1、初中英語詞匯語法 第十二講現(xiàn)在完成時 第一部分現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,也可表示過去已經(jīng)開始,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。學(xué)習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成時,先從結(jié)構(gòu)和句式開始:構(gòu)成:主語 + have/has + 過去分詞 + 其他。(當(dāng)主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時用has,其余人稱用have。過去分詞:規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成與動詞過去式相同;不規(guī)則動詞需要特殊記憶。)否定式:主語 + haven't/hasn't + 過去分詞 + 其他。疑問式: Have /Has + 主語 + 過去分詞 + 其他?簡略答語: Yes, 主語 + have/has.(肯定)No,

2、主語 + haven't/hasn't.(否定)第二部分現(xiàn)在完成時的含義之一是過去完成的動作對現(xiàn)在仍有影響,用以下四大標(biāo)志詞可以表達(dá)這種含義: * 以already, just和yet為標(biāo)志 already, just和yet 表示到現(xiàn)在為止動作或狀態(tài)已經(jīng)、剛剛或還沒有發(fā)生。He has already got her help.他已得到她的幫助。He has just seen the film.他剛剛看過這場電影。He hasn't come back yet.他還沒有回來。* 以ever和never為標(biāo)志ever和never 表示到現(xiàn)在為止動作或狀態(tài)曾經(jīng)或從來沒有

3、發(fā)生過。This is the best film I have ever seen.這是我曾經(jīng)看過的最好的一部電影。He has never been to Beijing.他從沒有到過北京。* 以動作發(fā)生的次數(shù)為標(biāo)志若某一動作到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)發(fā)生了若干次,則要使用現(xiàn)在完成時。He says he has been to the USA three times. 他說他已經(jīng)去過美國三次了。* 以so far為標(biāo)志so far往往表示到目前為止動作或狀態(tài)已經(jīng)發(fā)生。He has got to Beijing so far.到目前為止他已到了北京。She has passed the examso

4、far.到目前為止她已經(jīng)通過了考試。第三部分過去已經(jīng)開始的動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在, 甚至有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去,我們可以從動作“延續(xù)”的特性和“時間”點(diǎn)段的區(qū)分入手,進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成時。*“終止”、“延續(xù)”要轉(zhuǎn)換英語中的動詞從詞義上可以分為延續(xù)性和非延續(xù)性兩種,在現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中一定要注意動詞這一特性,應(yīng)將這類非延續(xù)性動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為延續(xù)性動詞。如:“The cat play” has been on for half an hour.貓已經(jīng)開演半個小時了。How long have you had this dictionary?這本字典你買了多久了?初中階段常見的有:come-be, go out -b

5、e out, leave-be away (from), begin-be on, buy-have, borrow-keep , join-be a member / 介詞短語, die-be dead, become-be, open(v.)-be open(adj.) 等。* 時間“點(diǎn)”、“段”須分清過去開始的動作可以延續(xù)到某一點(diǎn)結(jié)束,也可能繼續(xù)延續(xù),這時就要根據(jù)時間“點(diǎn)”、“段”選擇相應(yīng)的介詞for或since。如:He has been away for two years.他已走了兩年。(for+時間段)He has been an English teacher since 19

6、92.自從1992年以來他一直當(dāng)英語教師。(since+過去某一時刻)第四部分一、動詞的過去分詞形式：通常一個動詞的過去分詞和他的過去式是一樣的，在動詞后面加ed構(gòu)成過去分詞，但是有一些動詞的過去分詞有不規(guī)則的形式。be-been go-gone come-come run-run swim-swum fly-flown see-seen speak-spoken do-done give-given hide-hidden become-become take-taken get-gotten / got break-broken shake-shaken wake-waken a

7、wake-awaken rise-risen lay-lain fall-fallen begin-begun know-known forget-forgotten write-written choose-chosen drink-drunk eat-eaten bite-bitten show-shown  She has forgotten her name. She has amnesia. 她已經(jīng)忘記了自己的名字。她有健忘癥。 I have already drunk the coffee. 我已經(jīng)喝過咖啡了。 They have gone to see the

8、 President. 他們已經(jīng)去見校長了。 She has come to see you. 她來看過你了。 二、當(dāng)have被用在現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中時，它可以和前面的代名詞一起組成縮寫形式。I've been to New York once before. 我曾經(jīng)到過紐約。 He's gone to the fish market. 他已經(jīng)去過魚市了。 We've come to help. 我們已經(jīng)提供了幫助。 三、現(xiàn)在完成時用not來表達(dá)否定形式。當(dāng)有not出現(xiàn)的時候，have可以和not組成縮寫，但是此時不能和前面的代名詞組成縮寫。She hasn

9、9;t spoken to him. 她還沒和他說過話。 提問的時候，have需要被提到句首。 Have you seen Matthew? 你見過馬休了么？ 四、簡單過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時在一定程度上有共同之處，當(dāng)然事實(shí)上兩者之間有本質(zhì)區(qū)別。當(dāng)需要指明過去一個特定的時刻發(fā)生的事情時，需要使用簡單過去式。He finished three days ago. 他三天前做完了工作。 They finished a long time ago. 他們老早就完成工作了。 五、當(dāng)沒有特定指明的時間，現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時都可以使用。I have already finished. 我早就完工了。

10、 I already finished. 我早就完工了。 一般過去時比現(xiàn)在完成時更能表達(dá)事情的結(jié)果。 John has taught math for twenty years. 約翰已經(jīng)教了20年的數(shù)學(xué)。 John taught math for twenty years. 約翰教了20年數(shù)學(xué)。 在上面的句子中，第一句保留了約翰繼續(xù)教數(shù)學(xué)的可能性。第二句表明約翰已經(jīng)不再教數(shù)學(xué)了，他可能退休了，換工作了，或者去世了。 Steve and Carol have eaten at that restaurant twice. They really like it.史

11、蒂文和卡洛爾已經(jīng)在那家飯店吃過兩次飯了。他們真的喜歡那里。 Steve and Carol ate at that restaurant twice. 史蒂文和卡洛爾兩次在那家飯店吃飯。 六、如果一件事情發(fā)生在過去并且延續(xù)到說話的這個時刻，就需要使用現(xiàn)在完成時。 They have lived here for a long time. 他們在這里已經(jīng)生活了很長一段時間。 She has been in Australia for two years. 她到澳大利亞已經(jīng)兩年了。 We have studied for 5 hours straight. 我們已經(jīng)連

12、續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)了5個小時。 Tim has waited for 30 minutes. 蒂姆已經(jīng)等了30分鐘了。 下面的句子包含了“動作在過去發(fā)生并且已經(jīng)結(jié)束”的含義。      They lived here for a long time. 他們在這里住了很長一段時間 Melissa waited for 30 minutes. 梅麗莎等了30分鐘。 通常當(dāng)句子里有since時我們使用現(xiàn)在完成時。We have lived here since June. 我們從六月份開始就住在這里。 She has been in

13、 China since last month. 她從上個月起就在中國了。 當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時前有might時，就算主格是第三人稱單數(shù)形式，我們還是使用have的動詞原型形式。She might have forgotten to lock the door. 她可能忘記了關(guān)門。 He might have given the painting to someone. 他可能已經(jīng)把畫給別人了。 Should、could、must沒有簡單過去時.他們用現(xiàn)在完成時來表達(dá)過去的狀態(tài)。 He should have told you earlier. 他應(yīng)該早點(diǎn)告訴你的。 I shoul

14、d have tried harder. 我應(yīng)該更努力的。 She could have been nicer. 她可以做得更好的。 You must have seen him. 你一定已經(jīng)見過他了。  現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時的區(qū)別一、現(xiàn)在完成時一般不與表示過去某具體時間的詞語搭配使用；一般過去時常常與過去的某個具體時間搭配使用。如：I went home at 10:00 yesterday.         I have got home now. 二、現(xiàn)在完成時-ever和ne

15、verever和never常用于現(xiàn)在完成時，放在過去分詞前面；表示“經(jīng)歷”。ever表示“曾經(jīng)”，never表示“從不”；not ever=never。現(xiàn)在完成時-ever和never。ever多用于疑問句，never一般用于否定句；例句：Have you ever been to Japan?（你去過日本嗎？）I have never been to Japan.（我從未去過日本。）三、現(xiàn)在完成時一般疑問句的回答現(xiàn)在完成時的結(jié)構(gòu)是：“have/has + 過去分詞”，這里have是助動詞，因此，現(xiàn)在完成時的一般疑問句的結(jié)構(gòu)是：Have/Has +主語+過去分詞?四、現(xiàn)在完成時一般疑問句的回答

16、簡要回答這類疑問句時結(jié)構(gòu)為：Yes, 主語+have/has. No, 主語+havent/ hasnt.為了進(jìn)一步說明，常常再加一句一般過去時的句子，如：A:Have you been to Shanghai?    B: Yes, I have. I went there last year.have been / have gonehave been to表示“去過某地”（表示過去的經(jīng)歷，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來）have gone to表示“去了某地”（表示出去了，還沒有回來）現(xiàn)在完成時專項(xiàng)練習(xí)單項(xiàng)選擇。1、Both his parents look sad . Ma

17、ybe they _what's happened to him .（呼和浩特）. knew . have known . must know .will know2、He has _ been to Shanghai , has he ?. already .never .ever . still 3、Have you met Mr Li _？. just . ago .before . a moment ago4、The famous writer _ one new book in the past two year . is writing .was writing .wrot

18、e .has written5、Our country _ a lot so far .Yes . I hope it will be even _ . has changed ; well . changed ; good. has changed ; better . changed ; better 6、Zhao Lan _already _in this school for two years . was ; studying . will ; study. has ; studied . are ; studying 7、We _ Xiao Li since she was a l

19、ittle girl . know . had known . have known . knew8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_ it twice . will see . have seen . saw .see9、These farmers have been to the United States . Really ? When _ there ?. will they go . did they go. do they go . have they gone 10、_ you _ your homework yet ? Yes . I _

20、 it a moment ago . Did ; do ; finished . Have ; done ; finished. Have ; done ; have finished . will ; do ; finish11、 His father _ the Party since 1978 . joined . has joined . was in . has been in 12、Do you know him well ? Sure .We _ friends since ten years ago . were . have been . have become . have

21、 made 13、How long have you _ here ?About two months . been . gone . come . arrived 14、Hurry up! The play _ for ten minutes . has begun . had begun. has been on . began15、 It _ ten years since he left the army . is . has . will . was16、 Miss Green isn't in the office . she_ to the library .has go

22、ne . went .will go . has been 17、My parents _ Shandong for ten years . have been in . have been to. have gone to . have been18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ? A. so they B. dont they C. have they D. havent they19、 has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he to China?A. How soon, comes B. How often, got C. How long, came D. How far, arrived 20、 His uncle for more