而不影響傳感器的動態響應特性。表1 有補償和無補償測試數據比較因為傳感器在動態電流下可以有不同的工藝蠕變值，因此，蠕變誤差可以由實時性控制。有一個結論是，該傳感器可以用來補償蠕變精度高。因為它是一種低成本的方法，所以蠕變試驗和傳感器是沒有必要的，這是一種對重量傳感器的蠕變補償的簡單和有用的方法。C. 溫度補償在無負載的情況下，稱重傳感器的輸出隨溫度變化被稱為零點溫度漂移。具有相同的負載情況下，稱重傳感器的輸出隨溫度的變化被稱為為靈敏度溫度漂移。其中一個原因溫度漂移的主要原因是電阻應變計的溫度系數。另一種是元件材料的彈性模量的溫度系數。一般情況下應變式稱重傳感器采用差

12、動全橋電路和彈性模量補償計得到補償。差動全橋電路的補償原理是基于這四個應變片具有精確相同的溫度特性的假設。這不可能的大規模生產，所以每個稱重傳感器應單獨測試和補償。對于精度要求較高的應用，因為材料和補償計偏差的測試和補償，不同稱重傳感器的靈敏度溫度漂移也需要各不相同。但是，即使有上述這些補償，最后的結果仍然不能滿足高精度稱重傳感器的要求。其原因在于溫度漂移屬性的原始曲線在許多情況下不是線性的。上面提到的只是測試和補償在規定的溫度范圍的兩端傳統的補償方法，即使測試和補償是完全正確的，中間點在此范圍內不能得到有效補償。因此計算機曲線擬合技術用于生產超低容量負載傳感器。用這種方法，負載單元根據兩個以

13、上的溫度點測試，測試系統將給出一組計算機裝有補償參數。然后稱重傳感器就能得到充分有效的補償。D. 線性度改善線性度是測力傳感器的另一個關鍵參數。雖然有些電子秤具有線性補償功能，但它仍然有一些缺點，比如：復雜的校核問題。電子秤被要求有更多的內存，更長的讀取反應時間，所以稱重傳感器要具有良好的線性性能仍然是至關重要的。線性誤差主要是由于元件與應變計的設計造成的，對于高精度的應用特別是在超低容量稱重傳感器， 還有更多的因素會影響這一性能。首先，鋁材料的元件是很重要的，絕大多數的稱重傳感器使用2024或LY12鋁制成。但是一些頂級公司有自己獨特的化學成分規范，而且，硬度也是非常重要的。一些公司在機械加

14、工之前或之后都有自己的熱處理工藝。第二，底部的壓力，不同材料的底部有不同的線性性能, 這種效應在超低容量壓力傳感器上更為明顯。所以為制造高準確度的傳感器選擇合適的傳感器的基礎材料是另一個關鍵點。第三是傳感器的基架,超過15年的經驗讓我們相信箔的熱處理的線性性能具有顯著的影響,所以測試和分類是非常重要的。在我們的設計和生產超低容量的傳感器的過程中，,以上因素在許多實驗中將被認為是最好的組合。3稱重傳感器的性能測試 基于以上技術的壓力釋放,蠕變控制和溫度補償,我們得到MSP3B稱重傳感器低容量30 g如圖3所示, 圖3 MSP3B-30g壓力傳感器測試程序OIML 60的測試結果如圖4所示。圖4

15、MSP3B-30g-005 稱重傳感器誤差曲線顯然,空間,冷,熱,室溫的不同都會影響稱重傳感器的應用。除此之外,這些稱重傳感器符合OIML C3的蠕變、溫度漂移規范。4、結論總而言之，在設計階段有限的進行分析優化冷熱溫度和靜態超載，特別是在生產階段的應力釋放過程中創造性地運用了振動方法。這使得30克超低量程稱重傳感器的蠕變得到很好的控制。測試結果表明，所有組合誤差的蠕變和這個稱重傳感器都符合OIML C3的規范的高溫性能。雖然生產超低容量稱重傳感器有許多極為敏感因素而被列為禁區。但是，這個禁區能通過嚴格的操作和精細的控制而被有效突破和詳細的分析。參考文獻1 SUN Zhiguo, HUANG

16、Weidong, ZHANG Qun. Effect of different adhesives on the evolution of residual stress at chip surface during and after curing for COB parkages J. Journal of functional materlals and devices. 2002,(2):195-199. 2 LIU Jiuqing. Some research to improve stability of weighting sensor made using aluminum a

17、lloy J.Winghing Instrument. 2002, (3): 9-14. 3 Zou Y,Suhling J C,Die surface stress variation during thermal cycling and thermal aging reliability tests C. Proceedings Electronic Components and Technology Conference C,1999,1249-1260. 4 LIN Haoshun. Researches on Compensation of Creep of Load Cell J.

18、 Instrument Technique, 2005,(3):84-85. 5 ZHU Zijian, CHEN Renwen, ZHANG Dong. Researches on Fuzzy Compensation of Creep of Load Cell J. Chinese Journal of Sensors and Actuators, 2003,(1): 54-58. 6 XU Huafeng, DONG Yan. Reseach about compensation technology of strain weighting sensor with high accura

19、cy J. Winghing Instrument. 2001, (4). 7 M. Shimojo, A. Namiki, M. Ishikawa, R. Makino, K. Mabuchi, A tactile sensor sheet using pressure conductive rubber with electrical-wires stitched methodJ, IEEE Trans. Sensor J. 4 (2004) 589596.外文文獻翻譯原文 1 Developing of High Accuracy and Low Capacity Strain Gage

20、 Based Load Cell for Electronic ScaleBaoxiang He,Guirong Lu ,Kaibin Chu ,Guoqiang MaAbstract：A strain gage based load cell optimized with final element analysis design. Besides some advanced stabilizing technologies like temperature impact, static overload, computer pattern recognition (CRT) technol

21、ogy is also used to make dynamic simulate and analysis. The multivibration stress release method base on that is creatively used in the production of this load cell. With all this technologies, high accuracy, high stability is achieved on the load cell with the capacity of 30 g. With this load cells

22、, strain gage based electronic balance with divisions of 300,000 and resolution of less than 0.2mg is practicable. The capacity and accuracy of this load cell is much higher than similar product on the market while its price is much lower than electromagnetic load cell. Therefore, the commercial pro

23、spect of his load cell is encouraging. Keywords ：design, strain gage based load cell, accuracy, electronic scale.I. INTRODUCTION It is well known that the accuracy of load cell is one of the key factors for the accuracy of the balance scales. Currently, the load cell used in high accuracy balances m

24、ainly is electromagnetic balance load cell. The low cost strain gage based load cell is only used to make low accuracy balance. The main errors effects the accuracy strain gage base load cell are creep and temperature drift, especially for low capacity load cell. Traditionally, the lowest capacity f

25、or high accuracy strain gage based load cell is 300g. The maximum division for balance with this load cell is only 50k and the minimum resolution is no less than 0.01g. All in all, for super low capacity load cell, the design and manufacturing technology is not easy to be merged organically and the

26、load cell is extremely sensitive to the material, machining and production process. So it is hard to make good enough load cell meets with the requirement of high accuracy balance. Making super low capacity high accuracy strain gage base is always the worldwide hot subject. This article will making

27、analysis and research on stress release and compensation technology to explore the manufacturing technology of make super low capacity high accuracy strain gage based load cell. II. PRINCIPLE AND METHOD Release of residual stressThe material used to make the main parts of the load cell is HYPERLINK

28、:/fanyi.baidu /#en/zh/aluminiumaluminium bar. To get better combined performance, HYPERLINK :/fanyi.baidu /#en/zh/aluminiumaluminiumbar will be quenched after extruding. The residual stress of quench cant be fully released by natural aging. Moreover, the machining, gagging, curing process will also

29、cause big residual stress, especially for super low capacity load cell. If this stress is not release in time, it will be gradually released while the load cell is being test and even in final application. This will cause change of load cells output and this change cant be screen out from the temper

30、ature and creep performance of the load cell. So it will affect the stability and accuracy of the load cell. This is one of the main difficult of making super low capacity load cell. To have the residual stress released, the load cell is undergone temperature hit between hot and cold chamber. Then t

31、he static overload method is also been applied however these are still not enough .To have the stress further released, the multivibration method is specially introduced. The method is fix the exciter and vibration sensor to the load cell and place them on the rubber pad. The resonance frequency wil

32、l be automatically scanned out and then the load cell underwent less than 30 minutes sub-resonance. Microscopic plastic deformation will happen inside the load cell and the stress get released. One thing needs to mention here is that for traditional vibration aging equipment, the process to adjust t

33、he exciting point, supporting point and pickup point of the part is very complicated. And it is also hard to achieve the best status. Each part needs a different process parameter. However for the all-around multivibration stress release method mentioned here, there is no special requirement for the

34、 pick up point and supporting point. Operators can master that skill with simple training. Fig 1 below is the simulated drawing of this all-round multivibrator. Fig 2 is the contrast of the stress release effects to the stability of load cells zero balance and sensitivity. 4#6# are samples have gone

35、 through release process mentioned above while samples1#3# havent. Obviously, when the stress is released with above method, the stability of the load cells zero balance and sensitivity is greatly improved. Fig.1 All-round multivibratorFig. 2. The contrast of the stress release effects to the stabil

36、ity of load cells zero balance and sensitivity. B. Creep control The creep of the load cell refers the load cells output change with time under same temperature and same load. The creep is basically caused by the creep phenomena of the material of the element. This causes positive creep on the load

37、cell. Normally the strain gage is designed as negative creep to compensate the positive creep of the element. Theoretically, the creep of the element can be compensated by reasonable match the strain gage and element. In the production process, the property of the element and the strain have big dev

38、iations from batch to batch and even from from unit to unit. The possibility to have creep matched is very low, especially for super low capacity load cell. Besides the material, some factors in the production process like gagging adhesive, lead wire and sealing also affect the creep performance to

39、a great extent. So, classifying the raw material, reduce the evitation of each key process factor are very important. In the production process of the load cell mentioned here, strict control methods like further classify raw material and parts, batch control start from raw material on, consistent o

40、peration on key process are used to enhance the consistency. With all these efforts above, the yield rate of the creep is high enough for massive production. Then the door for massive production of super low capacity load cell is opened 4,5As the most efficient one of compensation method, the fuzzy

41、compensating is widely used to reduce the creep.The principle of fuzzy identification.At present, there are two ways for fuzzy identification, which are the biggest membership principle and the principle of choosing the nearest. The former is used to identify an individual model, while the latter is

42、 used to identify the population model. According to the concrete conditions, this paper adopts the biggest membership principle to identify the starting point of the creep.According to the principle of the biggest membership, Supposing is considered to subordinate relatively to the set of Ai if the

43、re exists an element i such that The distinguish of the load variation of the sensor.Suppose that is the output of sensor at the preceding time, is the output of sensor at present, so that the current output of variable quantity is and the relative variable quantity of the sensor output is .To be st

44、udied the varying severity of sensor output; the relative variable to be studied the varying severity of sensor output; the relative variable quantity of the sensor output is displaced by relative variable rate from the simplified algorithm of view. Supposing that the relative variable quantity of t

45、he sensor output in the sampling time segment (or its integral multiple) is the universe U, then A1,A2 are the fuzzy sets as acute changes and slow changes in U, respectively, and their membership functions are represented as follows. Quantity of the sensor output is displaced by relative variable r

46、ate from the simplified algorithm of view. Supposing that the relative variable quantity of the sensor output in the sampling time segment (or its integral multiple) is the universe U, then A1,A2 are the fuzzy sets as acute changes and slow changes in U, respectively, and their membership functions

47、are represented as follows.The unit of is 1/100000 here. To judge the status of a point in certain time segment, the sensor computes the membership grade of the point in the practical measurement, which of two above mentioning fuzzy sets are calculated by the above membership functions respectively.

48、 The actualization of fuzzy compensating of sensor creep .Adopting the above compensating method, this paper takes the positive-creep curve as example and illustrates the fuzzy compensating process of sensor creep. The sensor starts to work from the site where the value is zero-load and zero-creep.

49、From the load segment of the acute changing of output of sensor and then entering the creep segment, where the sensor output changes slowly. At the creep segment, The computer as data collection system of sensor reads the output of sensor at a definite speed in the segment, calculates the output cha

50、nges, seeking the membership grade and, which is corresponding to the fuzzy sets acute changes and slow changes in the current time-point, and compares their values, finally the output of the current sensor has been stored. At the moment when , the sensor judges the preceding time is the creep point

51、, and the actual load, which can be endured by the sensor, is obtained by subtracting the creep quantity stored in the memory from the output of the sensor at the preceding time. Subsequently, the original value of Wo in the memory is displaced with the above computing value acting as the initial lo

52、ad W0 of the next time segment. The computer continues to read the output, calculates the membership grades of the fuzzy sets A1 and A2 at the current time, compares the values, judges whether the creep continues to occur, and seeks the current creep value by subtracting the above value of W0 from t

53、he current output of the sensor, then stores it into the memory displaced the original creep value. By constantly fuzzy identifying the load statues and dynamic adjusting the initial load and the creep quantity of every process as such, the actual load can be obtained. The compensation for weighing

54、sensor has been described in detail, and it needs to be clarified that them mentioned above method is also applicable just letting the creep Verification testAdopting the above compensating method makes the test verification.The experimental procedures are loading the 10g on the sensor, adding 10g a

55、fter 2 minutes;lasting 2 minutes and unloading to zero and waiting 2 minutes, adding 30g and wait for 5 minutes at last. The sensor output should be read respectively at the times both when it has loaded and before its next load. Test data are as the table 1. The test result indicated a very satisfa

56、ctory compensation. Creep compensation is not so popular way for many sensor manufacturers. Some company abroad used a method, which is establishing math model and compensate creep using the model. This is a not so good way because of more expensive cost, large calculation and bad adaptability in di

57、fferent environments. About mentioned fuzzy compensation for creep characteristic of weight sensor analyzed the creep and working condition of sensor, used the characteristic curves such as difference between slops of sensor creeps of loading and unloading, calculated change of present output of sen

58、sor using special functions, combined with dynamic fuzzy identification, find out the start and end of the creep for different loading condition and calculate the creep value by small and simple way without impact to dynamic response characteristic of sensor. Because the sensor can current dynamical

59、ly creep value in different process, therefore, the creep error can be controlled real time. A conclusion can be done that the sensor could used to compensate the creep with high accuracy. Because it is a low cost way, creep test and of sensor is not necessary, therefore this is a simple and useful

60、method for creep compensation of the weight sensor.Temperature compensationWithout load, load cells output change with temperature is called as zero balance temperature drift. With the same load, load cells output change with temperature is call as sensitivity temperature drift. One of the main reas