1、 HYPERLINK /index.php?term=-cracy -cracy from M.L. -cratia, from Gk. -kratia power, rule, from kratos strength, from PIE *kratus power, strength (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=hard hard). The connective -o- has come to be viewed as part of it. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=C.O.D. C.O.D. abbreviation of

2、cash on delivery, 1859, originally Amer.Eng. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cab cab 1826, shortening of cabriolet (1763) light, horse-drawn carriage, Fr. dim. of cabrioler leap, caper, from It. capriolare jump in the air, from L. capreolus wild goat. The carriages had springy suspensions. Extended to han

3、soms and other types of carriages; applied to public horse carriages (of automobiles from 1899), then extended to similar parts of locomotives (1859). Cabby is from 1859 (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=taxi taxi). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cabal cabal 1616, from Fr. cabal intrigue, society, originall

4、y mystical interpretation of the Old Testament, from M.L. cabbala (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cabbala cabbala). Popularized in Eng. 1673 as an acronym for five intriguing ministers of Charles II (Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=caballero caballe

5、ro 1877, a Spanish gentleman, from Sp., from L. caballarius, from caballus a pack-horse. Equivalent of Fr. chevalier, It. cavaliere (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cavalier cavalier). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cabana cabana 1898, western U.S., from Amer.Sp. cognate of HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cabin

6、cabin (q.v.). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cabaret cabaret 1655, from Fr., lit. tavern, probably from M.Du. cambret, from O.Fr. (Picard dialect) camberete, dim. of cambre chamber. Came to mean a restaurant/night club 1912; extension of meaning to entertainment, floor show is 1922. HYPERLINK /index.php?

7、term=cabbage cabbage c.1440, from M.Fr. caboche head (in the Channel Islands, cabbage), from O.Fr. caboce head, from L. caput head (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=head head). Introduced to Canada 1541 by Jacques Cartier on his third voyage. First written record of it in U.S. is 1669. The decline of c

8、h to j in the unaccented final syllable parallels the common pronunciation of spinach, sandwich, Greenwich, etc. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cabbala cabbala 1521, from M.L. cabbala, from Heb. qabbalah received lore, tradition, especially pretended tradition of mystical interpretation of the Old Testam

9、ent, from qibbel to receive, admit. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cabin cabin 1346, from O.Fr. cabane, from O.Prov. cabana, from L.L. capanna hut, of doubtful origin. Meaning room or partition of a vessel is from 1382. Cabin fever first recorded 1918. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cabinet cabinet 1549, from

10、 M.Fr. cabinet small room, dim. of O.Fr. cabane cabin (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cabin cabin); perhaps infl. by It. gabbinetto, dim. of gabbia, from L. cavea stall, stoop, cage. Sense of private room where advisors meet (1607) led to modern political meaning (1644). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cab

11、le cable c.1205, from O.N.Fr., from M.L. capulum lasso, rope, halter, from L. capere to take, seize (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=capable capable). Technically, in nautical use, a rope 10 or more inches around (smaller ones being hawsers); in non-nautical use, a rope of wire (not hemp or fiber). Me

12、aning message received by telegraphic cable is from 1883. Cablese is from 1895: Since cablegrams had to be paid for by the word and even press rates were expensive the practice was to affix Latin prefixes and suffixes to make one word do the work of several Daniel Schorr. Cable car is from 1887. Cab

13、le television first attested 1963; shortened form cable is from 1972. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=caboodle caboodle c.1848, see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=kit kit. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=caboose caboose 1747, from M.Du. kambuis ships galley, from Low Ger. kabhuse wooden cabin on ships deck. Railroad

14、ing sense is 1861. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cacciatore cacciatore It., lit. hunter, from pp. of cacciare to hunt, chase, from V.L. *captiare (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=catch catch). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cache cache 1797, from Fr. Canadian trappers slang, hiding place for stores (c.1669), f

15、rom Fr. cacher conceal, from V.L. *coacticare store up, collect, compress, from L. coactare constrain, from coactus pp. of cogere to collect (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cogent cogent). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cachet cachet 1639, Scottish borrowing of Fr. cachet seal affixed to a letter or docum

16、ent, from O.Fr. cacher to press, crowd, from L. coactare constrain (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cache cache). Meaning evolving through (letter under) personal stamp (of the king) to prestige. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cackle cackle c.1225, imitative, partly based on M.Du. kake jaw. Cackleberries,

17、slang for eggs is first recorded 1880. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cacoethes cacoethes itch for doing something, 1563, from L., from Gk. kakoethes ill-habit, from kakos bad + ethe- disposition, character (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=ethos ethos). Most famously, in Juvenals insanabile scribendi cacoe

18、thes incurable passion for writing. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cacophony cacophony 1656, from Gk. kakophonia, from kakophonos harsh sounding, from kakos bad, evil + phone voice (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=fame fame). Kako- was a common prefix in Gk., and has often crossed over into Eng., e.g. caco

19、graphy, the opposite of HYPERLINK /index.php?term=calligraphy calligraphy (q.v.). Etymologists connect it with PIE *kakka- to defecate. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cactus cactus 1607, from L. cactus cardoon, from Gk. kaktos, name of a type of prickly plant of Sicily (the Spanish artichoke). Modern mea

20、ning is 18c., because Linnaeus gave the name to a group of plants he thought were related to this but are not. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cad cad 1730, shortening of HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cadet cadet (q.v.); originally used of servants, then (1831) of town boys by students at British universities

21、 and public schools (though at Cambridge it meant snob). Meaning person lacking in finer feelings is from 1838. A cad used to be a jumped-up member of the lower classes who was guilty of behaving as if he didnt know that his lowly origin made him unfit for having sexual relationships with well-bred

22、women. Anthony West, H.G. Wells: Aspects of a Life, 1984 HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cadaver cadaver c.1500, from L., probably from cadere to fall (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=case case (1), a metaphor, in Latin, for to die, also source (through comb. form -cida) of the -cide in suicide, homicide, e

23、tc. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=caddie caddie c.1635, Scottish form of Fr. cadet. Originally person who runs errands; meaning of golfers assistant is 1851. A letter from Edinburgh c.1730 describes the citys extensive and semi-organized Cawdys, a very useful Black-Guard, who attend . publick Places to

24、go at Errands; and though they are Wretches, that in Rags lye upon the Stairs and in the Streets at Night, yet are they often considerably trusted This Corps has a kind of Captain . presiding over them, whom they call the Constable of the Cawdys. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=caddis caddis larva of the

25、May-fly, 1651, of unknown origin, perhaps a dim. of some sense of cad. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=caddy caddy 1792, from Malay kati a weight equivalent to about a pound and a half, adopted as a standard by British companies. Apparently the word for a measure of tea was transferred to the chest it was

26、 carried in. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cadence cadence c.1384, flow of rhythm in verse or music, from M.Fr. cadence, O.It. cadenza conclusion of a movement in music, lit. a falling, from V.L. *cadentia, from L. cadens prp. of cadere to fall (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=case case (1). In 16c., some

27、times used literally for an act of falling. The It. form cadenza was borrowed 1836 as a musical term for ornamental passage near the close of a song or solo. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cadet cadet 1610, originally young son, Fr. from Gascon capdet captain, chief, from L.L. capitellum, dim. of L. capu

28、t head (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=head head). Younger sons from Gascon families apparently were sent to French court to serve as officers. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=Cadillac Cadillac Detroit engine-maker Henry Martyn Leland formed Cadillac Automobile Company in 1902, named for Antoine de la Moth

29、e Cadillac (1658-1730), Fr. minor aristocrat and colonial governor who founded Detroit in 1701. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=Cadmean+victory Cadmean victory 1603, from Gk. Kadmeia nike victory involving ones own ruin Liddell & Scott, from Cadmus (Gk. Kadmos), legendary founder of Thebes in Boeotia and

30、bringer of the alphabet to Greece. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cadre cadre 1830, from Fr., lit. a frame, so, a detachment forming the skeleton of a regiment (1851), from It. quadro, from L. quadrum a square. The communist sense is from 1930. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=caduceus caduceus 1591, from L. ca

31、duceus, alt. of Doric Gk. karykeion heralds staff, from karyx (gen. karykos) a herald. Especially the wand carried by Mercury, messenger of the gods, usually represented with two serpents twined round it. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=Caesar Caesar 1382; O.E. had casere, which would have yielded modern

32、*coser, but it was replaced in M.E. by keiser, from Norse or Low Ger., and later in M.E. by the Fr. or L. form of the name. Csar was used as a title of emperors down to Hadrian (138 C.E.), and also is the root of Ger. Kaiser and Rus. tsar (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=czar czar). He competes as pro

33、genitor of words for king with Charlemagne (L. Carolus), as in Lithuanian karalius, Polish krol, Hungarian kiraly. In U.S. slang c.1900, a sheriff was Great Seizer. The Caesar salad is named not for the emperor, but for Cesar Cardini, Tijuana, Mexico, restaurant owner, who is said to have served the

34、 first one c.1924. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=caesarian caesarian 1923, shortening of Csarian section (1615); supposedly from Caius Julius Csar, who was said to have been delivered surgically, thus legend traces his cognomen to L. csus pp. of cdere to cut. But if this is the etymology of the name, it

35、 was likely an ancestor who was so born (Caesars mother lived to see his triumphs and such operations were always fatal to the woman in ancient times). And Pliny derives his cognomen from csaries hair, since the future dictator was born with a full head of it. Csarian section may come directly from

36、csus. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=caesura caesura 1556, from L., metrical pause, lit. a cutting, from pp. stem of cdere to cut down (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cement cement). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cafe cafe 1802, from Fr. caf coffee, coffeehouse, from It. caffe coffee. HYPERLINK /index.php?ter

37、m=cafe+au+lait cafe au lait 1763, from Fr. caf au lait, lit. coffee with milk, from lait milk (12c.), from V.L. lactis, from L. lactis (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=lactation lactation). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cafeteria cafeteria 1839, Amer.Eng. from Mexican Sp. cafeteria coffee store. The endin

38、g -teria in this word came to be popularly understood as meaning help-yourself (as though caf + -teria and was extended to new formation with that sense from c.1923. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=caffeine caffeine 1830, from Ger. Kaffein, coined by chemist F.F. Runge (1795-1867) after Mod.L. coffea coff

39、ee + chemical suffix -ine. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=caftan caftan 1591, long tunic worn in Turkey, etc., from Turk. qaftan (also in Pers.). As a similar shirt or dress style in the West, it is attested from c.1965. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cage cage c.1225, from O.Fr. cage from L. cavea hollow pla

40、ce, enclosure for animals, coop, hive, stall, dungeon (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cave cave (n.). The verb is attested from 1577. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cagey cagey evasive, reticent, 1909, U.S. colloquial, of unknown origin. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cahoots cahoots 1829, Amer.Eng., perhaps f

41、rom Fr. cahute cabin; but other sources suggest Fr. cohorte. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=caiman caiman 1577, from Port. or Sp. caiman, from a Carib word, or perhaps from a Congo African word applied to the reptiles in the new world by African slaves. The name appears to be one of those like anaconda a

42、nd bom, boma, which the Portuguese or Spaniards very early caught up in one part of the world, and naturalized in another. OED HYPERLINK /index.php?term=Cain Cain elder son of Adam and Eve, from Heb. Qayin, lit. created one, also smith, from Sem. stem q-y-n to form, to fashion. To raise Cain is firs

43、t recorded 1840. Surnames McCain, McCann, etc., are a contraction of Ir. Mac Cathan son of Cathan, from Celt. cathan, lit. warrior, from cath battle. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cairn cairn 1535, from Scottish carne, from Gael. carn heap of stones, rocky hill, akin to Gaul. karnon horn, from PIE base

44、*ker-n- highest part of the body, horn, thus tip, peak (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=horn horn). HYPERLINK /index.php?term=caisson caisson 1704, from Fr. caisson, from M.Fr. caisson large box, from It. cassone, augmentive form of cassa a chest, from L. capsa a box. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=caitiff

45、 caitiff c.1300, from O.N.Fr. caitive captive, miserable, from L. captivum (see HYPERLINK /index.php?term=captive captive). In most Romance languages, it has acquired a pejorative sense. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cajole cajole 1645, from Fr. cajoler, perhaps a blend of M.Fr. cageoler to chatter like

46、 a jay, from gajole, southern dim. of geai jay, and O.Fr. gaioler to cage, entice into a cage. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=Cajun Cajun 1868, Cagian, dialectic pronunciation of Acadian, from Acadia, former French colony in what is now Canadian Maritimes. Its Fr. setters were dispersed and exiled by the

47、 English and thousands made their way to New Orleans in the period 1764-1788. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cake cake c.1230, from O.N. kaka cake, from W.Gmc. *kokon-, from PIE base *gag-, *gog- something round, lump of something. Not related to L. coquere to cook, as formerly supposed. Replaced its O.E

48、. cognate, coecel. Originally (until c.1420) a flat, round loaf of bread. Caked thickly encrusted (with) is from 1922. Let them eat cake is from Rousseaus Confessions, in reference to an incident c.1740, when it was already proverbial, long before Marie Antoinette. The cake in question was not a con

49、fection, but a poor mans food. What man, I trow ye raue, Wolde ye bothe eate your cake and haue your cake? The Proverbs & Epigrams of John Heywood, 1562 HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cakewalk cakewalk 1863, Amer.Eng., from HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cake cake (n.) + HYPERLINK /index.php?term=walk walk, p

50、robably in ref. to the cake given as a prize for the fanciest steps in a procession in a Southern black custom (explained by Richard H. Thornton, 1912, as, A walking competition among negroes, in which the prize cake goes to the couple who put on most style). Its figurative meaning of something easy

51、 (1863) is recorded before the literal one (1879). This may also be the source of the phrase to take the cake (1847). Piece of cake something easy is from 1936. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=calabash calabash 1596, dried, hollowed gourd used as a drinking cup, from Sp. calabaza, possibly from Arabic qar

52、a yabisa dry gourd, from Pers. kharabuz, used of various large melons; or from a pre-Roman Iberian *calapaccia. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=calaboose calaboose 1792, Amer.Eng., from Louisiana Fr. calabouse, from Sp. calabozo dungeon, probably from V.L. *calafodium, from pre-Roman *cala protected place

53、, den + L. fodere to dig. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=calamine calamine 1598, from Fr. calamine, from O.Fr. calemine, from M.L. calamina, corrupted by alchemists from L. cadmia zinc ore, from Gk. kadmeia. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=calamity calamity c.1425, from M.Fr. calamite, from L. calamitatem (nom

54、. calamitus) damage, disaster, adversity, origin obscure. L. writers associated it with calamus straw, but it is perhaps from a lost root preserved in incolumis uninjured. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=calcium calcium coined 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy from L. calx (gen. calcis) limestone. HYPERLINK /index

55、.php?term=calculation calculation 1393, from L.L. calculationem, from calculare, from L. calculus reckoning, account, originally pebble used in counting, dim. of calx (gen. calcis) limestone. Calculating shrewd, selfish is from 1809. Calculator adding machine is from 1784; application to the electro

56、nic form is from 1946. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=calculus calculus 1666, from L. calculus reckoning, account, originally pebble used in counting, dim. of calx (gen. calcis) limestone. Modern mathematical sense is a shortening of differential calculus. Also used from 1732 to mean concretion occurring

57、 accidentally in the animal body, as dental plaque, kidney stones, etc. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=caldera caldera 1865, cavity on the summit of a volcano, from Sp. caldera cauldron, kettle, from L. caldarium, from caldarius pertaining to warming, from calidus warm, hot. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=cal

58、dron caldron c.1300, from Anglo-Fr. caudrun, from O.Fr. chauderon, from L.L. caldaria cooking pot (with suffix indicating great size), from L. calidarium hot bath, from calidus warm, hot. The -l- was inserted 15c. in imitation of Latin. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=Caleb Caleb masc. proper name, in the

59、 Bible, one of the 12 men sent by Moses to reconnoiter Canaan, from Heb. Kalebh, lit. dog-like, from kelebh dog. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=Caledonia Caledonia Roman name of part of northern Britain; since 18c, applied poetically to Scotland or the Scottish Highlands. HYPERLINK /index.php?term=calend

60、ar calendar c.1205, from O.Fr. calendier list, register, from L. calendarium account book, from kalendae calends the first day of the Roman month - when debts fell due and accounts were reckoned - from calare to announce solemnly, call out, as the priests did in proclaiming the new moon that marked