1、Clinical Neurophysiology臨床神經生理學I F: 2.979 Graldine Petit一、問題提出二、研究方法三、研究結果四、討論五、不足六、點評 1、Binge drinking refers to the consumption of a large number of drinks over a short interval of time followed by periods of abstinence. Binge drinking is a common occurrence among younger people, especially univer

2、sity students酗酒指在禁欲后短時間里消費大量的酒精。酗酒的通常是年輕人，特別是大學生。定義、對象2、 The effects of alcohol on the central nervous system (CNS) have been extensively studied, and the neurocognitive, neuroanatomical and neurofunctional consequences of chronic alcohol abuse in alcohol-dependent adults have been documented (Oscar

3、-Berman and Marinkovic2007).大量的 的研究已經證明酒精會影響中樞神經系統(CNS) 。成人酒精依賴者長期的酒精亂用對其神經認知，神經解剖和神經功能產生的影響(Oscar-Berman and Marinkovic2007)。影響3、Compared with adults, relatively little is known about adolescent binge drinking and its neurocognitive consequences。 A few recent studies have explored the cerebral cons

4、equences of binge drinking in nonclinical samples of adolescents and university students.相比成人，相對很少知道青少年酗酒者對他們的神經認知影響情況。最近很少有研究探索了酗酒對非臨床青少年樣本和大學生的大腦影響。問題4、With respect to the neurocognitive effects of binge drinking in youths, it is important to evaluate similarities with deficits induced by long-ter

5、m alcohol consumption in adults so as to be able to develop adapted information and prevention programs for young people.關于酗酒會對青少年神經認知影響，那么有必要的去評估成人長期酒精消費導致的缺陷，這樣可以獲取有效的信息和的發展對青少年人群預防項目5、The aim of the present study was to investigate whether binge drinking students, with their brief history of alco

6、hol exposure compared to adults, and without a diagnosis of AUD, exhibit any modulation in alcohol-cue processing. More specifically, we wanted to examine whether there was any difference in cerebral reactivity between students with binge drinking habits and paired controls when they were confronted

7、 by alcohol-related compared to nonalcohol- related (control) cues.當前研究的目的在于去調查相比成人，短期的酒精暴露歷史、酗酒的學生和沒有診斷出AUD的人，是否展現出對任何酒精線索加工調節。更特別是，我們想調查對于非酒精-酒精相關線索對于酗酒的學生和配對控制組相比的大腦反應是否存在差異。6、Our main hypothesis was that binge drinkers (as compared to controls) will display an enhanced attentional processing of

8、alcohol-related stimuli as compared to unrelated alcohol ones.我們主要的研究假設就是酗酒者會顯示出相比非酒精相關線索增加對酒精相關的注意加工。（一）被試We first conducted a general screening phase among students at the Faculty of Psychology of Brussels (Belgium) University. Three hundred students completed a questionnaire that assessed psychol

9、ogical measures as well as alcohol and drug consumption characteristic我們首先實施的是對the Faculty of Psychology of Brussels (Belgium) University一般的刷選。300個學生完成心理測量和酒精和藥物消費特征評估。selection criteria: no major medical problems, no historyof CNS disease (including epilepsy and history of brain trauma), no visual

10、impairment, no past or current drug consumption (other than alcohol), no family history of alcoholism, very low alcohol consumption and absence of binge drinking habits before starting university studies but maintenance of the same drinking pattern since then.選擇標準：無主要的醫療問題，沒有中樞神經系統疾病（包括，癲癇腦部創傷），沒有視覺

11、損傷，過去和當前沒有藥物使用（酒精以外），沒有酒精成癮家族史，在上大學學習前酒精低消費和沒有酗酒習慣而且一直維持相同的模式到現在。為什么都有這些刷選標準？All participants were assessed for several psychological measures: State and Trait Anxiety (STAI A and B, Spielberger et al., 1983), depression (BDI, Beck and Steer, 1987) and alexithymia (TAS 20, Bagby et al., 1994).所有的被試要

12、通過幾個心理測驗進行評估：狀態特質焦慮問卷(STAI A and B, Spielberger et al., 1983)，抑郁量表(BDI, Beck and Steer, 1987)，述情障礙(TAS 20, Bagby et al., 1994).On this basis, 36 students were selected. According to their alcohol consumption characteristics while at university, students were divided into two groups, each of 18 parti

13、cipants: controls and binge drinkers.基于上面的刷選標準，共選出了36名被試。根據他們在大學學習時的的酒精消費特征分為兩組，每組18名被試：控制組和酗酒組Participants were provided with full details regarding the aims of the study and the procedure to be followed and gave their informed consent after receiving this information. The local ethical committee o

14、f Brugmann Hospital approved the study. All the participants were between the ages of 19 and 26, with normal/corrected vision, normal hearing, no medication and no history of neurological disease. We matched the groups for age, sex 。本研究向被試提供全部的詳細的關于研究的目的和過程，在被試知道研究信息后，獲取知情同意。同樣此研究獲得Brugmann Hospital

15、 倫理委員會的支持。所有被試的年齡在19-26歲，有正常/矯正視力，正常聽覺能力，沒有醫療和沒有神經相關的疾病。同時，我們將兩組在年齡，性別進行匹配The groups characteristics are shown in Table 1.（二）、視覺材料的準備Alcohol-related pictures and non-alcohol-related (control) pictures were used as target deviant stimuli placed among frequent neutral stimuli ，Moreover, all these devi

16、ant stimuli (alcohol and control) presented a neutral, negative or positive scene. To construct this set of picture stimuli, we started with 44 pictures, chosen from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) (Lang et al., 1997), or from our own selection on the internet.酒精相關圖片和酒精不相關圖片（ contr

17、ol ）在一定頻率中性刺激中作為目標偏差刺激。所有這些偏差刺激分為中性，消極或者積極場景。我了構造這些刺激，我們從國際情緒圖片庫(IAPS)和互聯網上共 選了44張圖片。中性情緒酒精圖片中性情緒非酒精圖片消極情緒酒精圖片積極情緒中性圖片積極情緒酒精圖片消極情緒中性圖片CACNPN320個刺激CN中性控制刺激72%4個blockPANANN目標刺激每個5次，占28%800毫秒600 and 1000 ms間隔1200ms的反應時間正確率和反應時（三）程序（visual oddball paradigm）1、32導2、10-20電極3、增益300004、帶通0.01100 Hz.5、電阻below

18、 56、基線200，持時間800ms7、低通濾波：30 Hz8、(90160 ms for P100；200300 ms for N2b；350650 ms for P3bThese values were tested using repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA Greenhouse Geisser correction was applied when appropriate), paired sample t-tests and two-tailed Pearson correlations重復測量方差分析，配對樣本t檢驗

19、，雙側Pearson相關（一）、 Behavioural data（行為數據）Overall, behavioural data showed that independently of their group, participants detected the deviant， Positive stimuli faster than the neutral ones, and that in the neutral emotional context, reaction times were faster for alcohol- than for non-alcohol-related

20、 stimuli。總體上，行為數據表明，組間沒有差異，被試間發現了差異，積極的刺激比中性的快。在中性情緒背景下， 酒精比非酒精相關刺激反應時間快。（二）刺激評估No significant effect of group was found, but atype * group interaction was observedwhich suggests that independently of the stimuli valence, controls subjects evaluated non-alcohol related pictures as more positive than

21、 alcohol-related ones 。whereas there was no significantdifference between the two stimulus types in the binge drinkers group組間沒差異，刺激類型和組間存在交互作用表明，控制組評價非酒精圖片比酒精相關圖片更積極。在酒精組兩類刺激類型沒有差異。（三）ERP data1、Latencies There was no significant effect of group or of group * stimulus type interaction for any ERP co

22、mponents latencies, which is congruent with the absence of group differences for behavioural data (p .05). 組間或者組*刺激類型之間對于任何latencies的ERP成分都沒有顯著影響，和行為數據沒有組間差異是一致的。2、Amplitudes（波幅）P100 ：N2b無差異P3b無差異4、相關 The results showed that the longer the duration of binge drinking habits, the larger the P100 ampli

23、tude to alcohol- related cues (r = .666; p = .003), and the greater the number of doses consumed per week, the larger the P100 amplitude to alcohol-related cues (r = .491; p = .039). 結果表明，酗酒習慣時間更長，對酒精相關線索時 P100波幅更大，每周用量越大對酒精相關線索時 P100波幅更大四、討論（一）The differences between binge drinkers and control part

24、icipants specifically involved the P100 component. P100 amplitudes elicited by alcohol-related pictures were significantly larger than those elicited by neutral pictures in individuals with binge drinking habits, whereas there were no significant differences in the P100 amplitudes of controls with the different stimuli. 酗酒者和控制組的差異涉及到P100成分。酗酒者對酒精相關圖片相比中性圖片誘發更大的P100。而控制組沒有發現這個現象。（二） It is important to note that, even though such an increase in the P100 component was not observed in the control group, the results showed that, at a behavioural l