1、Community Planning &DesignTheory & Practice0101049 policypolicyDo ask for permission if you need help!Welcome your participation. You will be awarded if answer questions on your own /actively.城市規劃原理城市規劃原理 P:484-553城鄉住區規劃，read relevant literature critically?How many from urban community? 多少來自

2、商品房住區？多少來自福利房住區？CommentsComments雖然改革30多年了，新版教材基本仍然是計劃經濟的陳舊的“硬”規劃內容；不能適應當前的市場經濟要求；硬規劃 軟規劃Community Planning & Design under Command EconomyI.Demand estimationHukou systemimmigration controlPlan of recruitment, employmentPlanning & Design (1）Comprehensive Planning leveluDemand estimation Popula

3、tion Growth Rate 人口增長率，機械和自然增長率uland use planning, emphasizing layout and two-dimensional physical structure, R2, uall public housing, standards firmly controlled by the gov.p “十一五”時期，針對房價攀升的問題，國家住建部多次發文要求編制住房規劃，但當前市場經濟條件下 how?Planning & Design (2）Detailed Planning & DesignnDemand estimation

4、，計劃nPrinciples of LayoutCollective lifestyle under socialismEquipped with education (kindergarten, primary school, middle school, high school), retail (food, vegetable, cloth etc), postal, recreation and medical services.What is the difference of lifestyles under market system from those under socia

5、lism?nemphasesPhysical environment國家規范與標準國家規范與標準meansmeans minimum requirementsminimum requirements仍然是計劃經濟觀念、意識和模式，城市居住區規劃設計規范(2002) changing居住區(3-5萬)居住小區(1.0-1.5萬）居住組團（1000-3000）Layout Structure （1） 居住區居住小區Layout Structure （2） 居住區居住組團Layout Structure （3） 居住區居住小區 居住組團 居住區用地構成居住區用地構成住宅用地、公建用地、道路用地和綠化

6、用地用地比例？用地比例？公建公建配置？配置？Changing?綠地與公共空間，綠地與公共空間，Useful?住宅布置方式1. 行列式 p5052. 院落式/周邊式P5063. 混合式P5074. 自由式P507理念？實踐理念？實踐原則（原則（“性性”）：整體性、經濟性、科學性、生態型、地方性與時代性、超前性與靈活性、領域性與社會性、健康性；“以人為本”，Who?Who?社會、經濟和環境效益的統一；社會、經濟和環境效益的統一；布局布局 pragmatic? 重點在于物質環境的營造，過分強調軸線布局、景觀、平面構圖構圖 ，見物不見人；對“人”的生活方式、行為、習慣等漠不關心 ；實例實例布局開放空間

7、的效用Housing Reform in ChinaHousing Reform in Chinan3 stagesThe first stage (79-88) an experiment stage when changes were carried out in a piecemeal fashion tested in a few selected cities; the sale of new housing at construction costs in 1979, and extended to old public housing in 1980 with share own

8、ership (82-85). More attributes: land acquisition, compensation and provision of local public facilities; halted in 1985.The second stage (89-98) Large-sale housing reform, investment, management and distributionThe third stage: (98-)Housing Reform in ChinaHousing Reform in Chinan3 stagesThe second

9、stage (89-98) Large-sale housing reform, investment, management and distribution, privatization of public housing, rental reform, housing finance.In October 1991, a major national housing reform conference was held in Beijing. The conference resolution, On Comprehensive Reform of the Urban Housing S

10、ystem, compiled by the State Councils Housing Reform Steering Group, was issued in November 1991. This resolution led to the large-scale sale of existing public housing at very low prices, particularly to their current occupiers. In 1993, concern about the low-price sales of public housing led gover

11、nment to suspend the housing reform programme. In 1993 the sale of existing public-sector housing at very low prices had been stoppedHousing Reform in ChinaHousing Reform in Chinaestablishing: (1) a dual housing provision system with a social housing supply providing economic and comfortable housing

12、 to middle- and low-income households and a commercial housing supply for high-income families; (2) a public and private housing savings system; (3) housing insurance, finance and loan systems which would enable both policy-oriented and commercial developments; and (4) a healthy, standardized and re

13、gulated market system of property exchange, repair and management.Housing Reform in ChinaHousing Reform in Chinan3 stagesThe third stage: (98-)The overall timescale was set at the end of 1998. Local authorities were left to decide when the change would take place and the details of subsidy policy. I

14、n order to catch the last welfare train, some work units could extend the implementation to the year 2000, and bought housing from commercial developers at market prices to sell or allocate to their employees at discounted prices.The policy aimed to establish a new system so that housing consumption

15、 is no longer a burden to the state or work units. Urban Land Use ReformLand in urban China is owned by the state and administrated directly by municipalities, rural land has been owned collectively by rural communities since the Chinese Communist Party took power in 1949 (Li, 1999). Municipalities

16、can requisition rural land at its discretion by paying some compensation and transferring related rural residents into urban registration. During the pre-reform era (from 1949 to 1979), land users were all public work units, thus land allocation was based on administrative planning, land was nominal

17、ly worthless and the acquisition of the land was nothing more than a bureaucratic arrangement. Land Use Rights System(LURS)The Land Use Rights system, literally the “paid transfer of land-use rights” (tudi youchang zhuanran), was made official by adding the statement “The right of land use can be tr

18、ansferred in accordance with the relevant legislation” to the Constitution (Li, 1999). Land still belongs to the State, making land use rights acceptable on the basis of the socialist doctrine. Land Use Rights System(LURS)Land Use Rights (LURs) are separated from ownership rights and become tradable

19、 in the market by private treaty, negotiation and auction (Li, 1999). LURs are rights with time limits for different kinds of land use. The longest leasehold term is 70 years for residential, 50 years for industrial, 50 years for educational/cultural and 40 years for commercial/office according to t

20、he 1990 Provisional Regulations on the Conveyance, Granting and Transferring of the State LUR in Cities and Towns. Within the leasehold period, LURs can be transferred and traded with the permission of the government. At the end of this contract period, the land and all its attachment would automati

21、cally revert to the state without payment and compensation, but the land users could renew the contract after paying for extensionCommercial Housing ProvisionDevelopersInternationalPublic-owned companiesPrivate companiesDevelopment ProcessLand market (two tiers)Planning permissionAffordable Housing

22、ProvisionThe Economy Habitable Housing (EHH) planAnju ProjectIncome system?Submarket boundariesHome Mortgages Home mortgages in China, where available at all, usually require large downpayments and high monthly installments that few workers can afford (Rosen and Ross, 2000). The relatively few Chine

23、se citizens who have taken out these mortgages were largely private business owners or employees of foreign-funded enterprises that offered special incentives to enable their workers to buy a home.Only three Chinese banks (ICBC, ABC and CCB) were authorised to provide home mortgages prior to 1998.He

24、donic modelHedonic modelIn the hedonic model formally rendered by Rosen (1974), a housing unit is described by a vector of n objectively measurable characteristics. The housing unit (a bundle of characteristics) commands a price in the market. Various bundles and their associated prices reveal the i

25、mplicit prices of the characteristics, known as hedonic prices.Hedonic modelHedonic modelAlthough there is no consensus in the literature regarding the variables to be included into the hedonic price function, characteristics in three categories are generally considered appropriate (Bowen, et al., 2001): housin