1、語法入門1教書育人What shall we do today?學習語法的目的和方法英語10大詞類英語8大句子成分從句: 名詞性從句+定語從句+狀語從句2教書育人學習語法的目的和方法目的 ： 1）能懂：即，聽、讀英語時能分析句子的結構，以正確理解。 2)能用：即，說、寫英語時能知道用合適的語法來表達。方法：【現在進行時(be doing)】 錯誤的方法：死不想 正確的方法：懂用感知3教書育人錯誤的方法：死不想1)死記規則 “現在進行時be doingbe doing 現在進行時”2) 不馬上使用，平時也不用3)考試時，想規則，有人想起來，有人想不起來，有的人想起來了但不會用。 -翻譯：湯姆正在

2、讀一本關于動物的書。 Tom read a book about animals. Tom reads a book about animals. Tom be doing read a book about animals. Tom be reading a book about animals. Tom are reading a book about animals.4) 考試后老師評講 有的同學聽懂了，改了過來；有的同學聽不懂(因為評講時老師一般講得簡略)。下次考試，有人做對了，有人還是做錯；做錯的被老師罵想努力追上有的追上了，有的還是聽不懂慢慢不喜歡英語，認為自己永遠學不好。5) 典

3、型癥狀 會背規則，有的會做題，但是開口/提筆錯誤很多。 4教書育人正確的方法：懂用感知1)讀懂 “現在進行時的構成是be doingbe要隨人稱變化哦 這么回事”2) 馬上使用 I am studying English. My father am(“哦不對，應該是 is ”)is watching TV. My mother is cooking. They are not study (“哦不對，應該是 studying”) studying English.3)考試時，用語感+語法知識做題 -翻譯：湯姆正在讀一本關于動物的書。 Tom is reading a book about an

4、imals.4) 平時遇到需要用英語時，也能正確用.5)長期如此，此人被稱為“有語言天賦者”，“聰明，沒有辦法”6) 使用正確方法的好處 懂規則，會做題，開口/提筆可能有小錯，但基本正確，多開口說，多練筆后錯誤越來越少。5教書育人正確的學習方法(續)學單詞、詞組也要這樣 “懂-用-感知”。如：distress n. a state of dangerExamples:The lifeboat went out to rescue a ship in distress.Send out a distress signal. The ship is sinking！(然后仿造例子造句)rear v

5、. raise; lift upExamples:A lion suddenly reared its head from among the tall grass.The skyscraper rears above the neighboring buildings.(然后仿造例子造句)6教書育人英語10大詞類英語有兩種詞類：實詞和虛詞注意：有的詞可以兼類。如：fast（形、副） on(介、副）實詞虛詞代數名形副動（袋鼠明星互動）。介連冠嘆（接連官貪）7教書育人1 主謂賓Q老師喜歡數學。(主動句)Mr. Q likes math.Q老師不喜歡數學。(主動句)Mr. Q does not l

6、ike math.Q老師喜歡什么？What does Mr. Q like?主謂賓句型數學被Q老師喜歡。(被動句)Math is liked by Mr. Q .數學被被Q老師喜歡。(被動句)Math is not liked by Mr. Q .練習:劃分句子成分Q老師玩麻將。Q老師玩什么？麻將被Q老師玩。8教書育人2 主系表Q老師是個好老師。他很好。他在樓頂。Mr. Q is a good teacher. He is very good. He is on the roof. (be)他可能變成壞老師。He might become a bad teacher. (become, get

7、, turn, grow)(因為)Q老師保持沉默。(because) He keeps silent. (keep, stay, remain)子曰：不在沉默中變壞，就在沉默中變態。Q老師經證明已經變態。Mr. Q proved BT-ed。(prove)Q老師看起來很善良。他的英語聽起來不錯。他的皮膚摸起來很粗糙。他的飯嘗起來不錯。He looks kind. His English sounds nice. He smells bad. His skin feels rough. His food tastes good.主系表句型記憶口訣：“（身材）經證明變了，保持起來唄(=be)”注意

8、：系動詞后用形容詞 He looks nice. (X) He looks nicely. His food tastes good. (X) His food tastes well.9教書育人3 修飾語(限制語)：定語修飾限制語的作用：縮小某概念的范圍Q老師喜歡數學(不過) Q老師喜歡漂亮的女生too。 Mr. Q likes beautiful girls too. Q老師喜歡 教室里的 3個 年齡為31歲的 漂亮 女生。 Mr. Q likes 3 31-year-old beautiful girls in the classroom.Q老師喜歡 3個 教室里的 年齡為31歲的 漂亮

9、 女生。(兩種意思)Mr. Q likes 31-year-old beautiful girls in 3 classrooms.Mr. Q likes 3 31-year-old beautiful girls in the classroom.注意：有時候句子本身會有模糊性，分析時要用常識，找出最符合邏輯和常理的意思。定義：名詞的修飾語叫定語。10教書育人修飾語(限制語)：狀語Q老師很/十分喜歡女生。Mr. Q likes beautiful girls very much/a a lot.Q老師無可救藥地喜歡女生。Mr. Q likes beautiful girls hopeless

10、ly.Q老師無可救藥地喜歡十分漂亮的女生。Mr. Q likes very beautiful girls hopelessly.Q老師完全無可救藥地喜歡十分漂亮的女生。Mr. Q likes very beautiful girls completely hopelessl y.定義：修飾“形副動”詞的成分叫狀語。練習：請問劃線部分是什么成分？英俊瀟灑的 Q老師 于2004年 在西南財大的校園里 完全 無可救藥地 愛上了一位 如仙女般 漂亮的 女生。11教書育人練習練習：請問劃線部分是什么成分？The handsome Mr. Q fell completely hopelessly in

11、love with a girl, who was as beautiful as a princess, on the campus of SWUFE in 2004.Americas first black president plays basketball, which is a very active sport, extremely well.12教書育人4：補語(首先)Q老師讓她很高興。 Mr. Q made her very happy.(然后)Q老師讓她(成為了)已婚婦女。 Mr. Q made her a married woman.與此類似 Americans elect

12、ed him President of America.注意兩個被動句 She was made very happy. She was made a married woman He was elected President of America.定義：補充說明主語或賓語的成分叫補語。分別叫賓補和主補。13教書育人5：同位語Q老師，一位人稱風流倜儻英俊瀟灑誠實可靠小郎君的小伙子，于2004年，一個大雪來的有點晚的年度，在西南財大，一所位坐落于天府之國成都的高等學府，完全無可救藥地地喜歡上了H小姐，一位膚若凝脂吹可破、貌如天仙美若玉的女生。定義：說明前面的名詞的身份、地位等的成分。可代替被修

13、飾詞做相應的句子成分。例如一位人稱風流倜儻英俊瀟灑誠實可靠小郎君的小伙子，于一個大雪來的有點晚的年度，在一所位坐落于天府之國成都的高等學府，完全無可救藥地地喜歡上了一位膚若凝脂吹可破、貌如天仙美若玉的女生。練習：分析劃線部分的成分。Mr. Q, a handsome and reliable young man, fell in love with Miss H, a girl of great beauty, on the campus of SWUFE, a famous university in Chengdu, in 2004, a year with late snows.14教書

14、育人注意以下兩句的區別1）Q老師，一位人稱風流倜儻英俊瀟灑誠實可靠小郎君的小伙子，于2004年，一個大雪來的有點晚的年度，在西南財大，一所位坐落于天府之國成都的高等學府，完全無可救藥地地喜歡上了H小姐，一位膚若凝脂吹可破、貌如天仙美若玉的女生。2）人稱風流倜儻英俊瀟灑誠實可靠小郎君的Q老師，于大雪來的有點晚的2004年，在坐落于天府之國成都的西南財大，完全無可救藥地地喜歡上了膚若凝脂吹可破、貌如天仙美若玉的H小姐。說明： 1)的劃線部分是同位語被修飾詞后，說明其身份地位或內容； 2)的劃線部分是定語在漢語中是在被修飾詞前(英語中在其后)，說明其特征。例如：He is against the i

15、dea which was mentioned at the meeting. (定) He is against the idea that we should spend more money. (同) He is my teacher, who is very honest and kind. (定) He is my teacher, a man who is honest and kind. (同)15教書育人句子成分總結及練習主謂賓表 定狀補同練習：分析劃線部分的成分Q老師，一位人稱風流倜儻英俊瀟灑誠實可靠小郎君的小伙子，于2004年，一個大雪來的有點晚的年度，在西南財大，一所位坐

16、落于天府之國成都的高等學府，完全 無可救藥地喜歡上了H小姐，一位膚若凝脂吹可破、貌如天仙美若玉的女生。Mr. Q, a handsome and reliable young man who is known as the man of supreme virtue, fell in love with Miss H, a girl of unparalleled beauty with a most delicate complexion, on the campus of SWUFE, a famous university situated in Chengdu, the famed L

17、and of Heavenly Abundance, in 2004, a year when the snows came a bit too late.16教書育人5）從句： 主語從句Q老師喜歡數學讓我感到奇怪。That Mr. Q likes math surprises me.= It surprises me that Mr. Q likes math.Q老師喜歡數學是為大家所知的。That Mr. Q likes math is known to all.= It is known to all that Mr. Q likes math.注意that 有沒有意義？在從句中作不作成

18、分？ (無意義。不做成分)Q老師喜不喜歡數學(Q老師喜歡數學與否)不關我事。 Whether Mr. Q likes math does not interest me.= Whether or not Mr. Q likes math does not interest me.= Whether Mr. Q likes math or not does not interest me.= It does not interest me whether (or not) Mr. Q likes math (or not).= It does not interest me if Mr. Q l

19、ikes math (or not) .注意whether 有沒有意義？在從句中作不作成分？ (有意義。不做成分)17教書育人5）從句： 主語從句Q老師喜歡什么不重要。What Mr. Q likes is not important.Q老師喜歡哪位Q師娘很重要。Which Mrs. Q Mr. Q likes is important.誰喜歡Q老師不重要。Who likes Mr. Q is not important.Q老師喜歡誰不重要。Whom（who） Mr. Q likes is not important.Q老師喜歡誰的女朋友很重要。Whose girlfriend Mr. Q l

20、ikes is important.注意著色詞有沒有意義？在從句中作不作成分？(有意義。作“主賓定”)注意：引導詞要提前，但從句是陳述語序。18教書育人5）從句： 主語從句Q老師哪里遇到Q師娘不重要。Where Mr. Q met with Mrs. Q is not important.Q老師何時遇到了Q師娘不重要。When Mr. Q met with Mrs. Q is not important.Q老師怎樣遇到了Q師娘不重要。How Mr. Q met with Mrs. Q is not important.Q老師何時何地怎樣遇到了Q師娘也不關我事。When, where, and

21、how Mr. Q met with Mrs. Q is not important.Q老師何時何地怎樣遇到了哪位Q師娘很重要。When, where, how Mr. Q met with which Mrs. Q is important.注意著色詞有沒有意義？在從句中作不作成分？(有意義。作狀語)注意：引導詞要提前，但從句是陳述語序。19教書育人主語從句總結由下列詞引導 that whether (二者經常用it作形式主語) what, which, who (whom), whose when, where, why ，how (含 how many/much/far/long 等 )

22、20教書育人6 從句：賓語從句我不知道Q老師喜歡數學。I dont know that Mr. Q likes math.我不知道Q老師喜不喜歡數學(Q老師喜歡數學與否)。I dont know whether Mr. Q likes math我不關心Q老師喜歡什么。I dont care what Mr. Q likes 我不關心Q老師哪里遇到Q師娘。I dont care where Mr. Q met with Mrs. Q我不關心Q老師何時遇到了Q師娘。I dont care when Mr. Q met with Mrs. Q我不關心Q老師怎樣遇到了Q師娘。I dont care h

23、ow Mr. Q met with Mrs. Q我不關心Q老師何時何地怎樣遇到了Q師娘。I dont care when, where, and how Mr. Q met with Mrs. Q.我不關心Q老師遇到了多少Q師娘。I dont care how many Mrs. Qs Mr. Q met with.21教書育人賓語從句續The story implies(暗示) that love cannot be separated from responsibility. 這個故事表明，愛情和責任是不可分的。Scientists think that losing leaves hel

24、p some trees to conserve water in the winter. 科學家們認為，落葉有助于樹木在冬季保持水分。從句作雙賓語中的直接賓語 She assured(讓放心) me that everything would be all right. 她讓我放心，一切都不會有問題。 We persuaded him that it would be best to wait. 我們勸他最好等一下。 Nick told me when the contact would be effective. 尼克告訴我合同何時將生效。22教書育人賓語從句續It可作形式賓語I thou

25、ght it a false idea that old age brings wisdom. 我覺得年老會令人聰明是一種錯誤的看法。He has made it clear that he wouldnt take over the job. 他已經明確表示不愿意接管這項工作。He hasnt made it clear why he had failed. 他沒有說清楚自己為什么失敗了。23教書育人賓語從句續以that 引導的從句作單賓語的動詞有很多，常見的有：accept, acknowledge, admit, advise, agree, announce, answer, anti

26、cipate, argue, ask, assume, believe, boast, complain, conclude, confess, confirm, consider, decide, declare, deem, demand, demonstrate, deny, emphasize, estimate, imply, insist, judge, maintain, notice, promise等等24教書育人賓語從句總結由下列詞引導 that whether what, which, who (whom), whose when, where, why， how (含

27、how many/much/far/long 等 )(可用it作形式主語)25教書育人7 從句：表語從句實際情況是他和他的學生們都筋疲力盡了。 The fact is that both he and his students are exhausted.我的印象是他贊成這個計劃。My impression is that he is in favor of the plan.問題是誰付款。The problem is who will pay.我感興趣的事情是他們是否訂婚了。What I am interested in is whether they have been engaged t

28、o each other.使他們傷腦筋的事情是到哪兒找向導。What was troubling them was where they could find a guide.26教書育人表語從句：The place is no longer what it was ten years ago. 這個地方已經不是十年前的樣子了。 I am who you are looking for. 我就是你所找的人。 The car is where you parked it . 汽車在你原先停放的地方。 This is why I returned their invitation. 這就是我謝絕他

29、們邀請的理由。27教書育人表語從句：as if /as though 以及 as /because I felt as though my head were splitting. 我覺得頭好像要裂開似的。 The milk smells as if it is sour. 這牛奶聞起來好像酸了。Things are not as they seem to be. 事物并不像它們表面上看起來那樣。 It may be because he is too young. 這可能是因為他太年輕了28教書育人8 從句：同位語從句我們必須面對我們已經把所有的錢都花完了這一事實。We must face

30、the fact that we have spent all our money.情況會有好轉的設想是沒有根據的。The assumption(設想) that things will improve is groundless.與同位語從句同位的名詞是一些具有一定內容含義的抽象名詞，常見的有： answer, belief, conclusion, decision, discovery, fact, hint, hope, idea, information, impression, news, report, opinion, order, possibility, problem,

31、promise, question, rumor, sign, statement, truth等。例如：The impression that English is very difficult is completely wrong. 29教書育人同位語從句續2. 疑問詞引導的同位語從句 The question, why you are so interested in music, has not been answered yet. 你還沒有回答“你為什么對音樂這么感興趣？”這個問題。 My problem that is ,whether I should invite him w

32、as solved when I received news of his illness. 我的問題 我是否應該邀請他 在我得到他生病的消息后就解決了。 30教書育人總結：名詞性從句主語、賓語、表語、同位語從句在大句子中, 像名詞一樣，分別做主語、賓語、表語、同位語，所以統稱為名詞性從句。 I dont know English. I dont know who will come tomorrow.由下列詞引導 that （無意義，在從句中不做成分） whether （有意義，在從句中不做成分） what, which, who (whom), whose when, where, why

33、， how (含 how many/much/far/long 等 )有時可用it作形式主語或形式賓語。31教書育人定語從句一位男生站在教室里面。這位男生看起來很帥。合二為一 一位看起來很帥的男生站在教室里面。那位站在教室里面的男生看起來很帥。兩句分別著重表達什么？這樣合二為一的好處是什么？注意區別一位站在教室里面的男生看起來很帥。32教書育人定語從句翻譯： 一位男生站在教室里面。 A boy is standing in the classroom.這位男生看起來很帥。 The boy looks very handsome.一位看起來很帥的男生站在教室里面。 A boy who/that

34、looks very handsome is standing in the classroom.那位站在教室里面的男生看起來很帥。 The boy who/that is standing in the classroom looks very handsome.33教書育人定語從句翻譯一位美女站在教室里面。 A beautiful girl is standing in the classroom.我喜歡這位美女。 I like this beautiful girl.我喜歡這位站在教室里的美女。 I like the beautiful girl who/that is standing

35、 in the classroom.我喜歡的這位美女站在教室里面。The girl whom/who/that I like is standing in the classroom.he woman who/whom I wanted to see was away on holiday. 請問 標紅的詞在從句中作什么成分？賓語（可以省略）34教書育人定語從句合句The woman-she lives next door-is a doctor - The woman who lives next door is a doctor. we know a lot of people-they

36、live in London - We know a lot of people who live in London. Exercise : find the relative clause(定語從句).* An architect is someone who designs buildings. * What was the name of the man who lent you the money? * Anyone who wants to do the exam must enter before next Friday. 35教書育人定語從句relative clauseB:

37、When we are talking about things, we use that or which in a relative clause。 * I dont like stories that have unhappy endings. (or . stories which have .) * Barbara works for a company that makes washing machines. (or . a company which makes.) * The machine that broke down has now been repaired. (or

38、The machine which broke down .) 36教書育人定語從句relative clauseHave you found the keys that you lost? The dress that Ann bought doesnt fit her very well. Is there anything that I can do? 請問 標紅的詞在從句中作什么成分？賓語（可以省略）37教書育人定語從句relative clause注意介詞的位置do you know the woman?-Tom is talking to her - Do you know the

39、 woman (who/that) Tom is talking to? - Do you know the woman to whom Tom is talking the bed-I slept in it last night - wasnt very comfortable - The bed (that/which) I slept in last night wasnt very comfortable. - The bed in which I slept last night wasnt very comfortable. * The woman (who/that) he fell in love with left him after a few weeks. The woman with whom he fell in love left him after a few weeks. * The m