1、Mainly Revision of Junior EnglishGo for it!Complex Sentences The Complex Sentences in Junior English: 初中英語教材中涉及到的復(fù)合句主要有：The Object Clause (賓語從句)、The Adverbial Clause (狀語從句) 和 The Attributive Clause (定語從句)。其它諸如主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句等形式的復(fù)合句盡管在教材中也有出現(xiàn)，但在中考中沒有被列為重點考查范圍。. The Object Clause (賓語從句) 賓語從句是英語中用來充當(dāng)賓語

2、的句子。帶有賓語從句的那個句子叫主句。賓語從句一般由“引導(dǎo)詞+主語+謂語+其它”構(gòu)成，其語序是陳述句語序。 A) Introduced by that主句的謂語動詞是say, think, tell, know, hear, see, feel, mean, hope, wish, remember, forget等時，或主句的謂語動詞是由形容詞afraid, glad, sure, sorry等作表語的系表結(jié)構(gòu)時，后面常接that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。 e.g. He says that he wants to speak to the headmaster. Im sorry (that) he

3、 isnt here right now.Note: 1. that 的省略：that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句用來陳述事實，that本身無詞義，在從句中不作任何成分，在口語中或非正式文體中常?？杀皇÷?。e.g. I guess (that) somebody else has borrowed it. Im afraid (that) youll have to wait.2. 賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移：主句是I/We think/suppose/guess/believe等時，從句中的否定習(xí)慣上要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中。如：我認為雞不會游泳。誤：I think chickens can not swim.正：I d

4、ont think chickens can swim.此外，上述情況在變成反意疑問句時，附加疑問句要看從句，如果主句的主語不是第一人稱，則附加疑問句要看主句。試比較： I think he is wrong, isnt he? He thinks he is right, doesnt he?BackB) Introduced by if/whether if/whether都可作賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，意為“是否”，在一般情況下可以互換。if 多用于口語和非正式文體中，whether則多用于比較正式的文體中。如：e.g. She asked me if/whether I could help

5、her with her English. I dont know if/whether it is going to rain.BackNote: 只用whether的四種情況：1. 在介詞后Im thinking of whether we should go fishing.2. 直接與or not連用時I dont know whether or not they will come to help us.3. 在動詞discuss后面的賓語從句中We discussed whether we would have a sports meeting next week.4. 賓語從句提

6、前時只能用whetherWhether this is true or not, I cant say.BackC) Introduced by relative pronouns and adverbs（連接代詞和連接副詞）一、構(gòu)成： 1. 1.賓語從句可由連接代詞what, who, whom, which等引導(dǎo)，它們在賓語從句中可作主語、賓語、表語和定語等，因此不能省略。 Do you know who will come this afternoon? (作主語) Did you hear what he said? （作賓語） I dont know whose that is. （

7、作表語） Could you tell me which gate we have to go to? （作gate的定語） 2. 賓語從句可由連接副詞when, where, how, why等引導(dǎo)，它們在賓語從句中作狀語，不可省略。 We didnt know when she would come back. Could you tell me how I can get to the post office? No one knows why she is late again.二、難點： 1. 避免重復(fù)出現(xiàn)連接代詞或連接副詞； e.g. *I cant see that what i

8、s over there. （應(yīng)去掉that） 2. 從句中的語序為陳述語序； e.g. *Do you know how old is she? (應(yīng)改為：how old she is) 3. 從句中的時態(tài)與主句時態(tài)前后呼應(yīng)。 e.g. *She didnt tell me when she will come. (應(yīng)改為：when she would come) 三、轉(zhuǎn)換： 由連接代詞和連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可用疑問代詞和疑問副詞動詞不定式替代，進行句型上的轉(zhuǎn)換。 e.g. Ive no idea what were going to do next. = Ive no idea what

9、 to do next. Could you tell me how I can get to the post office? = Could you tell me how to get to the post office?四、賓語從句的時態(tài)主句中謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時，從句中謂語動詞的時態(tài)不受限制，可根據(jù)具體情況選用適當(dāng)?shù)臅r態(tài)；主句謂語動詞是一般過去時，從句中也必須要用某種過去時態(tài)，以保持時態(tài)的前后呼應(yīng)。特別要注意的是當(dāng)賓語從句表示的是客觀真理、科學(xué)原理、自然現(xiàn)象、名言時，則用一般現(xiàn)在時，不受主句時態(tài)的限制。試比較：He says that he wants to see him as

10、soon as possible.He said that he wanted to see him as soon as possible.Tom says that he is mending his car.Tom said that he was mending his car.The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun.賓語從句中考題練兵： 一、單項選擇( ) 1. I dont think he will come here on time, ? (重慶) A. wont he B. will he C. does h

11、e D. is he( ) 2. Will you please tell me ? (上海) A. where Pudong Airport is B. how far Pudong Airport was C. how can we get to Pudong Airport D. when was Pudong Airport built( ) 3. Its not polite to ask people in England. (常州) A. how much money you have got B. what the weather is like C. what your ci

12、ty looks like D. how old are you( ) 4. I wonder if he tonight. If he , Ill let you know. (揚州) A. will come; will come B. comes; comes C. will come; comes D. comes; will comeBAAC( ) 5. I cant say I want to see him again. We havent seen each other for nearly three years. (鎮(zhèn)江) A. how long B. how soon C

13、. how often D. how much( ) 6. Mr. Green told me that he on a trip next Sunday. (通化) A. are going B. was going C. will go D. would going( ) 7. Our geography teacher told us that Japan the east of China.(河北) A. is in B. was in C. is to D. was to( ) 8. Nobody knows hell come or not. (遼寧) A. that B. if

14、C. / D. whether DBCD 二、按要求改寫句子1. “Do you want to try something new?” Toms mother asked him. (改為復(fù)合句,句意不變) (濟南) Toms mother asked him to try something new. 2. Could you tell me the way to the station? (改寫句子,句意不 變) (青島) Could you tell me to the station? 3. “I have finished my homework.” John told me. (

15、改為復(fù)合句, 句意不變) (天津) John told me that homework. 4. I dont how I can reach the zoo. (改為簡單句) (宿遷) I dont know the zoo.if/whetherhewantedhowIcangethehadfinishedhishowtogetto三、根據(jù)漢語提示,完成句子.1. 我還沒有決定是否去參加邁克的生日聚會。(黑龍江) I havent decided I will go to Mikes birthday party .2. 據(jù)說在南京長江上又建了一座橋。（南京） Its said that b

16、ridge _ _ _ over the Changjiang River in Nanjing.3.請你告訴我這把鎖是用什么制成的好嗎？(無錫) Would you please tell me me ?4. 你能告訴我他從美國回來多久了？ Can you tell me ? whetherornotanotherisbeingbuiltwhat this lock is made ofhow long he has been back from the USA. The Adverbial Clause (狀語從句) 狀語從句是副詞性從句，其句法功能是修飾謂語或整個句子等，在句中作狀語，通

17、常由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)。A) The Adverbial Clause of Time (時間狀語從句) Introduced by when (表示主句的動作和從句的動作同時或先后發(fā)生，意為“當(dāng)時”。)e.g. When you get off the bus, you mustnt push others. 2) Introduced by before (表示主句發(fā)生的動作發(fā)生在從句動作之前，意為“在之 前”。)e.g. They had already had breakfast before they went to school. 3) Introduced by after (表示主句

18、發(fā)生的動作發(fā)生在從句動作之后，意為 “在 之后”。) e.g. They talked about the party after the people left. 4) Introduced by until (表示主句發(fā)生的動作發(fā)生在從句動作之前，意為“直到為止”。主句用肯定式，謂語是延續(xù)性的動詞，表示動作一直延續(xù)到until所表示的時間為止) e.g. I will wait until he comes. Note: (until 用于否定句時，主句的動作發(fā)生在從句的動作之前，并且謂語動詞是非延續(xù)性動詞，表示某一動作到until所表示的時間才發(fā)生。notuntil 意為“直到才”。）

19、e.g. She wont go to bed until she finishes her homework. 5) Introduced by as soon as (表示主句發(fā)生的動作發(fā)生在從句動作之后， 意為“一就”。) e.g. My brother went out as soon as I got home. Note: 在時間狀語從句中，主句和從句之間的時態(tài)應(yīng)按下列 規(guī)律確定。1) 主句一般將來時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時：e.g. The boy will be a writer when he grows up.2) 主句含有情態(tài)動詞，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時：e.g. When the

20、lights are red, the traffic must stop.3) 主句為祈使句時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時：e.g. Please dont go to bed before you finish your homework.4) 主句為一般過去時，從句也用過去時態(tài)：e.g. I liked reading when I was young. B) The Adverbial Clause of Place (地點狀語從句) 1) Introduced by where e.g. Put the medicine where you can easily get it. 2) Intr

21、oduced by wherever e.g. Ill go wherever you go.C) The Adverbial Clause of Manner(方式狀語從句)1) Introduced by as e.g. Ill do all the things as you told me.2) Introduced by as if/though(可用陳述語氣表示符合事實的情況，也可用虛擬語氣表示與事實相反的情況) e.g. It looks as if its going to rain. He looks as if he were young.3) Introduced by

22、the way e.g. I dont like the way he talks.D) The Adverbial Clause of Reason (原因狀語從句) 1) Introduced by becausebecause語氣最強，它著重說明原因。用why提問的問句必須用because回答，不能用as, since； e.g.-Why didnt he come? -Because he was ill. 2) Introduced by sincesince語氣比較弱，表示關(guān)系上的自然結(jié)果，尤其用于對已經(jīng)清楚了的因素，常譯成“既然”，“鑒于”，通常從句放在主句前； e.g. Sin

23、ce a lot of people make mistakes in life, Mr Smith wanted to give John a chance. 3) Introduced by as as語氣最弱，只表示一般的因果關(guān)系，從句放在主句前或后均可；e.g. As he didnt know the meaning of the word, he looked it up in his dictionary. Note: for是并列連詞，引導(dǎo)的句子不置于句首，是一種非直接的、隨便附加說明的理由或推斷。e.g. The oil must be out, for the light

24、went out. E) The Adverbial Clause of Condition (條件狀語從句)1) 條件狀語從句通常由if或unless(=if not)引導(dǎo)，從句中常用一般時代替將來時，即if或unless后的句子謂語用一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時。但是，主句則通常用將來時，情態(tài)動詞或祈使句。 e.g. If he doesnt come on time, we wont know what to know. He must come if he is told. Please let me know if he comes back. Ill go there unless it

25、 rains. 2) If 條件句的替代形式： （1）祈使句 + and/or + 陳述句（謂語動詞通常用將來時態(tài)）。其中，and表示句意順承；or表示轉(zhuǎn)折，意為“否則”。 e.g. If you work hard, youll pass the exam easily. = Work hard, and youll pass the exam easily. If you dont work hard, youll fall behind others. = Work hard, or youll fall behind others. （2）用介詞with, without的替代形式：

26、e.g. If there is no water, the fish may die. = Fish may die without water. If you help me, Ill finish my task on time. = With your help, Ill finish my task on time.F) The Adverbial Clause of Concession (讓步狀語從句) 1) Introduced by though/although e.g. Though he tried many times, he failed to work it ou

27、t. 2) Introduced by wh-ever e.g. Whatever he says(=No matter what he says), dont believe him. 3) Introduced by even if/even though e.g. Even if he is poor, she loves her husband. (He may be poor, yet she loves him.) 即使他窮了，她也仍然愛他。 Even though he is poor, she still loves her husband. (He is poor, yet

28、she loves him.) 盡管他窮，但她仍然愛他。 G) The Adverbial Clause of Result (結(jié)果狀語從句) 1) Introduced by so thate.g. There are big trees around the house so that it can hardly be seen by passers-by. 2) Introduced by sothat/suchthat e.g. He walked so fast that I couldnt keep up with him. He made such a good report t

29、hat everybody was pleased.H) The Adverbial Clause of Purpose(目的狀語從句) 1) Introduced by so that e.g. He got up much earlier than usual so that he could catch the first bus.2) Introduced by so that e.g. He explained it so clearly that he wanted everyone of us to understand him better. I) The Adverbial

30、Clause of Comparison (比較狀語從句) 1) Introduced by asas/not soas; than e.g. This question is not so difficult as I thought. The film is much better than we expected. 2) Introduced by The more, the moree.g. The more he heard the song, the less he liked it.狀語從句中考題練兵：一、單項選擇( ) 1. Somebody rang me up just n

31、ow, but he hung up I could answer the phone. (無錫) A. when B. until C. before D. since( ) 2. Mr Smith usually reads a newspaper hes waiting for the bus. (徐 州) A. if B. the C. because D. while( ) 3. You must leave here now your mother can get some more rest. (常州) A. because B. though C. so that D. so(

32、 ) 4. The meeting is important that you mustnt miss it. (鹽城) A. very B. such C. so D. too CDC C( ) 5. Im going to the supermarket. - you are there, would you please buy me some vegetables? (鎮(zhèn)江) A. If B. Because C. While D. After( ) 6. Do you know what he did all day? (鎮(zhèn)江) -He spent as much time play

33、ing as he . A. studying B. was studying C. studied D. did studying( ) 7. If Mg in O2, we MgO, and it combination reaction (化學(xué)變化). (泰州) A. will burn, get, calls B. burns, will get, called C. will burn, can get, is calling D. burns, will get, is called( ) 8. he talked with her for a long time, he fail

34、ed to convince(說服) her. (黃岡) A. Though B. But C. Since D. AsCDDA 二、同義句改寫1.Wherever he is, he can make himself at home. (廣州) he is, he can make himself at home.2.Miss Smith left here after the rain stopped. (淮安) Miss Smith leave here the rain stopped.3.If you work hard, you will pass the exam. (鹽城) ,

35、 and you will pass the exam.4.Tom was too happy to get to sleep. (大連) Tom was happy he couldnt .5.Get off the bus when the driver tells you. （寧夏） Dont get off the bus you _ _ _. NomatterwheredidntuntilWorkhardsothatfallasleepuntilaretoldto三、根據(jù)漢語提示,完成句子.1. 你看的歷史書籍越多，你了解的知識就越多。 （無錫） , the more knowled

36、ge youll get.2. 他是一個好人，與每個人都相處的很好。（常州）He is such a kind man .3. 山姆一拿到新書就迫不及待地看了起來。（連云港）Sam couldnt wait to read the new book .4. 盡管學(xué)電腦花費許多時間，但我認為學(xué)好它還是有用的。（南京） , I think it useful to learn computer well. 5.看起來要下雨了。（甘肅） It looks . The more history books you readthat he gets on well with everyone as so

37、on as he got itThough it takes much timeas if its going to rain. The Attributive Clause (定語從句) 在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫做先行詞。定語從句必須放在先行詞之后，對其先行詞起限定作用。 This is Tom. Tom gave us a talk yesterday. -This is Tom who (that) gave us a talk yesterday. 先行詞 定語從句 引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that,

38、 which 引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有：where, when, why 一 、who, whom, whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句 1. who 在從句中作主語，不可省略，它所引導(dǎo)的定語從句所修飾的先行詞必須是人。e.g. This is the doctor who came her yesterday.2. whom在從句中作賓語，它所引導(dǎo)的定語從句所修飾的先行詞必須是人，可以省略。e.g. The man (whom) you saw last week has left the town.注意：在從句中作介詞賓語時，介詞一般可放在whom之前，也可放在原來的位置上。在含有介詞的固定動詞詞組

39、中介詞只能放在原來的位置上。e.g. a)The man from whom I borrowed the book is Li Lei. = The man whom I borrowed the book from is Li Lei. (前句中的whom不可省略，后句中的whom可省略) b)The girl whom he is taking care of is ill. (take care of是固定詞組) 3. whose在從句中作定語，表示所屬關(guān)系，其所修飾的先行詞既可是人也可是物。e.g. I know the woman whose husband is a doctor

40、. He lives in the house whose window faces south. 二、that, which引導(dǎo)的定語從句這兩個代詞均指物，它們所引導(dǎo)的定語從句所修飾的先行詞是物,通常情況下，它們可以互換。1. that, which在從句中作主語，不可省略。 e.g. Hero is the film that/which was directed by Zhang Yimou.2. that, which在從句中作賓語，可以省略。 e.g. Is this the film (that/which) you talked about last week?注意：關(guān)系代詞在作

41、介詞賓語時，只能用which且不能省略。 e.g. The house in which he once lived is a meeting-room. = The house (which) he once lived in is a meeting-room.知識拓展：引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞that和which，在一般情況下，盡管可以互換使用，但在下列情況下，只能用that，而不用which： 1. 先行詞是復(fù)合不定代詞everything, anything, nothing等時。 e.g. She didnt forget anything (that) her mother had

42、 told her to buy.2. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或the last修飾時。e.g. This is the first textbook (that) I studied in the primary school.He is in the last row that is next to the window.3. 先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時。e.g. That is the highest building (that) I have ever seen.4. 先行詞被the only, the very, the same等修飾時。e.g. This is the very nov

43、el (that) you want to borrow. 5. 先行詞是或被all, no, some, any, little, much等修飾時， e.g. Ive written down all (that )the teacher doesnt allow us to do. They havent got any dictionaries (that) we need. 6. 先行詞既包含人又包含物時。e.g. He told us many interesting things and persons (that) we had never heard.7. 主句是以who, which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句時。e.g. Who is the man (that) you spoke to just now? Which is the book that was stolen by him? 8. 先行詞是主句的表語或關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語 時。 e.g. C