1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)專心-專注-專業(yè)精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè) TOC o 1-3 h z u 第一講“三長(zhǎng)兩短一并列”，搞定英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句 長(zhǎng)難句可謂英語(yǔ)文章中讓人頭疼的大麻煩。那么，有沒有一種簡(jiǎn)便的方法能讓我們迅速破解長(zhǎng)難句呢？當(dāng)然有。下面，李輝老師就通過分析英語(yǔ)句子中的重要特點(diǎn)“三長(zhǎng)兩短一并列”來教你一套簡(jiǎn)單而神奇的方法，即“組件分析三步法”，幫你快速理清英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，輕松破解英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句。下文的講解雖看似繁瑣，但只要你耐心讀下去，必會(huì)受益無窮！什么是“三長(zhǎng)兩短一并列”我們先來看兩句話： 我是李輝。(I am Li Hui.) 我

2、愛你。(I love you. ) 這兩句話中只有“主干成分”而沒有“修飾成分”。像這樣的句子，中文和英文的“語(yǔ)序”(單詞排列順序)基本是一致的，都是“主系表”或者“主謂賓”，理解起來非常容易。然而，在加上修飾成分后，中文與英文句子之間的語(yǔ)序就會(huì)發(fā)生變化。來看兩個(gè)例子： 我是新東方的李輝。(I am Li Hui from New Oriental School.) 我全心全意地愛你。(I love you with all my heart.) 從例子中可以看出，修飾成分在中英文中出現(xiàn)的位置是不一樣的。而當(dāng)一個(gè)句子中有很多個(gè)修飾成分時(shí)，該句子就會(huì)變得很長(zhǎng)，不易理解。例如：After chat

3、ting with Laura on this matter for two hours from 2:00 to 4:00 in the afternoon, I returned to my office. 我們給這個(gè)句子中的全部介詞短語(yǔ)加上括號(hào)，該句就會(huì)變成：(After chatting) (with Laura) (on this matter) (for two hours) (from 2:00) (to 4:00) (in the afternoon), I returned (to my office). 此時(shí)大家便可發(fā)現(xiàn)，這個(gè)句子雖然很長(zhǎng)，但是真正的主干其實(shí)只有I retu

4、rned兩個(gè)單詞而已。可見，介詞短語(yǔ)正是讓英語(yǔ)句子變得又長(zhǎng)又難的原因之一！ 當(dāng)然，由于以上幾個(gè)句子還比較簡(jiǎn)單，這些介詞短語(yǔ)對(duì)句意理解的影響不大。但是，當(dāng)句子中加上更多類似介詞短語(yǔ)的修飾成分時(shí)，可想而知，由于中英文語(yǔ)序的不同，英文句子會(huì)變得“面目全非”，令人難以理解。由此看來，英語(yǔ)中靈活多變的修飾成分正是造成英語(yǔ)句子又長(zhǎng)又難的頭號(hào)罪犯，而只要搞定這些修飾部分，就能搞定英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句。幸運(yùn)的是，盡管這些修飾成分?jǐn)?shù)量可以很多、位置也不好把握，但是，它們的種類卻是非常固定的。筆者將這些修飾成分總結(jié)為“三長(zhǎng)兩短”。所謂“三長(zhǎng)”，就是構(gòu)成長(zhǎng)難句的三種較長(zhǎng)修飾成分(即介詞短語(yǔ)、從句、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ))；所謂“兩短

5、”，指的是鑲嵌于句子之中的、會(huì)稍稍提高句子復(fù)雜度的兩種較短修飾成分(即形容詞、副詞)。而除了“三長(zhǎng)兩短”之外，另外一個(gè)使句子變得復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)就是“平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)”?！捌叫胁⒘薪Y(jié)構(gòu)”是由一些并列關(guān)系的連詞(and、or、as well as等)將句子變長(zhǎng)的重要手段。再長(zhǎng)的句子都是由原本非常簡(jiǎn)單的主干成分(主干成分的基本語(yǔ)序和中文語(yǔ)序一致，此外還有若干與中文語(yǔ)序不一致的“特殊句型”，如there be句型、It is adj. for sb. to do句型、倒裝句型、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型等等)再加上這“三長(zhǎng)兩短一并列”而組成的。給 “三長(zhǎng)兩短一并列”做標(biāo)記如果把句子的主干比作樹干，那么修飾成分就可以比作繁茂的枝

6、葉。若能把這些枝葉(也就是“三長(zhǎng)兩短”和并列成分)都標(biāo)記出來，主干自然就清晰了。標(biāo)記時(shí)，只需按照句子順序，一個(gè)挨一個(gè)做出標(biāo)記即可。不過在此之前，我們要先學(xué)會(huì)每一種成分該從何處標(biāo)起，又從何處結(jié)束。下面筆者分別對(duì) “三長(zhǎng)兩短一并列”進(jìn)行具體介紹，并給出的每一種成分的標(biāo)記方法。(注意，不同成分應(yīng)該用不同的標(biāo)記，如可以給“三長(zhǎng)”加括號(hào)，給“并列詞”加方框，給“并列項(xiàng)”加下劃線。)1. “三長(zhǎng)”(1) 介詞短語(yǔ)【定義】從介詞開始到名詞結(jié)束、表達(dá)一個(gè)獨(dú)立的完整的含義的結(jié)構(gòu)?！酒鹬箻?biāo)識(shí)】標(biāo)記介詞短語(yǔ)時(shí)，要從介詞開始到介詞之后的第一個(gè)名詞終止。如：at home、in the school、in the be

7、autiful park、during my happy childhood、over the last few years、for three weeks、to the destination【例句】 (After chatting) (with Laura) (on this matter) (for two hours) (from 2:00 to 4:00) (in the afternoon), I returned (to my office).(2) 從句【定義】從句是復(fù)合句中不能獨(dú)立成句，但具有主語(yǔ)部分和謂語(yǔ)部分，由that、who、whom、when、why、where、ho

8、w、which、if、although等關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)的非主句部分。【起止標(biāo)識(shí)】標(biāo)記從句時(shí)，一定從關(guān)系詞開始，到以下四種終止。 到句尾終止，如：Li Hui is a teacher (who teaches English). 到句中的逗號(hào)終止，如：(When I was young), I listened to the radio. 到下一個(gè)修飾成分終止，如：I will invite Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player) to Beijing. (to Beijing是介詞短語(yǔ)，屬于另一個(gè)修飾成分，故從句的標(biāo)記在此處終止) 到下一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞終

9、止，如Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player) is studying in Shanghai. (3) 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)【定義】非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是指動(dòng)詞在句子中“不是謂語(yǔ)”時(shí)的幾種變化形式，主要包括動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)三類。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)，而是充當(dāng)句子的其他成分。由非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞開頭的、表示一個(gè)獨(dú)立、完整的含義的結(jié)構(gòu)叫做非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。【起止標(biāo)識(shí)】標(biāo)記非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)時(shí)，一定是從動(dòng)詞不定式(to do)、動(dòng)名詞(doing)或分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞doing或過去分詞done)開頭，到以下四種情況終止。 到句尾終止，如：Li Hui

10、is a teacher (teaching English). 到句中的逗號(hào)終止，如：(To improve my English), I often listen to the English radio. 到下一個(gè)修飾成分終止，如：Jack walked into the hall, (waving) to the audience. (to the audience是介詞短語(yǔ)，屬于另一修飾成分。) 到下一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞終止，如：We, (singing a happy song), rode to school.2. “兩短”(1) 形容詞【定義】形容詞是指用來修飾名詞的單詞，往往帶有-o

11、us、-y、-ful、-able等后綴。【常見位置】 一般置于名詞之前，如a beautiful park。 修飾不定代詞(something、anything、nothing、somebody、anybody、nobody)時(shí)置于不定代詞之后，如“一些有趣的事”應(yīng)譯為something interesting。(2) 副詞【定義】副詞用來修飾形容詞、動(dòng)詞等詞，往往帶有-ly等后綴。【常見位置】英語(yǔ)中，副詞的用法比形容詞靈活得多。 可置于整句之前，如：Unfortunately, he failed to make it. 可置于整句之后，如：The teacher greets his st

12、udents individually. 可置于“助動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前”，如：The princess looks extremely beautiful today. (系動(dòng)詞之后)He immediately saw the black cat. (實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前)He has undoubtedly fallen in love with the princess. (助動(dòng)詞之后，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前)He can hardly speak anything. (情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前) 可置于形容詞或副詞之前，如：There is an extremely beauti

13、ful garden in our campus. 從上面的分析可以看出，雖然英文中形容詞和副詞的在句中的位置和中文略有不同，但一般情況下，它們較短且易于辨識(shí)，對(duì)句意理解影響不大，因此在給修飾成分做標(biāo)記時(shí)，形容詞和副詞可不標(biāo)記。3. 平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)【定義】并行并列結(jié)構(gòu)是指由并列詞將兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上含義相似、結(jié)構(gòu)相同的并列項(xiàng)連接起來構(gòu)成的結(jié)構(gòu)。【標(biāo)記方法】給平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)做標(biāo)記的要求是：給并列詞加方框，給并列項(xiàng)加下劃線。標(biāo)記時(shí)要先找到并列詞，然后再找并列項(xiàng)。在標(biāo)注形如A and B的平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，應(yīng)先找B (即右并列項(xiàng))后找A (即左并列項(xiàng))。由于英語(yǔ)中的修飾成分往往置于中心詞之后，所以A和B兩個(gè)并

14、列項(xiàng)后面可能各自帶有很長(zhǎng)的尾巴，形成“A and B ”的形式，導(dǎo)致A離and相對(duì)較遠(yuǎn)，不易辨認(rèn)，而B通常離and很近，容易識(shí)別。找到B之后，利用A和B結(jié)構(gòu)相同、含義相似的原則，很容易將A確定出來。【常見并列關(guān)系】 英語(yǔ)中可以并列的成分有很多，讀句子時(shí)要注意識(shí)別到底是誰跟誰并列。 名詞并列：I like the box placed on the desk and the flowers in your hand. 形容詞并列：Mr. Smith is a kind, patient and knowledgeable English teacher. 副詞并列：You are suppose

15、d to answer the following questions quickly and accurately. 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞并列：With the Internet, people can not only play computer games but also do online shopping. 介詞短語(yǔ)并列：And that government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth. 從句并列： Ive finished reading the book (

16、which is written by Mo Yan) and (which you lent me last month). 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞并列：Singing and laughing, we headed to the park. 整句并列：The children can go with us or they can stay at home.三步搞定長(zhǎng)難句 根據(jù)以上分析，英語(yǔ)句子是由“主干部分+三長(zhǎng)兩短一并列”組成的。我們可把這個(gè)“三長(zhǎng)兩短一并列”稱為構(gòu)成英語(yǔ)句子的“組件”。想要快速讀懂一個(gè)句子，就要快速識(shí)別并準(zhǔn)確譯出每一個(gè)組件，再按照一定的邏輯將一個(gè)個(gè)組件連接起來。這就是“組件分析三步

17、法”。Step 1: 做標(biāo)記 做標(biāo)記時(shí)應(yīng)按照上文中的方法，給“三長(zhǎng)”加括號(hào)，給并列詞加方框，給并列項(xiàng)劃下劃線。 【例句】Li Hui is a teacher teaching English in Beijing which is the capital of China. 這個(gè)句子做完標(biāo)記后為：Li Hui is a teacher (teaching English) (in Beijing) (which is the capital) (of China). 可以看出，做完標(biāo)記后的句子層次變得清晰了很多，很容易就能看出該句子是由一個(gè)主系表結(jié)構(gòu)的主干加上四個(gè)修飾成分組成的。原句直譯起來

18、稍顯復(fù)雜，但是加上括號(hào)之后，每一小節(jié)都能輕松看懂。不過在標(biāo)記時(shí)要注意：一旦出現(xiàn)下一修飾成分，就應(yīng)果斷將上一修飾成分結(jié)束掉，而不要管上一修飾成分本身結(jié)束了沒有，即允許括號(hào)連括號(hào)，盡量避免括號(hào)套括號(hào)。由于英語(yǔ)中的修飾成分實(shí)際上存在很多“嵌套”現(xiàn)象，如果把每個(gè)修飾成分的嵌套關(guān)系都用括號(hào)理清楚，會(huì)顯得非常麻煩，無法使句子顯得簡(jiǎn)單。如上文中的例句，如果我們關(guān)注其中修飾成分的嵌套關(guān)系，則需要將其處理為：Li Hui is a teacher teaching English (in Beijing) which is the capital (of China). 這樣處理會(huì)導(dǎo)致句中出現(xiàn)很多“括號(hào)套括號(hào)”

19、的現(xiàn)象，顯得非常亂。而用括號(hào)連括號(hào)的標(biāo)記法則使句子結(jié)構(gòu)更為清晰。Step 2: 做直譯 經(jīng)過Step 1的標(biāo)記之后，句中的修飾成分都被我們用括號(hào)標(biāo)注了出來，而不帶括號(hào)的主干成分自然浮現(xiàn)在我們眼前，整個(gè)句子變成了“一小節(jié)一小節(jié)”的形式，而每一小節(jié)都很容易直接翻譯出來。我們?cè)诜g句子時(shí)，可利用“提問和回答”的方式將一個(gè)個(gè)的括號(hào)連接起來。如上面的例句：Li Hui is a teacher (teaching English) (in Beijing) (which is the capital) (of China). 翻譯時(shí)可先處理為：李輝是個(gè)老師。教什么的？教英語(yǔ)。在哪兒教？在北京。哪個(gè)北京？

20、是那個(gè)首都。誰的首都？中國(guó)的首都。這樣整個(gè)句子的意思就一目了然了。Step 3: 調(diào)語(yǔ)序 我們將Step 2中得到的“譯文”再按照中文表達(dá)習(xí)慣進(jìn)行一些調(diào)整，最終得到了一句地道的中文譯文：“李輝是個(gè)在中國(guó)的首都北京教英語(yǔ)的老師?！被蛘摺袄钶x是個(gè)老師，在中國(guó)的首都北京教英語(yǔ)。”事實(shí)上，由于大部分省市的高考都不考“英譯中”，所以我們一般不必進(jìn)行Step 3的操作，因?yàn)榍皟蓚€(gè)步驟已經(jīng)能夠幫助我們準(zhǔn)確理解英語(yǔ)句子了。真題演練 由于所舉例子比較簡(jiǎn)單，所以上文中的Step 2看起來或許有些多此一舉。其實(shí)不然?，F(xiàn)在我們來用一些高考題中出現(xiàn)過的長(zhǎng)難句來試驗(yàn)上述方法，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)理解長(zhǎng)難句竟變得如此輕而易舉！【真題1

21、】 The Department of Agriculture has programs aimed at developing more farmers and at increasing interest in locally grown food. (19詞，來自2012年江蘇卷閱讀理解B篇)Step1: 做標(biāo)記 The Department (of Agriculture) has programs (aimed) (at developing more farmers) and (at increasing interest) (in locally grown food). 實(shí)際操

22、作過程如下： 括號(hào)1：看到of，說明是介詞短語(yǔ)，該介詞短語(yǔ)到名詞Agriculture結(jié)束。 括號(hào)2：由于has是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式，所以可判定句中第二個(gè)出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞aimed應(yīng)為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞；由于該詞后面緊接著出現(xiàn)了介詞at，按照“一旦出現(xiàn)下一修飾成分，就果斷將上一修飾成分結(jié)束掉”的原則，我們將aimed用括號(hào)單獨(dú)括起來。 括號(hào)3：看到at，說明是介詞短語(yǔ)，該介詞短語(yǔ)到名詞farmers結(jié)束。 方框1：and是并列詞，該并列詞的后面緊接著是由at引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)，為右并列項(xiàng)，因此左并列項(xiàng)應(yīng)該同為at引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)at developing more framers。 括號(hào)4：看到in，說明是介詞短語(yǔ)，該

23、介詞短語(yǔ)到名詞food結(jié)束。 標(biāo)記結(jié)束后，主干已經(jīng)非常清晰了，即The Department has programs。 Step2: 做直譯 要理解這句話的意思，光知道主干還不夠，其他部分代表了關(guān)鍵的細(xì)節(jié)信息，需要對(duì)句子大致進(jìn)行翻譯。根據(jù)“組件分析三步法”中所講解的，要按照句子語(yǔ)序，對(duì)被標(biāo)記后句子的每一小節(jié)挨個(gè)進(jìn)行翻譯，翻譯時(shí)利用每小節(jié)的頭一個(gè)單詞進(jìn)行提問和回答。The Department：這個(gè)部門；of Agriculture：什么的部門？農(nóng)業(yè)的部門；has programs：有什么？有計(jì)劃；aimed：針對(duì)什么的計(jì)劃？針對(duì)；at developing more farmers：針對(duì)發(fā)展

24、更多的農(nóng)民；and：以及什么？at increasing interest：針對(duì)提高利潤(rùn)；in locally grown food：哪方面的利潤(rùn)？本土出產(chǎn)的食物的利潤(rùn)。根據(jù)提問和回答后，我們大概理解了這句話的意思：農(nóng)業(yè)部有針對(duì)發(fā)展更多農(nóng)民和提高本土出產(chǎn)食物的利潤(rùn)的計(jì)劃。 Step3: 調(diào)語(yǔ)序 將句子語(yǔ)序調(diào)整后，得到更地道的譯文：農(nóng)業(yè)部已經(jīng)制定了相關(guān)計(jì)劃，以培養(yǎng)更多農(nóng)民和提高本土出產(chǎn)的食物的利潤(rùn)。 【真題2】 If you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out, you can go to your

25、phone and restart your dryer for the time when come home, so your clothes are refreshed and ready to go. (41詞，來自2012年山東卷閱讀理解D篇) Step1: 做標(biāo)記 (If you started) (to dry clothes) (in the morning) and forgot (to take them out), you can go (to your phone) and restart your dryer (for the time) (when come hom

26、e), (so your clothes are refreshed and ready) (to go).具體標(biāo)記過程如下：括號(hào)1：If引導(dǎo)了條件狀語(yǔ)從句，從if開始做標(biāo)記。括號(hào)2：to dry clothes是非謂語(yǔ)中的不定式，故在to之前結(jié)束上一修飾成分。括號(hào)3：in引導(dǎo)介詞短語(yǔ)，故結(jié)束上一修飾成分。該介詞短語(yǔ)標(biāo)記到名詞morning結(jié)束。方框1：and為并列連詞，緊跟其后的forgot是其右并列項(xiàng)，向前尋找結(jié)構(gòu)相似的左并列項(xiàng)，發(fā)現(xiàn)是started。括號(hào)4：看見to，發(fā)現(xiàn)to your phone為非謂語(yǔ)中的不定式，標(biāo)記到名詞phone結(jié)束。方框2：and為并列連詞。緊跟其后的resta

27、rt是其右并列項(xiàng)，向前尋找結(jié)構(gòu)相似的左并列項(xiàng)，發(fā)現(xiàn)是go。此處為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞并列。括號(hào)5：for the time為介詞短語(yǔ)，標(biāo)記到名詞time結(jié)束。括號(hào)6：when come home為定語(yǔ)從句，標(biāo)記到逗號(hào)結(jié)束。括號(hào)7：so引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。括號(hào)8：to go為不定式。 Step2: 做直譯 參照被標(biāo)記后的句子，按照句子語(yǔ)序一小節(jié)一小節(jié)進(jìn)行提問和回答。If you started：如果什么？如果你開始；to dry clothes：去做什么？烘干衣服；in the morning：在什么時(shí)候？在早上；and：而且什么？forgot：而且忘了；to take them out：忘了做什么？把它們拿

28、出來；you can go：你可以去；to your phone：去做什么？去(使用)你的電話；and；并做什么？restart your dryer：并重啟你的烘干機(jī)；for the time：為了什么？為了這個(gè)時(shí)間； when come home：當(dāng)什么時(shí)候？當(dāng)回家的時(shí)候；so your clothes are refreshed and ready 這樣就怎么了？這樣你的衣服就被重新烘干并且準(zhǔn)備好了；to go：準(zhǔn)備好去做什么？去走(即已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好“出爐”了)。 Step3: 調(diào)語(yǔ)序 將譯文調(diào)整之后為：如果你早上開始烘干衣服并忘了把它們拿出來，那么你可以用手機(jī)重新啟動(dòng)烘干機(jī)，這樣在你回到家

29、的時(shí)候，衣服已經(jīng)重新烘干并可以取出來了。 以上講解為大家演示了“組件分析三步法”的具體操作過程?！叭L(zhǎng)兩短一并列”揭示了英語(yǔ)句子的組成規(guī)律，而“組件分析三步法”給出了快速破解長(zhǎng)難句的重要方法。在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中，中等水平的同學(xué)經(jīng)過510篇高考閱讀理解文章的訓(xùn)練，可以在1分鐘內(nèi)準(zhǔn)確標(biāo)注一篇文章(僅進(jìn)行Step 1的標(biāo)注訓(xùn)練，不要求理解)，用45分鐘讀懂一篇文章(Step 1 + Step 2)。遺憾的是，由于書面文字所限，無法像上課那樣更為直觀、生動(dòng)地向大家展現(xiàn)這一操作過程。希望大家反復(fù)研讀本文的講解和例句，勇于實(shí)踐，熟能生巧，迅速掌握這一方法，突破英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)瓶頸。第二講 句子的心臟：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞=

30、助動(dòng)詞+實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 I will go to Beijing.I have had my lunch.I have been informed the news.I must work hard.I love you.He loves you.Does he love you?loves= does + lovelove = do + loveI do love you.I did love you.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞= “助動(dòng)詞” + “實(shí)義動(dòng)詞” （時(shí)態(tài)、被動(dòng)、虛擬、情態(tài)*） （意思） do類：do does did will類：will would (would=will+did) have類：ha

31、ve has had be類：am is are was were 助動(dòng)詞就是幫助謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“變態(tài)”的詞！1、正是在這些助動(dòng)詞的幫助下，一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞才能變出不同的形態(tài)，以表達(dá)時(shí)態(tài)、被動(dòng)、虛擬、情態(tài)等含義。 2、所以，時(shí)態(tài)、被動(dòng)、虛擬、情態(tài)也可以叫做：四大“變態(tài)”含義； 英語(yǔ)是一門“變態(tài)”的語(yǔ)言！ 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的四大“變態(tài)”含義： 【時(shí)態(tài)】動(dòng)詞隨“時(shí)間”（現(xiàn)在、過去、將來、過 去將來）、“狀態(tài)” （一般、進(jìn)行、完成、完成進(jìn)行）的改變而發(fā)生的變態(tài)。 【被動(dòng)】表現(xiàn)“被動(dòng)”含義的動(dòng)詞變態(tài)。 【虛擬】“白紙黑字說假話”時(shí)的動(dòng)詞變態(tài)。 【情態(tài)】表現(xiàn)各種“情感色彩”（如推測(cè)、命令、請(qǐng)求）的動(dòng)詞變態(tài)。情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)

32、詞的分類、含義、用法 一、do類助動(dòng)詞：【成員】 do， does， did 【含義】 表示“一般”“現(xiàn)在”“過去”等含義； 此外，did還用來表示“虛擬”含義。 【用法】 do類助動(dòng)詞在陳述句中，往往和“實(shí)義動(dòng)詞”捏到一起，表示相應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài)含義二、will類助動(dòng)詞：【成員】 will ， would 【含義】 表示各種“將來” 【用法】 will類助動(dòng)詞后面緊跟的詞要寫成“原型”形式三、have類助動(dòng)詞：【成員】 have ， has， had 【含義】 表示各種“完成” 【用法】 have 類助動(dòng)詞后面緊跟的詞要寫成“過去分詞”形式。三、be類助動(dòng)詞：【成員】 am , is , are ,

33、 was， were 【含義&用法】 后面接“doing”，表示“進(jìn)行” I am teaching English. 后面接“done”，表示“被動(dòng)” I was moved by the story. 【小結(jié)】一、do類 ：現(xiàn)在、過去、虛擬 二、will類： 將來 三、have類：完成 四、be類 ： 進(jìn)行、被動(dòng) 請(qǐng)寫出employ這個(gè)詞的“過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定形式”： 過去 將來 完成 進(jìn)行 被動(dòng) + 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 = did will have be be + employ= would have been being+ employed【例句】“我告訴過他，到今年年底為止，

34、我已經(jīng)被新東方雇傭了6年了” I told him that I would not have been being employed by New Oriental School for 6 years until the end of this year.考點(diǎn)1：“時(shí)態(tài)”+“被動(dòng)” 一、可以一句話解決的時(shí)態(tài)題 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：“經(jīng)?！?“真的”/“老做某事” （強(qiáng)調(diào)“永恒性”、”真實(shí)性”和“反復(fù)性”） 一般過去時(shí)：“當(dāng)時(shí)” （強(qiáng)調(diào)該動(dòng)作 “當(dāng)時(shí)的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、方式”)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：“已經(jīng)” （不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作本身，只強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果或影響） 【例1】Every few years, the coal wo

35、rkers_ their lungs X-rayed to ensure their health.A. are havingB. have 強(qiáng)調(diào)“永恒性”或“反復(fù)性” C. have hadD. had had 主 謂 賓 補(bǔ) 句型：“A have/make + B + doing/done/adj” （A 使 B 如何如何 ） 【例2】（2011安徽） - I didnt ask for the name list. Why _on my desk? - I put it there just now in case you needed it. A. does it landB. has

36、 it landed C. will it landD. had it landed 【例3】Walmart, which is one of the largest American supermarket chains, _ some of its store open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays. （2012安徽） A. keeps B. keepC. have kept D. had kept 主 謂 賓 補(bǔ) 句型：“A keep + B + doing/done/adj” （A 保持 B 如何如何 ） 【例4】 （2008北京） - H

37、ave you read a book called Waiting for Anya? - Who _ it? A. writesB. has writtenC. wrote 強(qiáng)調(diào)“當(dāng)時(shí)寫書的人” D. had written【例5】（2009北京3） Scientists have many theories about how the universe _ into being. A. cameB. was comingC. had comeD. would come【例6】 （2009北京7）The way the guests _ in the hotel influenced th

38、eir evaluation of the service. A. treatedB. were treatedC. would treatD. would be treated 【例7】 （2007福建10）Danny _ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular. A. worksB. is workingC. has workedD. worked【例8】（2008福建5）So far this year we _ a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent.

39、 A. sawB. seeC. had seenD. have seen 【例9】（2009福建11）According to the literary review, Shakespeare _ his characters live through their language in his plays. A. will makeB. had madeC. was makingD. makes【例10】I like these English songs and they _many times on the radio. A. taughtB. have taughtC. are tau

40、ghtD. have been taught 一、可以一句話解決的時(shí)態(tài)題 過去完成時(shí)：發(fā)生在一個(gè)一般過去時(shí)動(dòng)作之前的動(dòng)作 （找“參照物”） 過去將來時(shí)：“對(duì)過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)來說，是將來” （找“參照物”） 【例1】It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they _ for me.(10北京)A. had done.B. did C. would do D. were doing 【例2】-Were you surprised by the ending of the film? -No , I_ the

41、 book ,so I already knew the story. A. was readingB. had readC. am readingD. have read 【例3】 They became friends again that day. Until then, they _ to each other for nearly two years. （07安徽） A. didnt speakB. hadnt spokenC. havent spokenD. havent been speaking 【例4】（2010湖南11）I walked slowly through the

42、 market, where people _ all kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed. A. sellB. were sellingC. had soldD. have sold 【例5】（2011湖南7）In 1492, Columbus _ on one of the Bahama Islands, but get mistook it for an island off India. A. landsB. landedC. has landed

43、D. had landed 【例6】（2007江蘇3）At the end of the meeting, it was announced that an agreement_. A. has been reachedB. had been reachedC. has reachedD. had reached【例7】（2011上海10）Did you predict that many students _ up for the dance competition? A. would signB. signedC. have signedD. had signed 【例8】（2008四川7

44、）The telephone _, but by the time I got indoors, it stopped. A. had rungB. was ringingC. ringsD. has rung 【例9】（2008浙江5）I dont believe youve already finished reading the book I _it to you this morning! A. would lendB. was lendingC. had lentD. lent 【例10】 （2007北京12）I got caught in the rain and my suit

45、_. A. has ruinedB. had ruinedC. has been ruinedD. had been ruined 【例11】 （2011北京21）Experiments of this kind _ in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War.A. have conductedB. have been conductedC. had conductedD. had been conducted 【例12】（2011天津4）On the next birthday. Ann _ married for

46、 twenty years. A. isB. has beenC. will beD. will have been 【例13】 （2011江蘇3）- Tommy is planning to buy a car. - I know. By next month, he_ enough for a used one. A. savesB. savedC. will saveD. will have saved 二、其它時(shí)態(tài) 各種進(jìn)行時(shí)： 1、強(qiáng)調(diào)各時(shí)間點(diǎn)上動(dòng)作的“正在”、“未完成” 2、表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈情感 （”總是”）； 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：一個(gè)動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止“進(jìn)行了一段時(shí)間”或“已經(jīng)做了一段時(shí)間而且還

47、在做”。 過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：一個(gè)動(dòng)作到過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)為止“進(jìn)行了一段時(shí)間”或“已經(jīng)做了一段時(shí)間而且還在做”。 【例1】我已經(jīng)學(xué)英語(yǔ)4年了。（現(xiàn)在 + 完成 + 進(jìn)行）+ 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 = （do + have + be）+ learn = have been learning 【解答】 I have been learning English for 4 years.【例2】（2012湖南35）All the scientific evidence _ that increasing use of chemicals in farming _ damaging our health. A. show

48、；areB. shows；areC. show；isD. shows；is 【例3】 （2008江蘇13）-Im sure Adrew will win the first prize in the final. -I think so. He _ for it for months. A. is preparingB. was preparingC. had been preparingD. has been preparing 【例4】 （2009江蘇5）- Hi, Terry, can I use your computer for a while this afternoon? - S

49、orry. _. A. Its repairedB. It has been repairedC. Its being repairedD. It had been repaired 【例5】（2007江西11）-I have got a headache. -No wonder. You _in front of that computer too long. A. workB. are workingC. have been workingD. worked 【例6】 （2008遼寧9） - Have you got any job offers? -No. I _. A. waitedB

50、. had been waitingC. have waitedD. am waiting 【例7】（2007全國(guó)II10） - Is there anything wrong. Bob? You look sad. - Oh, nothing much. In fact, I _ of my friends back home. A. have just thoughtB. was just thinkingC. would just thinkD. will just be thinking 【例8】 （2012陜西14）-Can I call you back at two oclock

51、 this afternoon? -Im sorry，but by then I _ to Beijing. How about five? A. flyB. will flyC. will be flyingD. am flying 【例9】（2009上海12）During the period of recent terrorist activities, people _ not to touch any unattended bag. A. had always been warnedB. were always being warnedC. are always warningD.

52、always warned 【例10】（2009安徽3）Daniels family _ their holiday in Huangshan this time next week. A. are enjoyingB. are to enjoyC. will enjoyD. will be enjoying 【例11】 （2010福建11）- Guess what, weve got our visas for a short-term visit to the UK this summer. - How nice! You _ a different culture then. A. wi

53、ll be experiencingB. have experiencedC. have been experiencingD. will have experienced 【例12】（2012遼寧）I feel so excited！At this time tomorrow morning I _ to Shanghai. A. will be flyingB. will flyC. have been flyingD. have flown 二、其它時(shí)態(tài) 一般將來時(shí)： 1、be going to do 強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀計(jì)劃準(zhǔn)備做某事 2、will do 某事會(huì)發(fā)生 3、be to do/be a

54、bout to do立刻、馬上 4、祈使句+ and + you will （這樣/那么） 5、祈使句+ or + you will （否則） 【例1】你會(huì)被他的熱情震撼到。（將來 + 被動(dòng)）+ 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞= （will + be）+ shock = will be shocked 【解答】You will be shocked by his passion. 【例2】（2009江蘇2）- Ann is in hospital. - Oh, really? I _ know. I_ go and visit her. A. didnt; am going toB. dont; wouldC. d

55、ont; willD. didnt; will 【例3】（2007江西15）-Ouch! You hurt me! -I am sorry. But I _any harm. I _to drive a rat out. A. didnt mean; triedB. dont mean; am tryingC. havent meant; triedD. didnt mean; was trying 【例4】（2011安徽6）- What do you think of store shopping in the future? - Personally, I think it will ex

56、ist along with home shopping but _. A. will never replaceB. would never replaceC. will never be replacedD. would never be replaced 【例5】 （2007北京4）- How can I apply for an online course? - Just fill out this form and we _ what we can do for you. A. seeB. are seeingC. have seenD. will see 【例6】 （2012北京2

57、2）By the time you have finished this book, your meal _ cold. A. getsB. has gotC. will getD. is getting 【例7】 （2012湖南25）Close the door of fear behind you, and you _ the door of faith open before you. A. sawB. have seenC. will seeD. are seeing 【例8】（2009陜西2）Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughter

58、s, _visit Beijing this summer. A. is going toB. are going toC. was going toD. were going to 【例9】（2009四川17）The teacher together with the students _ discussing Reading Skills that _newly published in America. A. are; wereB. is; wereC. are; wasD. is; was 二、其它時(shí)態(tài) 一般將來時(shí)： 6、“時(shí)間表”用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來 (車、船、飛機(jī)、上課、開始營(yíng)業(yè))

59、7、“位移動(dòng)詞”用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來 come; go; leave; arrive; begin; start; die8、“時(shí)間從句、條件從句”的 “主將從現(xiàn)”/“主情從現(xiàn)”/“主祈從現(xiàn)” 【例1】 （2008北京9）No decision _ about any future appointment until all the candidates have been interviewed. A. will be madeB. is madeC. is being madeD. has been made 【例2】（2008湖南15）- Do you have any problems

60、if you _ this job? - Well, Im thinking about the salary A. offerB. will offerC. are offeredD. will be offered 【例3】（2011湖南14）In the near future, more advances in the robot technology _ by scientists. A. are makingB. are madeC. will makeD. will be made 【例4】 （2012湖南22）Dont worry. The hard work that you