1、新托福閱讀基礎(chǔ)語法全匯總一. 準(zhǔn)備知識(shí)1.iBT 托福閱讀理解的形式特點(diǎn)(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)文章數(shù)量:3-5 篇(和相對(duì)應(yīng):3 篇閱讀,9 個(gè)段子或 5 篇閱讀,6 個(gè)段子)文章長(zhǎng)度:650-750 詞/篇題目數(shù)量:12-14 個(gè)/篇(每篇有一個(gè)多選,形式為 6 選 3,7 選 5 或 9 選 7)測(cè)試時(shí)間:20 分鐘/篇測(cè)試分?jǐn)?shù):0-30 分(由原始分 42 分換算到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分 30 分)2.iBT 托福閱讀的重點(diǎn)(1):辨析文章的主要觀點(diǎn),并與局部小觀點(diǎn)區(qū)分;辨析段落.(注:所有文章都有標(biāo)題)(2) 細(xì)節(jié):概括性信息的把握并判別具體信息的真?zhèn)蜹RUE? FALSE? NOT GIVE

2、N?General sement ideasSomes(3) 詞匯:辨析詞匯和短語的含義,并通過上下文推斷某些詞匯和短語的含義:認(rèn)知(一詞多義);詞匯推斷(4)(5)(6)推斷:根據(jù)上下文推斷出隱藏的信息態(tài)度:根據(jù)文章描述判斷作者意圖和態(tài)度:WHY 目的;HOW.結(jié)構(gòu):判斷句子和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系,并確定段落的結(jié)構(gòu) 托福閱讀是以句子為的3.閱讀的本質(zhì):獲取有效信息消除閱讀4.文章結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)(1) 文章主體分為結(jié)構(gòu)主體和細(xì)節(jié)主體.結(jié)構(gòu)主體(支撐):細(xì)節(jié)主體(填充)段(文章的前幾段)和句(每段的前幾句).(2) 文章具體結(jié)構(gòu)如下:ro: background(細(xì)節(jié)) & topic(結(jié)構(gòu))Body:

3、 sub-topic(結(jié)構(gòu)),: topic(結(jié)構(gòu)) 5.快速筆記方法快速筆記的意義:輔助思維框架形成 索引功能快速筆記的內(nèi)容ysis(細(xì)節(jié)) & evidence(細(xì)節(jié))結(jié)構(gòu)主體的詞時(shí)間和數(shù)字:同步時(shí)間及相應(yīng)的事件;一律為數(shù)字人名地名專有名詞:使用首字母標(biāo)記舉例主體新概念和概念重要的邏輯關(guān)系快速筆記的簡(jiǎn)單符號(hào)體系快速筆記的重要性和必要性閱讀中的指導(dǎo)性邏輯(PREDICTING)好筆記的特點(diǎn):筆記中有清晰的邏輯脈絡(luò)根據(jù)筆記可以對(duì)文章進(jìn)行有效復(fù)述 6.閱讀和口語的關(guān)系:規(guī)范口語的邏輯提供口語表達(dá)的素材二.閱讀方法1.精讀-句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和方法(1) 句子閱讀中的1) 定語前置定語: adj+n后置

4、定語:n+ adj phrase 形容詞短語: a book useful for you prep phrase 介詞短語:n on the deskv-ing/-ed phrase 分詞短語:rson walking on the road; a tool developed for the project不定式: a way to solve the problem 注:分詞短語作后置定語時(shí),其邏輯主語是其修飾的名詞不定代詞只能用后置定語修飾不定式作后置定語其邏輯主語是第定語從句: sb use the way to solve the problem關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句:t, whic

5、h, who, whom, whose( 其中whom 引導(dǎo)的是非完整句, whose 引導(dǎo)的是完整句)關(guān)系連詞: when, where, why 在句子中不作成分, 引導(dǎo)的是完整句介詞+關(guān)系代詞: in which, 此關(guān)系代詞不包括 whatt, which, who,2) 同位語: 同語一樣處理刪除A, B( 定語從句/同位語從句) A, or BAt + 句子( 完整句)A of B: the city of Beijing3) 狀語: 處理方式-Prep phrase 介詞短語分詞短語不定式Adv 副詞注: 非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語其邏輯主語是句子的主語4) 并列結(jié)構(gòu)并列連詞的用法: 并列

6、連詞連接結(jié)構(gòu)功能性質(zhì)均相同的成分必須完全對(duì)等5)t 引導(dǎo)的各種從句S+V+T+句子(完整句)-賓語從句 S+系動(dòng)詞+表語+句子表語從句It + Vi +t +句子It + be + adj +t +句子 完整句t +句子+ VN+t +句子+ 同位語(完整句) 定語從句(非完整句)S + Vi +t+ 句子: The sun risest is bright.S + be + adj +t + 句子: The desk is cleant is used by the student(定語從句); The fact istruet Tom is handsome(同位語從句).(2) 復(fù)雜句的

7、閱讀方法層次化句子閱讀法1) 括號(hào)匹配 關(guān)聯(lián)詞 (完整句句子終結(jié) (關(guān)聯(lián)詞+ 非完整句) 2) 化右括號(hào)的條件:連接句子的并列連詞或標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)之前例 1: However, for many years physicists thoughtt (atom and molecules always weremuore likely to emit light spontaneously)andt (stimulated emisthus always wouldbe much weaker) 例 2: It appearedt Canada was once more falling in ste

8、p with thetrend toward smaller famis (d occurred all through the Western world since the timeof the Industrial Revolution). 例 3: The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of therelationship betn healnd how the body takes in and utilizes food substan(同位語,刪除), can be dividedo four distinct eras:

9、 thebeganhe nineteenth century andextendedo the early twentieth century (when it was recognized for thetimet (foodcontained constituents (t were essential for human function) )andt (different foodsprovided different amounts of these essential agents).例 4: Using techniquesdeveloped for the offshore o

10、il and gas industry, the DSDPs drillship, the Glomar Challenger(同位語), was able to maain a steadyition on the oceanssurface and drill in very deep water, extracting samples of sediments and rock from the oceanfloor.例 5: The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact undertaken also in North,

11、 though less spectacularly).t (reconstruction had to be例 6: The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth century in which (themaking of a clay mwas considered the creative act) and (the work was then turned overto studio assistant to be cast in plaster or bronze or carvedarble).例

12、7: Anyone (who has handle a fossilized bone) knowst (it is usually not exactly like itst( it is often much heavier)獨(dú)立主modern count格結(jié)構(gòu).art), the most obvious difference being例 8: The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which (workersmade goods since 1790s), Normerican entreneu

13、rseven without the technologicalimprovementhad broadended the scope of the outwork system (t made manufacturingmore efficient by distributing materials to sucof workers (who each performed a singlet (artisanss, (who were locked on asstep of the production promechanics or skilled workerss) 例 9: The f

14、acthe eighteenth century), (are frequently considered artiststoday) is directly attibutable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century) 例10: A few art collectors James BowI ofton, William Bbyrd of Virginian, and theAns abd Hamiltons of Philadelphia (同位語)roduced European art traditions

15、 to thosecolonistsprivileged to visit their galleries, espelly aspiring artists and establishedheirrespective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to icouragement.(2) 倒裝句的閱讀方法1) 部分倒裝處理方法: 把提前的助動(dòng)詞/be動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞去掉或還原,并按順序理解. 2) 完全倒裝的處理方法名詞代詞主語的成分:The +形容詞不定式主語從句動(dòng)名

16、詞完全倒裝的判斷流程例 1: Herein (adv) lay(賓語) the beginning of what ultimay(最終) turned from ignorance(無知) to denial of the value of nutrition therapiesedicine(主語).例 2: Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals(主語), sometimes easilyrecognizable ach, often distortedo geous, weird, but always func

17、tional shs.例 3: With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second WorldWar and the economic boom(t followed it)獨(dú)立主格, young people married andestablished households earr and began to raise larger famisn had their predesorsduring the Depres. 沒有倒裝例 4: Basic to any understanding of Canadahe 20years a

18、fter the Second World War(賓語)is the countrys impressive population growth(主語).句子結(jié)構(gòu): adj + prep +B+ be + A = A + be +adj +prep +B例 5: Among the species of seabirds (t use the windst cliff of thecoast of Canadahe summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young) are commonmurres,puffins, black-legged ki

19、ttiwakes, and northern gannets(主語).句子結(jié)構(gòu): Among A + be + B = B 是 A 的一部分例 6: Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: (t the medium has certain qualities ofbeauty and expressiveness with which (sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilitieso harmony).例 7: Most important perhaps, wast

20、(they had all maained wicertain fidelity(狀語) amanner of technique and comition consistent with those of Americaspopularlandscs artist, Thomas Cole, (who built a careaing the Catskill Mountain scenerybording the Hudson River). 句型結(jié)構(gòu): S + Vt + prep + n1 (介詞短語)+ n2, Vt 的賓語實(shí)際上是 n2.例 8: With the turn-of-c

21、entury Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sourofinspiration(獨(dú)立主格), such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge forhands-on,al execution of art and aneraction with the medium(主語).例 9: Accustomed though we are to(倒裝) speaking of the fimadebefore 1927 as snt, the f

22、ilm has never been seen,he full sense of the word, silent.句型結(jié)構(gòu): adj + though + S + be + prep + n = though + S +be + adj + prep + n, 僅發(fā)生在讓步狀語從句中.例 10: Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habis has beena growing appretion of the importance of biological diversity, the n

23、umber of species in aparticular ecosystem(同位語), to the health of the Earnd human well-being(主語).句型結(jié)構(gòu): the importance of A to B = A 對(duì) B 的重要性例 11: Matching the influx of foreign immigrantso the larger cities of the United Sesduring the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration(主語), from town an

24、d farm to city,with例 12:he United Ses., had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils(虛擬條件句 if id notbeen) , they might well(4) 強(qiáng)調(diào)句的閱讀方法e been classified as dinosaurs.：It + be + 強(qiáng)調(diào)成分t/ who+ 其他成分注意：把強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)去掉句子仍然完整正確的就是強(qiáng)調(diào)句 強(qiáng)調(diào)句不強(qiáng)調(diào)形容詞和代詞例 1: It was just a decade before this (強(qiáng)調(diào)句)t many drug

25、 companies had found theirvitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physins with generoussamples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplemenion for a vatiety of health-related conditions.例 2: It was she, a Baltimore prer, (強(qiáng)調(diào)句)who published theoffice copies of t

26、heDeclaraton, thecopie (t included the names of its singers and therefore heralded thesupport of all thirteen colonies).例 3: It was capitalismhe cities(強(qiáng)調(diào)句)t the elements (t can be assoted with modernappearedthe use of money and commerl pr in place of barter, opencompetition in place of sol deferenc

27、e and hierarchy, win attendant rise in soldisorder, and the appearance octories using coal or watower in place of independentcraftspeople working with hand tools).2. 泛讀快速閱讀與有效閱讀(1) 閱讀中的詳略結(jié)合SKIMMING1) 需要詳細(xì)閱讀的內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)主體的內(nèi)容非舉例性質(zhì)的概括描述題目回原文的內(nèi)容2) 可以快速瀏覽的內(nèi)容大量的數(shù)據(jù)堆砌明顯的舉例: 為何而舉,舉例主體,結(jié)束位置對(duì)比類比讀一半讓步轉(zhuǎn)折讀一半(轉(zhuǎn)折以后的那一半)(2

28、) 理解擴(kuò)大和閱讀中邏輯的構(gòu)建模糊理解理論1) 閱讀中的惡習(xí)指讀聲讀回讀視角高度過低二次閱讀2) 理解加大理解和閱讀邏輯,變單詞為意群組合焦點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練法可以合并為意群的成分:副詞介詞短語分詞短語非謂語的不定式主語和謂語或謂語和賓語固定搭配例: Generally, in order to be phe fossil record,anisms must prosess hard bodypartch as ss or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators ordecayed by bacteria. Ev

29、en hard parts left on the surface for certain length of time will bedestroyed. Therefore,anisms must be buried raly to escdestruction by elementsand to be protected against agents of weathering and ero. Marineanisms thus arebetter candidates for fossilizationn those living on the land because the oc

30、ean is typicallythe site of sedimenion, whereas the land is largely the site of ero.Generally, in order to be phe fossil record,anisms must prosess hard bodypartch as ss or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators ordecayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surface fo

31、r certain length of time will bedestroyed. Therefore,anisms must be buried raly to escdestruction by elementsand to be protected against agents of weathering and ero. Marineanisms thus arebetter candidates for fossilizationn those living on the land because the ocean is typicallythe site of sedimeni

32、on, whereas the land is largely the site of ero構(gòu)建閱讀邏輯, 變翻譯為整體理解強(qiáng)調(diào)一遍閱讀(3) 文章的類型和題材.1) 文章類型: :參見 OG 第 19 頁順承式: 時(shí)間及時(shí)間發(fā)展線索.(線型結(jié)構(gòu))分類式: 分類方式及類別特征. (樹型結(jié)構(gòu))問題解決式現(xiàn)象解釋式: 解決方案解釋及最終結(jié)論.(傘型結(jié)構(gòu))2) 題材分類自然科學(xué)生物學(xué)植物學(xué): 植物的分類和特征動(dòng)物學(xué): 動(dòng)物的分類和行為.鳥類群體昆蟲海洋生物微生物學(xué): 真菌(蘑菇真菌的頑固)地理地質(zhì)學(xué)地形地貌特征: 成因分布?xì)夂蛏鷳B(tài)影響地質(zhì)事件: 成因或原理過程影響天文學(xué)具體的星體特征: 基本特征(

33、形狀距離軌道旋轉(zhuǎn)溫度質(zhì)量); 大氣層(氫氣氦氣氨氣甲烷); 表面特征; 水和生命形式; 人的探索天文學(xué)事件: 成因過程影響考古學(xué)古生物: 恐龍(), 鳥類( 進(jìn)化史 pterosaurarchaeopteryx modern birds)古代遺址遺跡: 中國(guó)的古代遺跡氣象學(xué)性天氣: 成因過程危害預(yù)防天氣預(yù)報(bào):f. 新技術(shù)和新事物發(fā)展史特征及應(yīng)用人文科學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)a.歷史土人: 生活藝術(shù)都市化過程: 人口增b. 歷史學(xué)和人類學(xué)原始人生活變遷: 游牧到古代文明市擴(kuò)張交通發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮(農(nóng)業(yè))c. 文學(xué)流派: 產(chǎn)生代表作家: 生平作品 d. 繪畫和雕塑流派類型:城市藝術(shù)e. 音樂畫家類型: count

34、ry, ragtime樂器f.心理學(xué): 人類情感分析三. 新托福閱讀題型1. 詞匯題(Vocabulary Question)(1) 詞匯題簡(jiǎn)介和提問方式: 參見 OG 第 25 頁 (2) 詞匯題的解答方法認(rèn)識(shí)：直接解題，沾邊就對(duì)。不認(rèn)識(shí)： 推斷： 從詞的本身 上下文：因果對(duì)比解釋入驗(yàn)證猜2. 指代題(Reference Question)指代題簡(jiǎn)介和提問方式: 參見 OG 第 2627 頁指代題的解答方法代詞a. 從句的主語指代主語的主賓語(使用屬性判斷,不用含義)代b. 關(guān)系代詞指代先行詞(結(jié)構(gòu)不影響指代關(guān)系)c. 重復(fù)概念指代: Tom and his cat(就近原則)d. some

35、 of others some + n + of + n, others 指名詞 some + v, some others名詞:優(yōu)先選擇題干的上下意詞a is a kind of A, A 是 a 的上意詞若上下意詞不唯一則當(dāng)作代詞指代處理注意: a.被指代對(duì)象往往在代詞之前出現(xiàn)從句開頭往后找代詞和被指代對(duì)象的數(shù)性和性質(zhì)必須一致指代的傳遞現(xiàn)象共指之前概念3. 事實(shí)信息題( Factual Information Question)(1)(2)(3)事實(shí)題簡(jiǎn)介和提問方式: 參見 OG 第 20 頁事實(shí)題的正確選項(xiàng)特征: 原文重現(xiàn)和同義改寫細(xì)節(jié)類題目的干擾方式1) 信息滯留點(diǎn)信息滯留點(diǎn)的概念信息

36、滯留點(diǎn)的表現(xiàn)形式A 在原文的出現(xiàn), B 在原文中不出現(xiàn).,A + B 在選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn).AB 均在原文中出現(xiàn), A + B 在選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn). c. A+ B 在原文中出現(xiàn). A 或 B 在選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn).2) 干擾選項(xiàng)特征虛較: 如果選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)了絕對(duì)化描述或范圍的擴(kuò)張, 則該選項(xiàng)優(yōu)先不為正確選項(xiàng),在除非在原文存在比較的一一對(duì)應(yīng).答非所問: 確保所選和題干因果關(guān)系.（） 事實(shí)信息題的解題步驟）根據(jù)題目中的進(jìn)行定位（筆記原文）：能夠縮小搜索范圍的詞（段落號(hào)時(shí)間和數(shù)字人名地名專有名詞題目的概念）Scanning: 在原文中尋找某特定概念尋找概念的第一次出現(xiàn)位置及其同反義詞和上下義詞尋找及其相關(guān)）根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容形

37、成）驗(yàn)證選項(xiàng)，選擇與判斷判斷一致的選項(xiàng)）若無匹配選項(xiàng)則檢查讀題定位理解正確性注意:驗(yàn)證選項(xiàng)中的概念和最大的概念組合是否在文章中出現(xiàn).確保所選確保所選和題干和原文因果關(guān)系因果關(guān)系4. 否定事實(shí)信息題(Negative Information Question)否定事實(shí)題簡(jiǎn)介和提問方式: 參見 OG 第 21 頁局部否定事實(shí)題目的特點(diǎn)及解答特點(diǎn)a. 對(duì)應(yīng)原文某一處描述, 通常是舉例 b. 對(duì)應(yīng)原文兩處或兩處以上描述, 并且通常是分散舉例或排比(未被選擇的選項(xiàng)應(yīng)和原文解答原則a. 優(yōu)先利用筆記進(jìn)行判斷排除一一對(duì)應(yīng).b. 充分利用已做題目進(jìn)行判斷排除根據(jù)選項(xiàng)中的直選和排除結(jié)合盡量最后再做進(jìn)行定位排除(

38、3) 全局否定事實(shí)題目的特點(diǎn)及解答5. 推斷題(Inference Question)推斷題簡(jiǎn)介和提問方式: 參見 OG 第 23 頁推斷題的特點(diǎn)和解答正確不在原文中直接出現(xiàn)推理的邏輯”因果:對(duì)比: 時(shí)間對(duì)比; 直接對(duì)比; 比例對(duì)比(在總量推理錯(cuò)誤: 附加條件(收斂線理)6. 修辭目的題( Rhetorical Pure Question)不變的情況下此消彼漲)修辭目的題見解和提問方式: 參見 OG 第 24 頁修辭目的題的分類和解答段落關(guān)系順承: 無明顯的標(biāo)志詞轉(zhuǎn)折: 有表示對(duì)比轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞支持: 有表示舉例的關(guān)聯(lián)詞作者意圖: 對(duì)應(yīng)原文如果有表示舉例的關(guān)聯(lián)詞,則在當(dāng)前句之前出現(xiàn),否則在當(dāng)

39、前句中出現(xiàn); 如果找不到概括性描述.則想段落中心或全文中心靠攏.7. 句子簡(jiǎn)化題(Sentenimplification Question)(1)(2)(3)句子簡(jiǎn)化題簡(jiǎn)介和提問方式: 參見 OG 第 28 頁句子簡(jiǎn)化的兩個(gè)層面: 語義和邏輯常見的邏輯關(guān)系轉(zhuǎn)換-四大 “明顯”/ “隱含” 關(guān)系(4)句子簡(jiǎn)化題解題步驟）尋找給定句子中的邏輯關(guān)系：因果比較否定）確定與邏輯相關(guān)的語義：原因和結(jié)果，作用對(duì)象，最簡(jiǎn)化原則）驗(yàn)證選項(xiàng)，選擇與題干邏輯和相關(guān)語義均一致的選項(xiàng)，先驗(yàn)證邏輯（由主到 次）再驗(yàn)證邏輯否定明顯否定關(guān)系的特色詞匯: no, not, none, never, neither, deny隱

40、含否定關(guān)系的特色詞匯: fail to, absent from, lack, lack of, refuse, few, little, 否定詞綴 less.因果明顯因果關(guān)系的特色詞匯: because, because of, since, for, as, due to, owing to, t, as a result, therefore, there by, hence, consequently, accordingly.隱含因果關(guān)系的特色詞匯:hat, so, so表示導(dǎo)致含義: lead to, cause, result, result in, give rise to, render, produce, make, 使役動(dòng)詞, support, support, stimulate, spur, spark, fuel, motivate, prompt.由而來: come from, result from, originate, derive from, initiate from, stem from, be attibutable to, be responsive to.反映,體現(xiàn): reflect, present, sugge