1、Lead-inLead-inThe background picture is the whole cosmos/universe (宇宙宇宙).What do you know about it?Its the Galaxy(銀河系銀河系).Theyre planets(行星行星) and stars(恒星恒星).Its the black hole.Its the solar system. Can you enumerate(列舉列舉) the planets?，History of the UniverseMaking of the GalaxyUnit 4Unit 4Learning

2、 Learning GoalsGoalsKnowledge Goals1. TopicTalk about science of the stars; the development of life; space travel and gravity.2. Words and ExpressionsWords: astronomy, atmosphere, system, violent, solid, explode, carbon, dioxide, oxygen, surface, planet, harmful, development, spread, method, depend,

3、 exist, presence, telescope, disappoint, disappointed, publish, publishing, gravity, force, gradually, cheer, float, massExpressions: solar system, in time, now that, prevent.from, depend on, cheer up, get the hang of, break out, lay eggs, give birth to, in ones turn, carbon dioxide, watch out, bloc

4、k out3. Functional Items How to make instructions.4. Grammar Learn about Noun clauses as the subject (主語從句主語從句).Ability GoalsTrain skills of reading; cultivate the creative thinking (創(chuàng)造性思維創(chuàng)造性思維) and the imagination (想象力想象力). Develop the ability of speaking English and comprehending.Emotion Goals Lea

5、rning about the science of cosmos, the origin of the earth and life, the black hole and something more of astronomy;Cultivate the students interest in astronomy and studying science.Important and Difficult Points 1. Important Points The science of cosmos, the origin of the earth and life, and travel

6、ing in space.Train skills of reading; cultivate the creative thinking and the imagination.The usages of words and expressions of the unit. How to make instructions?The usage of Noun clauses as the subject. 2. Difficult Points Understand the origin of the earth and the evolution of life; The usage of

7、 Noun clauses as the subject.Physics Physics ChemistryChemistryBiologyBiologyGeology Geology MathematicsMathematicsMedicineMedicineBiochemistryBiochemistryGeophysicsGeophysicsAstronomyAstronomyWarming upWarming upEinsteinEinsteinHawking and his theoriesWhat do you know about astronomy?Do you believe

8、 that there is life on the planet?Can you name them in English?MercuryVenusEarthMarsJupiterSaturnUranusNeptunePlutoThe SunThe Solar SystemA Black HoleThe MoonNeil Armstrong (1930 ), USA. He landed on the moon in July 1969.The Big BangAtomThe Globe Our EarthAtmosphere (大氣層大氣層)Pre-readingPre-reading T

9、he origin of life on earth is a question that interests astronomers. What do you know about it? How did life begin on earth? Read the title and look at the pictures. Predict what the reading will be about.Reading Reading 1. Fast Reading, and analyze its structure. Write down the main idea for each p

10、aragraph.2. Listen to the text:Answer key for question 1:Paragraph 1: A widely accepted theory about the formation of the universe.Paragraph 2: The formation of water for life.Paragraph 3: The importance of water for life.Paragraph 4: The development of plants and animals on the earth.Paragraph 5: T

11、he arrival of humans and their impact on the earth.3. Detailed Reading: Read the text loudly for a second time and then complete the fills in the following pictures according to the evolution(進化，演進化，演變變) order of life on the earth.12345678Answer key for question 3: small plants in water shellfish an

12、d all sorts of fish green plants on land insects (on land) amphibians (on land and in water) forests reptiles (on land) dinosaurs (on land) mammals (on land)天文學天文學 n. n. Astronomy is the scientific study of the stars, planets, and other natural objects in space.1. astronomy1. astronomy相關短語相關短語radar

13、astronomy 雷達天文學雷達天文學 radio astronomy 電波電波( (無線電無線電) )天文學天文學 2. star2. star(1)名詞名詞 (pl. stars)1）星星, ,恒星恒星;(;(日、月等日、月等) )天體天體; ;星形物星形物; ; 2）星號星號;(;(表示等級等的表示等級等的) )星級星級; ;星形勛章星形勛章, 如如： While in Taipei she stayed at a four star hotel. 她在臺北逗留期間住在一家四星級旅館。她在臺北逗留期間住在一家四星級旅館。 3）命運命運; ;星象星象 4）( (電影、體育等的電影、體育等

14、的) )明星明星, ,杰出人物杰出人物 His wish to become a football star has come true. 他想當足球明星的愿望實現(xiàn)了。他想當足球明星的愿望實現(xiàn)了。 (2)動詞（及物）動詞（及物） ( starred; starred; starring)1）用星形物裝飾用星形物裝飾 2）用星號標出用星號標出 3）使成明星使成明星, ,由由.主演主演 Yesterday we saw a film starring Charlie Chaplin. 昨天我們看了一部查理昨天我們看了一部查理卓別林主演的電影。卓別林主演的電影。 3. 動詞（不及物）動詞（不及物）

15、( starred; starred; starring)1）當明星當明星, ,主演主演。如：。如：She has starred in some thirty films. 她主演過大約她主演過大約30部影片。部影片。 star star2）表現(xiàn)出色表現(xiàn)出色 。如：。如：He didnt star at that job. 那份工作他干得并不出色。那份工作他干得并不出色。 (4) 形容詞形容詞 1）星的星的; ;星形的星形的 2）明星的明星的, ,主角的主角的 3）出色的出色的, ,優(yōu)秀的。優(yōu)秀的。如：如：Tony is the star player on our team. 托尼是我隊的

16、主力。托尼是我隊的主力。 star star3. globe3. globe（1） 名詞名詞 (pl. globes)1) 球球; ;球狀物球狀物 2) 地球儀地球儀; ;地球地球。如：。如：This plant can grow in many parts of the globe. 這這種植物能在地球上的許多地方生長。種植物能在地球上的許多地方生長。 3) 眼球眼球 （2） 動詞（不及物）動詞（不及物） ( globed; globed; globing) 成球狀成球狀 （3） 動詞（及物）動詞（及物） ( globed; globed; globing) 使成球狀使成球狀 Astrono

17、my is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, and astrological practices of pre-history: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy, and not completely dise

18、ntangled from it until a few centuries ago in the western World (see astrology and astronomy).Early astronomy involved observing the regular patterns of the motions of visible celestial objects, especially the Sun, BackgroundBackgroundMoon, stars and naked eye planets. An example of this early astro

19、nomy might involve a study of the changing position of the Sun along the horizon or the changing appearances of stars in the course of the year, which could be used to establish an agricultural or ritual calendar. In some cultures astronomical data was used for astrological prognostication. Ancient

20、astronomers were able to differentiate between stars and planets, as stars remain relatively fixed over the centuries while planets will move an appreciable amount during a comparatively short time. Then are you clear now about the evolution of life?When the dust settled into a solid globe, the eart

21、h was so violent.4.6 billion years ago3 billion years ago540 million years ago250 million years ago65million years agoThe Evolution of Life on the earthShellfishAmphibianReptile DinosaurPrimitive(原始的原始的) PeopleFlash: story of the earth1. It 1. It explodedexploded loudly with fire and loudly with fir

22、e and rock, which were rock, which were in timein time to produce to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapour and carbon, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, which were to make other gases, which were to make the earths atmosphere.the earths atmosphere.explodeexplode1)1)（使某物）炸開，爆炸。（使某物）炸開，爆炸。如：如：T

23、he firework explodedexploded in his hand and he was hurt seriously. 2)2)（指感情）激發(fā)。（指感情）激發(fā)。如：如： I was frightened when she exploded exploded into loud laughter. 3)3)（指人口）突然或迅速增加。（指人口）突然或迅速增加。如：如：Now it is not easy to find jobs with the exploding exploding population. explosion n.n. 爆炸（聲）爆炸（聲） explosive

24、adj. adj. 爆炸性的，易爆炸的爆炸性的，易爆炸的 n. n. 炸藥，炸藥，爆炸物爆炸物in timein time (for sth./to do sth.):(for sth./to do sth.): 最終；及時，最終；及時，如如She will be back in timein time to prepare dinner. 她會及時趕回來準備晚飯。她會及時趕回來準備晚飯。2. As the earth 2. As the earth cooledcooled down, water down, water began to appear on its surface. beg

25、an to appear on its surface. cool adj. 涼快；冷靜；冷淡涼快；冷靜；冷淡v. （使）變冷；冷靜下來（使）變冷；冷靜下來 1) Lets sit in the shade and get cool.2) I knew I had to keep cool.3) Let your soup cool a little before you drink it.4) A heated argument can be settled better if both sides cool down first.5) I tried to cool her down bu

26、t she was still very angry when she left. 3. What many science believe is 3. What many science believe is that the continued presence of that the continued presence of water water allowedallowed the earth to the earth to dissolve gases and acids which dissolve gases and acids which are harmful toare

27、 harmful to the plants into the the plants into the oceans and seas.oceans and seas.allow v. 允許、許可、容許允許、許可、容許allow + n ./ pron. / doing allow sb. to do sth. be allowed to do sth.My father doesnt allow smoking at home. In fact he doesnt allow us to smoke anywhere at any time. 父親不允許在家里吸煙。實際上，他不允許父親不允許

28、在家里吸煙。實際上，他不允許我們在任何地方任何時候吸煙。我們在任何地方任何時候吸煙。Are we allowed to use the computer?我們可以用電腦么？我們可以用電腦么？be harmful to 對對有害有害 do harm to sb. = do sb. harm 傷害某人，對某人傷害某人，對某人有害處有害處 1) Pollution is especially harmful to animals. 2) Smoking will do you a lot of harm. 4. They produced young 4. They produced young g

29、enerally generally by laying by laying eggs.eggs.Its generally believed that一般認為一般認為generally speaking 一般而言，概括來說一般而言，概括來說 1) Its generally believed that girls work harder than boys do. 2) Generally speaking, women cry more easily than men. by doing用于說明做某事的手段、方式。用于說明做某事的手段、方式。如：如：I dont think she can

30、 help him by just giving him money. 我認為她光靠給錢是幫不了他的。我認為她光靠給錢是幫不了他的。5. They are putting too much 5. They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which atmosphere, which preventsprevents heat heat from escapingfrom escaping from the earth into from the earth int

31、o space. space. 阻止某人做某事阻止某人做某事 : :prevent sb. (from) doing sth. stop sb. (from) doing sth. keep sb. from doing sth. 1) We must prevent them from making trouble. 2) You should prevent the child from injuring himself. If nothing prevents, 如果沒有什么阻礙的話如果沒有什么阻礙的話 , , 6. Whether life will continue on the 6

32、. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come earth for millions of years to come will will depend ondepend on whether this whether this problem can be solved. problem can be solved. depend on : 相信，信賴相信，信賴, , 依靠依靠, ,依賴依賴, , 視視而定，取決而定，取決于于 1) When you are in a strange place

33、youd better depend on the map. 2) You cant depend on others to help you. 3) All living things depend on the sun for their growth. 4) He depends on his pen for his living. 5) You can depend on him. Hell lead you there.6) Success depends on your own hard work.7) Our success depends on whether everyone

34、 works hard. Depend on it. 沒問題，請放心（句末或句首）沒問題，請放心（句末或句首） That /It (all) depends. 那得看情況而定那得看情況而定. . 1) Depend on it, youll succeed. 2) He may support me, but it depends . 7. I 7. I cheered upcheered up immediately and immediately and floated weightlessly around in our floated weightlessly around in ou

35、r spaceship cabin spaceship cabin watchingwatching the the earth earth become become smaller and the smaller and the moon larger.moon larger.cheer up 歡呼；喝彩；感到高興；使高興。歡呼；喝彩；感到高興；使高興。如：如：The crowd cheered up when they saw the teams arrive. 觀眾看到運動隊進場時歡聲雷動。觀眾看到運動隊進場時歡聲雷動。He took her to the concert to che

36、er her up. 為使她高興起來，他帶她去聽音樂會。為使她高興起來，他帶她去聽音樂會。watch do /doing 觀看；注視。觀看；注視。 如：如：We watched the sun setting behind the trees. Evening fell. 我們看著太陽一點點地落在樹后，我們看著太陽一點點地落在樹后，夜幕降臨了。夜幕降臨了。Every day as they watched the plant grow, their hearts were filled with hope. 他們每天都在觀察他們每天都在觀察這棵植物生長，心里充滿了希望。這棵植物生長，心里充滿了

37、希望。8. “Oh dear,” I cried, “walking 8. “Oh dear,” I cried, “walking does need a bit of practice does need a bit of practice now now thatthat gravity has changed.” gravity has changed.”Now that : 既然，由于既然，由于。如：如：Now that everybody is here, we can begin the meeting.9. We watched, 9. We watched, amazed a

38、mazed as as fire fire broke outbroke out on the outside of the on the outside of the spaceship as the earths gravity spaceship as the earths gravity increased.increased. 此處的此處的amazed是過去分詞作狀語。過去分是過去分詞作狀語。過去分詞經(jīng)常可以作狀語，這是一種特定用法。詞經(jīng)常可以作狀語，這是一種特定用法。如：如：He came in unnoticed. 他神不知鬼不覺地走了進來。他神不知鬼不覺地走了進來。Many h

39、eroes lie buried in the churchyard.許多英雄埋葬在教堂的墓地里。許多英雄埋葬在教堂的墓地里。 break out （戰(zhàn)爭，爭吵，疾病等）爆發(fā)。（戰(zhàn)爭，爭吵，疾病等）爆發(fā)。如：如：A quarrel broke out suddenly at midnight. 半夜，（他們）突然大吵起來。半夜，（他們）突然大吵起來。10. the Paleozoic era: 10. the Paleozoic era: 古生代，是地質(zhì)古生代，是地質(zhì)時代的第三個代（第一、第二代分別是太古時代的第三個代（第一、第二代分別是太古代和元古代）。約代和元古代）。約5.445.44億年

40、前至億年前至2.482.48億年前億年前. . the Mesozoic era: the Mesozoic era: 中生代，包括：中生代，包括：三疊紀、侏羅紀、白堊紀。三疊紀、侏羅紀、白堊紀。 the Cenozoic era: the Cenozoic era: 新生代，約開始新生代，約開始于于65006500萬年前，現(xiàn)仍在持續(xù)。萬年前，現(xiàn)仍在持續(xù)。11. Big Bang: 11. Big Bang: 宇宙大爆炸理論宇宙大爆炸理論Learning about Language Learning about Language 1. Words 1. Words astronomy, at

41、mosphere, system, violent, solid, explode, carbon, dioxide, oxygen, surface, planet, harmful, development, spread, method, depend, exist, presence, telescope, disappoint, disappointed, publish, publishing, gravity, force, gradually, cheer, float, massUse the correct prefix or suffix for each word. W

42、rite out the new word and explain the difference between the two.presentviolentconfidentdifferentpatientpresenceviolenceconfidencedifferencepatiencecertainfairpaidlikekinduncertainunfairunpaidunlikeunkind-(en)ceun-cultureglobeuniverseagriculturemathematicsculturalglobaluniversalagricultralmathematic

43、alartphysicschemistrybiologyscienceartistphsicistchemistbiologistscientist-al-ist2. Expressions2. Expressionssolar system, in time, now that, prevent.from, depend on, cheer up, get the hang of, break out, lay eggs, give birth to, in ones turn, carbon dioxide, watch out, block out surface, explode, d

44、evelop, prevent, float, spread, violent, astronomy, force, publish, disappoint, solid 1. The _ of gravity makes things fall to the earth.2. The robbers kicked the door _ and broke into the stars house.3. Nothing can separate the two, because they have a _ friendship foundation.4. In World War II, tw

45、o atomic bombs _ in Japan, killing a large number of people.5. With the _ of our countrys economy, peoples living standard has been greatly raised.forceviolentlysolidexplodeddevelopment6. More than 70% of the earths _ is covered by water.7. In the last few years the city has _ out rapidly in all dir

46、ections.8. That he failed the examination _ his lover very much.9. They _ the canoe out into the middle of the river.10. Mark Twain _ a lot of popular novels in that _ firm.spreaddisappointedfloatedsurfacepublishedpublishing1.他以前是靠畫畫為生的。他以前是靠畫畫為生的。 He used to _his living _.2.爆竹在他手里爆炸了，他傷得很嚴重。爆竹在他手里爆

47、炸了，他傷得很嚴重。The firework _ and he hurt seriously.3.鄉(xiāng)村生活與都市生活是非常不同的。鄉(xiāng)村生活與都市生活是非常不同的。Country life is_ city life.4.瑪麗之所以沒有通過這次考試，是因為她此前瑪麗之所以沒有通過這次考試，是因為她此前病了兩個星期。病了兩個星期。 Mary _ in the exam, _she had been ill for two weeks.5. 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)是年爆發(fā)的。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)是年爆發(fā)的。 World War II _in 1939.6.我擔心是否傷害了她。我擔心是否傷害了她。 I worry

48、_ I hurt her feelings.7.為使她高興起來，她丈夫帶她去聽音樂會。為使她高興起來，她丈夫帶她去聽音樂會。Her husband took her to the concert _.8.他們乘坐宇宙飛船穿越太空到月球上去。他們乘坐宇宙飛船穿越太空到月球上去。 They _ to the moon in a spaceship.9.天上有朵朵白云。天上有朵朵白云。 There were _ white clouds in the sky.1. He used to make/earn his living by painting.2. The firework exploded

49、 in his hand and he hurt seriously.3. Country life is quite different from city life.4. Mary failed in the exam. This was because she had been ill for two weeks.5. World War II broke out in 1939.6. I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.7. Her husband took her to the concert to cheer her up.8. Th

50、ey traveled through space to the moon in a spaceship.9. There were masses of white clouds in the sky.Answer Key:3. Grammar3. GrammarNoun Clauses as the subject 做主語用的名詞性從句，因其在復合句中做主做主語用的名詞性從句，因其在復合句中做主語，又稱語，又稱主語從句主語從句(Noun Clauses as the subject) ，引導主語從句的有從屬連詞引導主語從句的有從屬連詞that、whether，連接，連接代詞代詞who、wha

51、t、which，連接副詞，連接副詞when、where、how、why等等。1. 連接詞：連接詞：1）從屬連詞：）從屬連詞：that， whether等等. that 引導主語從句只起引導作用，本身無實際引導主語從句只起引導作用，本身無實際意義，在主語從句中不充當任何成分，但不能省略。意義，在主語從句中不充當任何成分，但不能省略。That she left him cut him to the heart.That he will come is certain. 由由whether及其他連詞引導的主語從句放在句及其他連詞引導的主語從句放在句首，句后都可。首，句后都可。 Whether it

52、will please them is not easy to say.It doesnt matter too much whether shes coming or not.2)連接代詞連接代詞who ，what ，which, whatever, whichever, whoever What seems easy to some people seems difficult to others.Which side will win is not clear.3)連接副詞連接副詞when，where， how， why等。等。Why he did it remains a myster

53、y.When they will start is not known yet.How he became a great scientist is known to us all.2. 位置：主語從句可以前置，也可以后置。用位置：主語從句可以前置，也可以后置。用it做做形式主語，而把主語從句放在句末，常用下面幾種形式主語，而把主語從句放在句末，常用下面幾種句型。句型。 1）It + be + 表語表語 +主語從句主語從句表語：（名詞，表語：（名詞， 形容詞，過去分詞）形容詞，過去分詞）It is a pity that we cant go.It is no surprise that ou

54、r team should have won the game.It is an honour that I was invited to attend the meeting.It is certain that she will do well in her exam.It is true that I told her everything.It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing.It is reported that China has sent another manmade earth satellite into orbi

55、t. 2）It+不及物動詞或短語不及物動詞或短語+主語從句主語從句It seemed (happened, doesnt matter, has turned out) that It happens that they were absent.It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.It doesnt matter whether she will come or not.It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 3） It+及物動詞（被動語態(tài)）及物動詞（

56、被動語態(tài)）+主語從句主語從句It has been decided that the exhibition will not open on Sundays.注意注意: 主語從句在句首時，必須由連接詞引導，不能主語從句在句首時，必須由連接詞引導，不能省略這些連接詞；但是如果用省略這些連接詞；但是如果用it做形式主語，而把做形式主語，而把主語從句放在句末時，從屬連詞主語從句放在句末時，從屬連詞that可以省略。可以省略。誤：誤：They should like each other is natural.正：正：That they should like each other is natura

57、l.正：正：It is natural that they should like each other. 4)如果主語從句放在句首，不能用如果主語從句放在句首，不能用if引導，但引導，但是如果用是如果用it 做形式主語，而把主語從句放在句末時，做形式主語，而把主語從句放在句末時，也可以用也可以用if引導引導.誤：誤：If Mary really heard him is really doubtful.正：正：Whether Mary really heard him is really doubtful正：正：It was doubtful if Mary really heard him

58、.1._ you dont like him is none of my business. A. What B. Who C. That D. Whether 2._ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where 3._is going to do the job will be decided by the Party committee. A. That B. Why C. How D. Who 4._well finish translating the book d

59、epends on the time. A. When B. Why C. What D. That 5._he wont go there is clear to all of us. A. How B. What C. Why D. This 6._the house will be built will be discussed at tomorrows meeting. A. If B. Where C. That D. What 7._you come or not is up to you. A. What B. If C. Why D. Whether 8._makes mist

60、akes must correct them. A. Who B. Anyone C. Whoever D. Anybody9._ we go swimming every day _ us a lot of good. A. If.do B. That.do C. If.does D. That.does10.It _ Bob drives badly. thinks that B. is thought what C. thought that D. is thought that11.Its uncertain _ the experiment is worth doing. A. if