1、專題三：句法1. 狀語從句一、考點精要【授之以漁】 從屬連詞引導的狀語從句：since, once, while, as, before, after, until, suppose, however, in case 等。名詞詞組和副詞引導的狀語從句：the moment, the instant, the minute, the first time, each time, every time, immediately等。近幾年以對時間、條件、讓步和結果狀語從句的考查最為頻繁，重點考查的連詞：when, before, unless, as long as, however等。考點1.

2、條件狀語從句【巧點妙撥】1.由if，unless，if only，once，so/as long as，supposing(that)(假設)，in case，so/as far as，on condition that，provided/providing that引導。I wont go unless Im invited.除非我被邀請否則我不會去。2.“祈使句+and/or/or else/otherwise+陳述句”的句型中，祈使句在意義上相當于條件狀語從句。Use your head, and youll find a way.動動腦子你就會想到辦法。3.條件狀語從句中一般要用一般現

3、在時態表將來。Once they become dirty, the lakes are not able to clean themselves.句意：這些湖水一旦變臟, 它們就不能自動清潔。解析：考查條件狀語從句的連接詞。考點2. 讓步狀語從句【巧點妙撥】1.though，although這兩個連詞用法基本相同，只是前者口語化，后者較正式，常位于句首，都不與but連用，但可以和yet，still，nevertheless連用。though還可作副詞單獨放在句尾，表示“然而”的意思。Although the TV set is very dear，I still want to buy it

4、.盡管這臺電視機很貴，我還是想買它。2.as引導讓步狀語從句時，從句部分用倒裝語序，句型為：形容詞/副詞/名詞+as+主語+謂語（若表語為單數名詞，前置時要省略冠詞）Child as he is, he knows a lot.盡管他是孩子，但他知道很多。動詞+as+主語+情態動詞Try as I might, I couldnt lift the stone.盡管我嘗試了，我還是搬不起這塊石頭。3.even if/though盡管，即使。Well make a trip even if/though the weather is bad.盡管天氣糟糕，我們也要去旅游。4.“whetheror

5、”可引導讓步狀語從句。Whether you believe it or not, it is true.不管你信不信，那是真的。5.“no matter+wh-”引導讓步狀語從句。引導讓步狀語從句時“特殊疑問詞-ever”相當于“no matter+特殊疑問詞”。No matter what happened, he would not mind.不管發生了什么事，他都不介意。考點3. 時間狀語從句【巧點妙撥】1.when, while, as引導的時間狀語從句。（1）一般用法類別作 用as表示“當的時候”，往往和when/while通用，但它著重強調主句與從句的動作或事情同時或幾乎同時發生

6、when（at or during the time that）既可以表示在某一點的時候，又可表示在某一段時間內，主句與從句的動作或事情可以同時發生也可以先后發生while意思是“當的時候”或“在某一段時間里”。主句中的動作或事情在從句中的動作或事情的進展過程中發生，從句中的動詞一般要用延續性動詞。在when表示一段時間時，兩者可以互換（2）特殊用法while還可以用作并列連詞，表示一種強烈的轉折對比關系，意為“然而；卻”。when還可以用作并列連詞，意為“正在這時 / 那時”，相當于and at this/that time/moment。常用句型：be (just) about to do

7、when正要做這時be (just) on the point of doingwhen正要做這時be going to dowhen打算去做這時be doingwhen正在做這時had (just) donewhen剛做完這時2.before引導的時間狀語從句。before引導的時間狀語從句不用否定式謂語。在“It be+時間段+before從句”句型中，肯定句譯為“(之后)才”，否定句譯為“就”。該句型有一般過去時、過去將來時、一般將來時三個時態，且有否定句。It will be many years before the chemicals start to escape from th

8、e containers.多年以后化學物質才開始從容器中逃逸。It was not long before he came back.不久他就回來了。before可譯為“未來得及”。He had measured me before I could get a word.我還未來得及插話，他就給我量好了尺寸。before可譯為“趁著還沒”。Ill write it down before I forget.趁著還沒忘了，我要把它寫下來。3.since引導時間狀語從句。意為“自從時起”，主句要用完成時。主要句型：It is/has been+一段時間+since(從句使用一般過去時)It was

9、+一段時間+since（從句使用過去完成時）Mr. Li has been here since he came back.自從李先生回來以后，他就一直在這兒。注意：since引導的從句如果用非延續性動詞，所表示的動作自從句謂語動作算起；若用延續性動詞，所表示的動作自動作或狀態的完成或結束時算起。4.表示“一就”的句型。(1) as soon as/once(2) on doing sth./on ones+n.作時間狀語(3) no soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen(4) the moment,the instant,the minute,the second(

10、5) instantly, immediately, directly5.until和till引導時間狀語從句。(1) “延續性動詞的肯定式+until”表示“動作持續到為止”，可譯為“直到為止”。I waited for him until he came back.我一直等到他回來。(2)“終止性動詞的否定式+until”表示“直到才”。He didnt go to bed until he had finished his work.直到完成工作他才睡覺。She had just finished her homework when her mother asked her to pra

11、ctise playing the piano yesterday.句意：昨天她剛剛完成作業這時她的母親就讓她練琴。解析：考查時間狀語從句的連接詞。此處when就在這時。考點4. 地點狀語從句地點狀語從句主要由where，wherever，anywhere，everywhere引導。We must camp where we can get water.我們必須在能找到水的地方露營。Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions.句意：在你有疑問和問題的地方做個標記。解析：此處是where引導的地點狀語從句。二、典題對應【名師坐堂】學習狀語

12、從句的關鍵是把握主句與從句間的邏輯關系, 并據此選擇正確的從屬連詞。典題1. I believe that _ _ _ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once. （2014年上海卷語法與詞匯）【命題意圖】答案：as soon as / as long as解析：此處用as soon as 引導時間狀語從句。也可用 as long as引導條件狀語從句，兩者都通。典題2. I don't really like the author, although I have to admit his books are very

13、 exciting.（2014年山東卷）【命題意圖】句意：盡管我不得不承認他的書很令人振奮，但我真的不喜歡這位作者。解析：結合前后兩部分的內容可知后半句引導的是讓步狀語從句。典題3. The young couple, who returned my lost wallet, left before I could ask for their names. (2014年陜西卷)【命題意圖】句意：那對年輕夫妻歸還了我丟的錢包，我還沒來得及問他們的名字他們就走了。解析：根據空格后的I could ask for their names可知，我還沒問他們的名字他們就走了。所以選before，表示“在

14、之前，還沒來得及就”。典題4. Half an hour later, Lucy still couldnt get a taxi where the bus had dropped her.(2014年重慶卷)【命題意圖】。句意：半小時后，露西仍然沒有從下公交車的地方打到出租車。解析：根據the bus had dropped her可知，此處所填的詞引導地點狀語從句，故where正確。三、命題趨向從近五年的高考考點分布來看, 重點考查時間、條件和讓步狀語從句；然而, 地點和結果狀語從句也不可忽視。從考點內容來看，主要是對when, while, since, although, so th

15、at等的考查。從出題方式來看，所考內容呈現綜合性特點，即對狀語從句，定語從句，名詞性從句交叉考查。狀語從句及其連詞的選用是每年高考各地必考的知識點。預計2015年高考將會繼續保持這一狀態, 以考查其基本用法為重點。趨向1. A number of high buildings have arisen where there was nothing a year ago but ruins. 句意：許多高樓在一年前還是一片廢墟的地方拔地而起。解析：此處是where引導的地點狀語從句。趨向2. Please call my secretary to arrange a meeting this a

16、fternoon, or whenever it is convenient to you.句意：請讓我的秘書在今天下午或任何你方便的時候安排一次會議。解析：狀語從句。句中this afternoon指時間，所以 or _ it is convenient to you. 也指時間。趨向3. No matter how dry a desert may be, it is not necessarily lifeless. 句意：無論多么干燥的沙漠,它不一定是無生命的。解析：考查狀語從句。考查基礎語法知識并運用其分析解答問題的能力。no matter how修飾形容詞。趨向4. You can

17、t complain of being lonely when you dont make an effort to meet people and make friends with them.句意：你不能埋怨孤獨，既然你沒盡力去見人們并和他們交朋友。解析：考查狀語從句的連接詞。此處when意為“倘若, 如果”。趨向5. Time passes quickly, doesnt it? Yes. It will be only two months before we take the 2015 College Entrance Examination.句意：時間過得真快！是的, 再過兩個月就

18、高考了。解析：此題考查連詞的用法。固定句型It is/will be + 一段時間+before表示“沒有多久就；要過多長時間才”。四、直擊高考I. 單句改錯1. It was five oclock while I got home.2. No sooner had I got home before it began to rain.3. As he is a child, he knows a lot. 4. We will reach our goal however difficulty we meet with.5. It wont be long till we take the

19、 college entrance examination.6. Because everybody is here, lets begin our meeting.7. You should keep modest only if you have made great progress.8. Despite it snowed heavily, the children went on playing outside.9. I found my bag the place I left it.II. 語法填空（填入適當的連詞）Zhu Zhiwen liked music 1 he was

20、young. But he didnt go to college 2 his family couldnt afford it. He worked hard in the fields all day 3 he could support his family. He liked music so much 4 he practised singing 5 he had time. Sometimes he sang 6 he worked. Hard 7 he tried, his singing skill stayed poor. He decided to keep on prac

21、tising singing 8 he succeeded. He believes 9 there is will, there is a way. In order not to interrupt his neighbours he went to practise singing 10 there were no people every day, 11 it rained or snowed. 3 years ago, he took part in a singing competition held by Shandong TV station. 12 he started si

22、nging, his voice shocked everyone present and he became a famous star. He sings 13 he were a professional singer.III. 選擇填空1. _ youve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it.A. Now that B. After C. Although D. As soon as2. You should make it a rule to leave things _ you can find them agai

23、n.A. when B. where C. then D. there3. _ he comes, Ill tell him the news.A. Directly B. Suddenly C. Quickly D. At once4. It matters little who does it, _ it is done, for you see, we are short of hands now.A. as soon as B. as far as C. as early as D. as long as5. He was about to tell me the secret _ s

24、omeone patted him on the shoulder.A. as B. until C. while D. when6. Was his father very strict with him when he was at school? Yes. He had never praised him _ he became one of the top students in his grade.A. after B. unless C. until D. when7. I had just started back for the house to change my cloth

25、es _I heard voices.A. as B. when C. after D. while8. Im afraid that the passengers will have to wait at the airport for another day, _ the fog clears up.A. when B. unless C. if D. though9. Ive been keeping that photo _ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my college days.A. which B. wh

26、ether C. where D. when10. As is reported, it is over 100 years _Qinghua University was founded. A. when B. before C. after D. since2. 定語從句一、考點精要定語從句在高考中的考查重點：1) that與which引導的定語從句的區別；2) who, whom與whose引導的定語從句的區別；3) 關系副詞where、when與why引導的定語從句的區別；4) 對“介詞+關系代詞”及其變式（不定代詞介詞關系代詞、the名詞介詞關系代詞、數詞介詞關系代詞、the形容詞比

27、較級（最高級) 介詞關系代詞、介詞whose 名詞、介詞 which 名詞) 的考查；5) the way 作先行詞時, 定語從句的引導詞作狀語用in which, that 或者省略；6) 含有插入語即分隔式的定語從句；7) 與并列句、狀語從句、同位語從句以及與強調句的混合考查。【授之以漁】掌握好定語從句中關系詞的用法，牢記關系詞的三個基本作用是關鍵。注意which / as引導的非限制性定語從句的用法，尤其是其意義和結構。應注意定語從句與其他從句的區別。考點1. that與which引導的定語從句的區別【巧點妙撥】注意用that不用which的情況和用which不用that的情況。As a

28、 child, Jack studied in a village school, which is named after his grandfather.句意：還是孩子的時候，Jack在以他祖父命名的鄉村學校學習。解析：此題考查非限定性定語從句。定語從句所修飾的先行詞是school，它在定語從句中做主語, 因此使用關系代詞, 由于是非限定性定語從句，不能使用that。考點2. who, whom與whose引導的定語從句的區別【巧點妙撥】who和whom引導的定語從句先行詞為人，who在定語從句中作主語，而whom在定語從句中作賓語，可省略；whose引導的定語從句先行詞既可指人也可指物，

29、whose在定語從句中作定語。In china, the number of cities is increasing whose development is recognized across the world.句意：在中國, 城市的數量在增加, 城市的發展被全世界意識到。解析：development與先行詞cities之間是所屬關系, 所以選whose。考點3. 關系副詞where、when與why引導的定語從句的區別【巧點妙撥】Taobao is Asias largest retail (零售的) network platform, where people can buy and

30、 sell many kinds of things.句意：淘寶是亞洲最大的零售網絡平臺, 人們在那里可以買到各種各樣的東西。解析：考查定語從句。根據先行詞platform 在定語從句中作地點狀語, 可知where = on which。考點4 “介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句【巧點妙撥】“介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句的重點是介詞的確定。Lisa, I guess wed better fix a navigational aid (導航儀) to the car with which we can find our way easily.句意：麗薩, 我認為我們最好在車上安裝導航儀, 用它

31、我們能容易地找到路。解析：考查定語從句的關系詞。此處a navigational aid為先行詞, which其在定語從句中作with的賓語。考點5特殊的定語從句【巧點妙撥】特殊定語從句包括：the way 作先行詞時, 定語從句的引導詞作狀語用in which, that 或者省略；含有插入語即分隔式的定語從句；與并列句、狀語從句、同位語從句以及與強調句型的混合考查。The astronaut did many experiments in the spaceship, which we th

32、ink are of much help for knowing space. 句意：宇航員在宇宙飛船上做了許多試驗，我們認為這些實驗對了解太空很有幫助。解析：考查定語從句。根據先行詞many experiments在非限制性定語從句中作主語，可知謂語動詞為are，we think為插入語，of much help為表語。二、典題對應【名師坐堂】關系詞選擇是高考考查的重點。做好定語從句必須注意：1. 首先分析從句是否是定語從句，而這很大程度上取決于整句的邏輯關系。2. 分析定語從句的成分，看從句是否缺主語、賓語或狀

33、語等，因為引導詞在定語從句中是必須充當一定的成分的。3. 觀察先行詞的特點：指人或是指物；既指人又指物；是否被某些特殊詞所修飾限定；句子結構是否特別。典題1. Maybe you have a habit 67 is driving your family crazy. (2014年全國卷 語法填空題)【命題意圖】句意：也許你有一個你的家人不能容忍的壞習慣。解析：此處為限制性定語從句，修飾前面的habit。定語從句中缺少主語，用關系代詞。先行詞是物，所以用that或which。典題2. A company whose profits from home markets are declinin

34、g may seek opportunities abroad. (2014年山東卷)【命題意圖】句意：一家在國內市場利潤下降的公司可能會去國外謀求機會。解析：考查定語從句。定語從句中profits是主語，are是系動詞，declining是表語，profits前缺少定語，而且profits和先行詞構成所屬關系，故用whose引導。典題3. I am looking forward to the day when my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her. (2014年湖南卷)【命題意圖】句意：我期待著有一

35、天，我的女兒能讀懂這本書，并能理解我對她的感情。解析：本句中含有定語從句，先行詞是the day，關系詞代替先行詞在定語從句中作時間狀語，故用when引導定語從句。典題4. So I decided to leave home for New York, _I might have a better chance to find a good job.（2014年上海卷語法與詞匯）【命題意圖】答案：where。解析：考查非限制性定語從句。where引導非限制性定語從句, 在從句中做狀語, 修飾先行詞New York。三、命題趨向分析近五年的高考題可以預測出定語從句考查的重點是：1. 引導定語從

36、句的關系代詞和關系副詞的選擇；2. 對非限制性定語從句的考查, 特別是當先行詞是整個句子時；3. 由whose, where, that和“介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句等高考考查熱點。趨向1. 引導定語從句的關系代詞和關系副詞的選擇 Is there a department store around where I can get a birthday present for my brother? Yes, just across the street.句意：附近有我能為我的兄弟買生日禮物的商店嗎? 是的, 穿過這條街就有。解析：考查定語從句的用法。此處a department stor

37、e為先行詞,。where在定語從句中作狀語。在此句中where = in which。趨向2. 非限制性定語從句That evening, which I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.句意：那個晚上, 我工作到了很晚，以后我將和你談起的。解析：這里that evening是先行詞。which在定語從句中作介詞about的賓語。趨向3. “介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句Maria has written two novels, both of which have been made into tele

38、vision series.句意：Maria寫了兩部小說, 兩部都被拍成了電視劇。解析：此處先行詞是two novels, 后面是一個非限制性定語從句且介詞前置, 因此用both of which引導。四、直擊高考I. 單句改錯1. She brought forward a plan which we didnt agree.2. It is well known, great changes have taken place in China recently.3. He talked of things and persons whom he had seen abroad.4. He

39、is such a good teacher who we all respect.5. The place where interests the children most is Disneyland.6. Is this factory which you visited last week?7. Tell me the reason why can explain your absence.8. Do you have anything which I must do for you?9. When people talk about the famous scenic spot in

40、 China, the first one comes into mind is the Great Wall.10. This is the only one of the best novels which were published last year. 11. You can come to see me tomorrow morning, which I will be free.II. 語法填空（用適當的關系詞填空）Do you know the girl 1 is speaking on the stage? She is the student 2 English is th

41、e best in my class. Her father works in a company 3 computers are produced. Her mother works in a shop 4 sells clothes. They live in the house 5 roof is red. In front of the house there are a few trees 6 were planted by her grandpa 30 years ago. The old lady 7 is drinking tea under the tree is her g

42、randma. The young man 8 is talking with her is my English teacher, 9 gave me some advice, 10 proves very useful. He is such a good teacher 11 we all love and respect. Now I know the reason 12 I didnt learn English well. 13 we all know, practising using English is the best way 14 we learn English wel

43、l. The roles 15 grammar plays in learning English is very important. I will always remember the advice 16 my teacher gave me and I will never forget the days 17 we studied together.III. 選擇填空1. Patience, without _ you cant do the work well, is a kind of quality.A. that B. it C. which D. what2. I stil

44、l cant believe my eyes when I remember the scene _ the best player should miss the pass.A. that B. which C. where D. how3. Remember that there is still one point _ we must make clear at the conference tomorrow.A. where B. why C. when D. that4. How about your job-hunting? No luck. Now, Ive reached th

45、e stage _ I dont care what I do.A. which B. where C. when D. that5. There are species living in the depths of the oceans _ we still know little.A. for which B. in which C. of what D. of which6. “Id like to give my thanks to those _ help my son was able to survive this terrible disease,” said the wom

46、an on TV.A. whoB. whose C. with whose D. with whom7. The days are gone _ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.A. when B. that C. where D. which8. Youll find taxis waiting at the bus station _ you can hire to reach your host family. A. which B. where C. when D. as9. I walked up to th

47、e top of the hill with my friend, _ we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake. A. which B. where C. who D. that10. The manager seemed to be doubtful about my ability, _ I could see from the expression on his face. A. this B. where C. that D. which11. He is always telling the director how to run the bus

48、iness, _ is like teaching one's grandmother how to suck eggs. A. that B. which C. what D. as12. I admire my English teacher. I can remember very few occasions _ she stopped working because of ill health. A. that B. when C. where D. which3. 名詞性從句一、考點精要名詞性從句的定義：在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句。名詞性從句在復合句中能充當主語、賓

49、語(介詞賓語)、表語、同位語, 因此, 根據它在句中不同的語法功能, 可分為：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。引導名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類：1. 連接連詞：that, whether, if。注意：that引導名詞性從句時, 在主從句中不可以充當任何句子成分, 也沒有任何含義。He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.Everything depends on whether we have eno

50、ugh money.2. 連接代詞：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose和which, whichever。注意：what引導名詞性從句時, 在主從句中都要充當一定的句子成分, what可以分解成定語從句中的先行詞關系代詞，即常說的先行詞that。I want to know what he has told you.What he wants to tell us is not clear.3. 連接副詞：when, where, how和why。That is why he didnt come to the meeting.She alway

51、s thinks of how she can work well.Where the party will be held has not yet been announced.【授之以漁】名詞性從句考查的重點：what和that引導的名詞性從句，if和whether引導的名詞性從句，疑問詞+ever引導的名詞性從句，連接副詞引導的名詞性從句，名詞性從句的語序，以及it為形式主語或賓語。考點1. what和that引導的名詞性從句【巧點妙撥】what在名詞性從句中可以作主語、賓語、表語、定語，指代人、物、時間、地點等，that在名詞性從句中只是引導詞，不作句子成分，沒有任何意義，引導賓語從句

52、時可省略。例：The shocking news made me realize what terrible problems we would face. 句意：這條令人震驚的消息讓我意識到我們面臨著非常可怕的問題。解析：此句是由what引起的賓語從句，其中what是terrible problems的限定詞表示“什么樣”的，what terrible problems 共同做face的賓語。考點2. if和whether引導的名詞性從句【巧點妙撥】在引導主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句時一般使用whether，不使用if。在引導賓語從句時，大多數情況下whether和if可互換，而當后面直接

53、跟or not，用于介詞后或用于discuss后時多用whether。例：It doesnt matter whether you turn right or left at the crossing both roads lead to the park.句意：在十字路口無論你是向左轉還是向右轉都沒關系，兩條路都通向公園。解析：句中It是形式主語，whether引導主語從句。whether or意為“是還是，不管還是”。考點3. 疑問詞+ever引導的名詞性從句【巧點妙撥】疑問詞+ever引導名詞性從句時，有詞義，并且在從句中充當一定的句子成分。疑問詞+ever還可以引導讓步狀語從句，這時可

54、以和no matter+疑問詞互換。但no matter+疑問詞只能引導讓步狀語從句，不能引導名詞性從句。例：You can give the beautiful card to whoever comes first.句意：你可以把這張漂亮的卡片給第一位到來的人。解析：賓語從句缺少主語, whoever意為“的人”。考點4. 連接副詞引導的名詞性從句【巧點妙撥】引導名詞性從句的連接副詞有when，where，why，how，whenever，wherever等，它們均在從句中作狀語。例：The little girl who got lost decided to remain where

55、she was and wait for her mother.句意：這個迷路的小女孩決定呆在原地等她的媽媽。解析：remain是系動詞，后加表語從句，由句意可知，從句缺地點狀語，所以用where。考點5. 名詞性從句的語序【巧點妙撥】名詞性從句使用陳述而非疑問語序。Could you advise me which book I should buy?句意：你能夠建議我應該買那本書嗎？解析：本題考查賓語從句。賓語從句應該用陳述語序。考點6. it為形式主語或賓語【巧點妙撥】that引導主語從句時常用it作形式主語。常見句型為：It + be + necessary/right/likely

56、/wrong/important/certain+ that從句；It + be + a pity/a shame/no wonder + that從句；It + be + said/told/ reported/decided +that從句； It + seems/appears/ happens /matters + that從句。動詞find，feel，think，consider，make，believe，suppose，assume等后面有賓語補足語時，需用it作形式賓語而將that引導的賓語從句后置。例：It is known to us all that the Chinese government has spared no efforts to protect people from fake food.句意：眾所周知，