1、英美概況英國教育Early Forms of EducationModern System of EducationRecent ChangesoBritish education, in the early period, was closely related to religion.nMost schools were run by churches and monasteries to educate scholars, civil servants and people who likely to take up pastoral (牧師的) services.nLatin was

2、brought to the forefront of education in the middle ages due to the close association between education and religion.oThree kinds of schools could been found in the early period.-enroll male students from rich families;- provided informal education to students of poor families;-privately endowed boa

3、rding schools with the aim of producing elites.oThe revolution of industry, politics and social life in 19th century witnessed the start of real modern education.nThe 1870 brought elementary education to every child and were established to build more schools nationwide.nIn the end the 19th ,elementa

4、ry education became free.nEducation Act 1944 brought the free secondary education to all children by the introduction of the Tripartite System(三部分系統).nUnder 11-plus examination students of all social classes were encouraged to attend the stated-funded .nThe secondary schools prepared candidates for

5、universities, and technical or modern schools trained technicians and manual workers.nThe comprehensive schools and direct grant schools met the needs of the public for equal chances in education to prevent students from streaming into strands too early by allotting a direct grant from the ministry

6、of education to independent schools.nThe age students leaving school was further raised, and more and girls and working class pupils received a wider chance of attending higher education.oEducation Reform Act 1988:nThe introduction of a national curriculum for pupils aged 5-16, directing the respons

7、ibility of deciding what to teach from individual teachers to the central government;nThe establishment of compulsory national tests, publishing the results annually to allow schools to compete for pupils and to be compared directly with one another;nConsiderable freedom and flexibility in managemen

8、t was given to school to run their own budges;nA new type of school, city technology college, was set up in inner city areas, specializing in technology, the arts, mathematics and science;nA series of standards in education were finally set up.oNew century saw the great changes continue to take plac

9、e in UK .nPaying more attention on each childs ability;nEstablishing more specialist schools; led to the welfare for all children, young people and their families in all parts of the United Kingdom, incorporating the needs of disabled children as well. Two education systems: England, Wales and North

10、ern Ireland English, mathematics, science, technology, physical education and religious education as the core subjects. emphasizing the depth of knowledge: independent education and testing system emphasizing the breadth of knowledge In primary and second school education: state-funded schools: the

11、majority Private or independent schools: the minority In UK, primary and secondary education is compulsory. By law any child between 5 and 16 must receive full-time education . 94 % pupils choose attending public-funded state schools which free of fees. the rest choose independent fee-paying schools

12、 or receiving home schooling. Parents will be sued at law if failing to make their children have education.: pre-school education provided by , , , and : cultivate childrens basic and comprehensive competence in creativity, social abilities, language and physical development.: primary education.: En

13、glish, mathematics, history, geography, science, art & design, design & technology, information & communication technology (ICT), music, physical education.: *achieve basic literacy and numeracy; *establish foundation in science, geography, history and other social sciences.: September t

14、o July, split into 3 terms by Christmas, Easter and a summer holiday.: at the end of six years of primary school, the national tests are held, known as Standard Assessment Tests (SATs), in 3 core subjects: English, Maths and Science.: * public-funded schools: fee free and financed by tax payers * pr

15、ivate or independent schools : fee-charging, financed by tuition charges, gifts, donations, etc.: secondary education: citizenship , modern foreign language , religious educaiton, sex education and careers education. (parents have the right to choose the subjects as they wish): *GCSEs (General Certi

16、ficate of Secondary Education) in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. *Standard Grade in Scotland : * Comprehensive schools- free education resources/full range of subjects/88% S.E.Gs *grammar schools-oldest form of formal education in Uk / state-funded schools / take students who passed 11plus / e

17、ducate students in natural science, history, geography etc. * City Technology Colleges (CTC) - non-fee paying / established by the government for business training * Secondary modern schools-students who failed to have a good scores in 11plus.: schools usually operated independently of state educati

18、onal system and financed by private sources in forms of fees charges, gifts, and charitable endowments.: the most prestigious independent schools. The most widely known public schools are , , and . All students are required to sit the Common Entrance Exams (CEE) conducted by the Independent Schools

19、Examination Board.ETON: further education: a variety of vocational courses in technology, business, health and so on.: the General Certificate of Education, Advanced Level- GCE A Level / A LevelAn entry qualification for universities: Specialist and Sixth Form College The British universities are of

20、ten categorized into four major types: The ancient universities Red brick universities Plate glass universities New universities : universities which came into existence for centuries. Before 19th century, only male students are enrolled. Oxford University (1167) Cambridge University (1209) St Andre

21、ws (1410) Glasgow (1451) Aberdeen (1495) : universities which were established at the turn of the twentieth century before World War I. The University of Birmingham (1825) Liverpool (1888) Leeds (1904) Sheffield (1905) Bristol (1833) Manchester (1824) : universities which built in the 1960s with peculiar modern architectural design. They always take new initiates in education methods. Bath University (1966) Es