1、Books:Authors surname and initials or first nameYear of publicationTitle of books in italics (or underlined if hand-written)Name of publisherPlace of publicationExamples:Kaberry, P. (1939)Aboriginal Women, Sacred and Profane. Routledge, London.Articles in Journals, Periodicals and NewspapersAuthors

2、surname followed by initials or first nameYear of publicationTitle of article in single quotation marksTitle of journal in italics (or underlined)Volume number and issue number, if applicable Page number/sExample:McFarlane, B. 1965, India: The political economy of crisis. The Australian Quarterly, v

3、ol. 37, March, p.9.A SAMPLE BIBLIOGRAPHYBone, Pamela, (1993), Crying Shame. Women and Human Rights.The Sydney Morning Herald,28 June, p.9.(Newspaperarticle, author known)Blainey, G. (1966),The Tyranny of Distance.Sun Books, Melbourne.(Book)Brough, S. (ed.) (1989)The Economic Atlas,Hutchinson, London

4、.(Reference book edited work)Computer industry blamed,Sydney Morning Herald,7 July 1997, p.3.(Newspaper article, author unknown)Cotton, C. (1994) A tyranny of Censors in Myanmar,World Press Express,vol 41, March, p. 33.(Journal article).Bibliography continuedKelly, N n.d.,Hanging Out at Glenrowan.Bu

5、shwhackers Press, Melbourne.(Work with no publication date)Leech, O. (1993), Call for research shake-up.Australian,11 August, p.13.(Newspaper article).Writing a prose summary (Precis)A prose summary is a condensed, paraphrased version of the original material which can be very useful to you for incl

6、usion in essays and reports.A summary should contain only the information that has been presented in the original passage. Therefore,do not:include your own opinionsuse your own examplesgive additional informationalter the balance of any argument presented.Some tips for writing a summaryWrite in con

7、tinuous prose, with a logical connection of ideas. Words such as but, however, nevertheless, because, therefore, and although are useful to establish a smooth flow of ideas. However, you must use them with care and accuracy so that you do not distort the original meaning.Use reported or indirect spe

8、ech and the third person. For example: The chief inspector said, I have never seen such a horrible crime in all my years as a police officer. (Direct speech.)The chief inspector claimed never to have witnessed such a horrible crime throughout his entire career as a police officer. (Indirect speech,

9、paraphrased)When using indirect speech, use the past tense (as above).Write in formal English.Use your own words (paraphrase) as far as possible.Leave out examples, illustrations, etc.activity.ActivityWrite a summary of the table: The rise of the one person household.How to write a summary of the in

10、formation from a tableMention the important points raised or questions asked.Mention the sample (ie the people who were interviewed) if importantConcentrate on the main findings of the survey: do not try to report on every aspect, especially if it is highly complexTry to generalise the findings (ie

11、facts and figures)Use reported (or indirect) rather than direct speech.Exercise: Writing a summary from a table. Sample AnswerNine major European countries are represented in the graph, which depicts the rise of one person households between 1981 and 1991. The graph shows that while the percentage o

12、f such households varies considerably, all countries, except perhaps Spain, experienced an increase in the ten years between 1981 and 1991.Sweden (at 40%) showed the highest percentage of one-person households, while Germany (at 35%) and Denmark (at 34%) were also high. Five countries between 29% an

13、d 21%, with Spain showing the lowest percentage at only 10%.Over the ten-year period, the Netherlands had the biggest increase (13%), closely followed by Sweden (11%). Ireland only showed a 4% increase, the three countries - Denmark, France and the U.K. - showed a 3% increase. The lowest increase wa

14、s in Austria (1%).As no figures were available for Spain in 1981, it cannot be seen whether the number of one person households (10%) in fact represents a rise over the 10-year period.163 words.Memo purposeUsually you write memos to inform readers of specific information. You might also write a memo

15、 to persuade others to take action, give feedback on an issue, or react to a situation. However, most memos communicate basic information, such as meeting times or due datesBefore writing a memo, outline what your purpose is for doing so, and decide if the memo is the best communication channel.Gene

16、ral FormatmemoWhen you write a memo, you will follow a general format. Your instructor or company may have specific requirements that you must use. For instance, a company might have a particular way of presenting a heading or may even use a specific type of letterhead or logo.However, usually a mem

17、o has a to, from, subject, and date entry.Message This is why it is important that the first sentence of the memo should answer that question with a purpose statement. The best purpose statements are concise and direct. Your memos message should also provide a context for readers. In other words, al

18、ways tell your readers why you are writing. Consider the following questions: Is your memo a result of a situation? For instance, As a result of yesterdays meeting. Is your memo a reminder? For example, The Proposal is due July 2. .HeadingA memos heading provides information about who will receive t

19、he memo, who is sending the memo, the date, and the memos subject. This information may be bolded or highlighted in some way. For example: TO: FROM: DATE: SUBJECT: .Cont.Lists represent an effective way to present information. Not only do they breakdown large amounts of text, but they also provide text in a way that is visually pleasing. Lists are especially useful for conveying steps, pha