1、從句一.名詞性從句在句子中起名詞作用的各種從句統(tǒng)稱為名詞性從句。這類從句在句中可擔(dān)任主語、表語、賓語和同位語，名詞從句可以分為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。1 .主語從句在句子中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語的是一個句子，這個從句就叫作主語從句。主語從句可以由下列連詞、連接代詞和連接副詞引導(dǎo)，且不能省略。連詞：that, whether連接代詞： what, whatever, who, whoever 等連接副詞： when, where, how, why(1)由連詞that, whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句連詞that, whether在從句中的作用只是引導(dǎo)主語從句，它在從句中不擔(dān)任成分，不能省略，

2、且由that, whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句，多用it多形式主語e.g That the earth is round is true.=It is true that the earth is round.地球是圓的, 是一個事實。Whether he ' ll come or not hasn ' t been decided.= It hasn ' t been deddme wh note r he' ll(2)由連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句連接代詞who, which和連接副詞 when, where, how, why都可以引導(dǎo)主語從句，它們分別

3、在從句中擔(dān)任主語、賓語和狀語，不能省略，翻譯時，不能把它們譯為疑問句，由它們引導(dǎo)的主語從句，也可以用形式主語it引導(dǎo)e.g Who let out the news remained unknown. =It remained unknown who let out the news. 誰泄漏了個消息仍 舊無人知道。When we' ll start is not clear=It is not clear when we'我KstOr時出發(fā)還不清楚。(3)以關(guān)系代詞 what, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever引導(dǎo)的主語從句不能用形

4、式主語it引導(dǎo)，它們在句子中擔(dān)任成分，不能省略，語序為陳述語序。e.g What he said at the meeting is important.他在會上所說的事情是重要的。Whoever leaves the office should tell me.無論是誰離開辦公室者|應(yīng)該告訴我。(4)用it作形式主語的主語從句結(jié)構(gòu)a. It is +名詞+從句It is a fact that 事實是It is good news that,是好消,息It is a question that是個問題It is common knowledge that是常識類似的名詞還有：a pity；

5、a wonder； a good thing； no wonder； surprise等。例如:It is a mystery to me how it all happened.這一切是怎么發(fā)生的是個謎。It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish.鯨魚不是魚，這是常識。It is no surprise that Bob should have won the game.鮑勃會贏得這場比賽，這不足為奇。b. It is +形容詞+從句It is necessary that 有必要It is clear that 很清楚It is

6、likely that 很可能It is important that重要的是 類似的形容詞還有：strange; natural; obvious; true; good; wonderful; possible; unlikely; quite; unusual; certain;evident; worth-while; surprising; interesting; astonishing, etc.例如：It is obvious that conductors and insulators are both important in industry.很明顯導(dǎo)體和絕緣體在工業(yè)中都

7、很重要。It is doubtful whether she will be able to come.她是否能來令人懷疑。It was really astonishing that he refused to talk to you .他拒絕和你說話真是令人驚訝。It is essential that he should be here by the weekend .周末之前，他應(yīng)該到這里是必要的。It seems obvious that we can not go on like this.很明顯我們不能這樣下去了。c. It is +過去分詞+從句It is said that

8、據(jù)說It is reported that據(jù)報_道It has been proved that 已證明 It must be proved that必須指出 類似的過去分詞還有： known; estimated; expected; believed; thought; hoped; noted; discussed; required; decided;suggested; demanded; made clear; found out,etc.例如:It is thought that he is the best player.大家都認(rèn)為他是最好的選手。It is estimated

9、 that the vase is 2000 years old.據(jù)估計這個花瓶有2000年的歷史。It is used to be thought that a new star must be due to a collision between two stars. 過去一直認(rèn)為新星是由于兩顆星星之間碰撞產(chǎn)生的。It has not been made clear when the new road is to be opened to traffic.還沒弄清楚這條路將開始通車。d. It +不及物動詞+從句It seems that 好像是It happened that 碰巧It

10、follows that 由此可見It has turned out that 結(jié)果是類似的不及物動詞還有：seem, appear, occur, follow, happen, turn out, etc.例如：It turned out that nobody remembered the address.結(jié)果是無人記得那個地址。It now appears that they are in urgent need of help.看起來他們急需幫助。It does not matter if I missed my train, because there is another lat

11、er.沒有趕上這趟火車沒有關(guān)系，稍晚還有一趟。It happened that I saw him yesterday.碰巧我昨天看見他了。當(dāng)及物動詞+賓語”較短時，也可用這種結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:It shocked me that Peter did not tell anybody where he was.讓我吃驚的是彼得沒有告訴任何人他在哪里。It does not interest me whether you go or not.我對你去不去不感興趣。e. It +某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)+主語從句。It doesn ' t matter是無關(guān)緊要的It makes no difference

12、毫無區(qū)別It doesn ' t make too much difference that關(guān)系不大It doesn ' t need to be bothered - that不必?fù)?dān)憂例如：It does not make any difference whether it rains or not .下不下雨沒什么分別。It does not make the least difference to me what you do.對我來說你做什么都無關(guān)緊要。2 .賓語從句用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。1 .引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類：(1)從屬連詞that。如：He told

13、us that he felt ill.他對我們說他感到不舒服。I know he has returned. 我知道他已經(jīng)回來了。注：that在引導(dǎo)賓語從句時也并不是任何情況下都可以省略。在以下情況下，that不能省略。1. Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened. 大家者B會看出所發(fā)生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。and連接兩個賓語從句，that賓語從句放在and的后面時，that不能省略。2. I know nothing about him except that he is from the south

14、. 對他我無所知，只知道他是南方人。that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句作介詞賓語時，that不能省略。3. That he ever said such a thing I simply don ' t believe.我簡直不相信他曾說過這樣的話。that從句位于句首時，that不可省略。4. We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. 鑒于他 的特殊情況，我們決定應(yīng)允他一段試用期。主句謂語動詞與that從句之間有插入語，that不可省略。

15、(2)從屬連詞if/whether。如：I doubt whether he will succeed.我懷疑他是否會成功。I don' t know if you can help me.我不知道你能否幫助我。(3)連接代詞 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever連接副詞 where, when, how, why。e.g Who or what he was, Martin never learned.他是什么人？他是干什么的？馬丁根本不知道。I wonder what he s writing to

16、me about.我不知道他要給我寫信說什么事。I 'll tell you why I asked you to come. 我會告訴你我為什么要你來。2 .介詞賓語從句賓語從句也可用作介詞的賓語。如：He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day 他對那天發(fā)生的事感至 U彳艮不快。I walked over to where she sat.我走向她坐的地方。有時介詞可以省略。如：I don't care (for) who marries him.我不管誰跟他結(jié)婚。Be careful (as to) how

17、you do that. 你要注意做這件事的方式 .注意：連詞that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語，只用在 except, but, in后。其他一些介詞的賓語從句 如果由連詞that引導(dǎo)，則需用it先行一步，作形式賓語。如：He is a good student except that he is careless他是個好學(xué)生, 只是有點粗心。You may rely on it that I shall help you.你可以指望我會幫助你的3 .動詞十it+that結(jié)構(gòu)如果賓語從句后還有賓語補足語，則用it作形式賓語，而將賓語從句后置。如：We thought it strang

18、e that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.我們認(rèn)為小王昨天沒來是奇怪的。He has made it clear that he will not give in.他已表明他不會屈服。4 .某些形容詞或過去分詞后常接賓語從句，這類形容詞或過去分詞有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy,afraid, surprised, satisfied 等，連詞 that 可省略。如：I am not sure what I ought to do.我不能確定我該做什么。I' m afraid you don ' t

19、understandsahda恐怕你沒領(lǐng)會我說的意思。I' m surprised that I didn ' t see all thafbefore.我以前沒看到過。5 .連詞whether ( - or not)或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句if和whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可以互換使用，但 whether常和or not連用,if 一般不與or not連用。如：I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。用if引導(dǎo)賓語從句如果會引起歧義，應(yīng)避免使用 if而用whethero試比較：Please let me know if you w

20、ant to go.Please let me know whether you want to go.(if從句可理解為賓語從句，意為“請告訴我你是否想去”；此句又可理解為條件狀語從句意為“如果你想去的話，請告訴我一聲”。)6 .賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移。 在think, believe, suppose, expect等動詞后的賓語從句，有時謂語盡管是否定意思， 卻不用否定形式，而將think等動詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问健Ｈ纾篒 don't think you are right. 我認(rèn)為你錯了。I don ' t believe they have finished their work

21、 yet我相信他們還未完成他們的工作。.3 .表語從句表語從句放在連系動詞之后，充當(dāng)復(fù)合句中的表語，一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語十連系動詞十表語從句”?？山颖碚Z從句的連系動詞有 be, look , seemi, sound, appear等。如：China is no longer what she used to be.今日的中國不再是過去的中國了。The question remains whether they will be able to help us.問題還是他們能否幫我們。At that time , it seemed as if I couldn't think of the

22、 right word. 當(dāng)時，我似乎怎么也想不出一個恰當(dāng)?shù)淖盅蹃怼Ｒ龑?dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞的種類：(1)從屬連詞thate.g The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻煩是我把他的地址丟了。that是連詞，沒有詞義，在句中不作成分，因此一般不可省略(但在口語中有時that可省略)。(2)從屬連詞 whether, as, as if / though引導(dǎo)的表語從句。如：He looked just as he had looked ten years before他看起來還與十年前一樣。It sounds as if someone is kno

23、cking at the door.聽起來好像有人在敲門。because, why引導(dǎo)的表語從句。如：That's because he didn't understand me那是因為他沒有理解我( That's because 強調(diào)原因)That's why he got angry with me.那正是他對我生氣的原因。(That's why 強調(diào)結(jié)果)注意：表示結(jié)果或名詞 reason作主語時，后面的表語從句表示原因時要用that引導(dǎo)，不宜用because.如：The reason why I was sad was that he didn&

24、#39;t understand me.t過的原因是他沒有理解我。(4)連接代詞 who, whom, whose, what, which , whoever, whatever, whichever連接副詞 where, when, how, whye.g The problem is who we can get to replace her.問題是我們能找到誰去替換她呢。The question is how he did it.問題是他是如何做此事的。That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了

25、閣樓干的。(5)使用虛擬語氣的表語從句在表示建議、勸告、命令含義的名詞后的表語從句，謂語動詞需用"should動詞原形"表示,should可省略。 常見的詞有： advice, suggestion, order, proposal, plan, idea 等。e.g My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建議是我們明天早就出發(fā)。4 .同位語從句英語中有一些名詞如 fact, idea, news, word, hope, promise, suggestion, reply, problem,

26、belief, doubt, truth, order, thought等，它們本身有一定的意義，但表達(dá)得不夠具體。為了使其表達(dá)的意義更加具體明確，其后常跟有 一個從句，用來補充說明該名詞的內(nèi)容，這個從句就叫做同位語從句。(1)同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞表示陳述意義時通常用that。注意that不能省略。同位語從句說明的名詞常見的有：ability, advice, answer, belief, doubt, discovery, fact, fear, hope, idea,information, message, news, order, possibility, problem, propo

27、sal, question, story, suggestion, theory, thought, word(消息)等，同位語從句一般都是用來解釋說明一些抽象名詞，而不可說明的名詞是不會接同位語從句的。比如：man, water, sun等具體的人或事物。e.g There is no doubt that the prices of cars will go down.The belief that the company will make a great is shared by everyone.表示“是否”的意思時只能用whether,不能用if。這一點與主語從句相似。e.g Th

28、e question whether he can finish the work within two days remains unknown.表示疑問時也可用其他引導(dǎo)詞where, when, why, how, who, what來引導(dǎo)。e.g This student asked a good question why pollution can' t be stopped.I have no idea where I should go.I have no idea how I can get to the railway station.（2）同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別定

29、語從句相當(dāng)于一個形容詞，它對先行詞起修飾、描述和限制的作用。同位語從句相當(dāng)于名詞，屬于名 詞性從句，它是對前面名詞內(nèi)容的具體表述，它們之間的關(guān)系是同位關(guān)系。試比較：The news that you heard is not true.你聽到的那個消息不是真的。（定語從句）The news that he has died is true.他已經(jīng)去世的消息是真的。（同位語從句，說明了 news的具體內(nèi)容，即hehas died） 同位語從句常是艮在news, fact, promise, idea, word, message, hope, truth, answer, proposal, s

30、uggestion, order,information等少數(shù)名詞之后，而一般名詞之后都可跟定語從句。e.g He didn ' t give the answer why he was 1ate沒回答他為什么遲到這個問題。（同位語從句）Then rose a question where we should go.于是產(chǎn)生了一個問題：我們該到哪里去？（同位語從句）that在定語從句中充當(dāng)某一成分，是關(guān)系代詞；that在同位語從句中不作任何成分，僅把主句與從句連 接在一起，是從屬連詞。如：The fact that just now you talked about interests

31、 me.你們剛才談?wù)摰氖虑槭刮腋信d趣。（定語從句）The fact that he failed in the exam made his parents very angry.他考試沒及格這個事實使他的父母很生氣。（同位語從句）when, where, why, how, who, whom, which如果引導(dǎo)定語從句，它們分別指前面先行詞所表示的時間、地點、原因、方式、人和物，否則引導(dǎo)的就是同位語從句。試比較：I still remember the day when he was killed.我還記得他被害的那一天。（定語從句）I have no idea when he was k

32、illed.我不知道他什么時候被害的。（同位語從句）They didn't go to the town where they were born.他們沒有去他們出生的小鎮(zhèn)。（定語從句）They didn't answer the question where they were born.他們沒有回答他們在哪里出生這個問題。（同位語從句）whether, what可引導(dǎo)同位語從句，但通常不可引導(dǎo)定語從句。e.g We have no information whether he is alive.我們不知道他是否活著。（同位語從句）Next comes the questio

33、n what step we should take.接著的問題是我們下一步該做什么。（同位語從句）二.定語從句定語從句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞，詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出。關(guān)系代詞有： who, whom, whose, that, which 等。關(guān)系副詞有： when, where, why 等。1 .關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定 語從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保

34、持一致。1) who, whom, that這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下：e.g Is he the man who/that wants to see you?ftk就是你想見的人嗎？ ( who/that 在從句中作主語)He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)2) Whose用來指人或物，(只用作定語，若指物，它還可以同 of which互換)。e.g They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken

35、down.那人車壞了, 大家者|跑過去幫，忙。Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書。3) which, that它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等，例如：A prosperitywhich / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。 (which / that 在句中作賓語)The package (which / that) you are carrying i

36、s about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that 在句中作賓語)2 .關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。1)when, where, why關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和"介詞+ which 結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用.e.g There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。Beijing is the place where (in wh

37、ich) I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎？2 ) that代替關(guān)系副詞that可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代 when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語從 句，在口語中that常被省略.e.g His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生 年逝世了。He is unlikely to fin

38、d the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找至 U他四十年前居住過的地方。3 .判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞方法一：用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面無賓語，就必須要求用 關(guān)系代詞；而不及物動詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.判斷改錯（注：先顯示題，再顯

39、示答案，橫線；用不同的顏色表示出。）（錯） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（錯） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（對） This is the mountain village （which） I visited last year.（對） I'll never forget the days （which） I spent in the countryside.習(xí)慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞where, w

40、hen聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。方法二：準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分（主、謂、賓、定、狀），也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。例 1. Is this museum you visited a few days ago?A. where B. that C. on which D. the one例 2. Is this the museum the exhibition was held ?A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案：例1 D,例2 A例 1 變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢his museum is you visited a few

41、days ago.例 2 變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢his is the museum the exhibition was held.在句1中，所缺部分為賓語，而 where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用，只有 the one既做了主句 的表語，又可做從句的賓語，可以省略關(guān)系代詞，所以應(yīng)選 D。而句2中，主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語表地點，既可用副詞where,又因in the museum詞組，可用介詞in + which引導(dǎo)地點狀語。而此題中，介詞on用的不對，所以選 A。關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時，選擇關(guān)系代詞（who, who

42、m,that, which, whose）；先行詞在從句中做狀語時， 應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 （where地點狀語，when時間狀語，why 原因狀語）。4 .限制性和非限制性定語從句1）定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不 明確；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號 分開。e.g This is the house which we bought last month.這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very

43、 nice.這幢房子很漂亮,是我們上個月買 （非限制性）2）非限定性定語從句不能用that引導(dǎo)，一般用引導(dǎo)詞 which / as或who （指人），非限定性定語從句既可以修飾主句的部分內(nèi)容，也可彳飾主句的全部內(nèi)容。as引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，但 which或who引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句不能放在主句句首。e.g As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth.The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects people's l

44、ife greatly.His speech, which bored us to death, was over at last.Her sister, who lived in another city, was coming to visit her.5 . as, which非限定性定語從句由as, which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個主句，相當(dāng)于 and this或and that。as一般放在句首，也可以放在句中，which在句中。e.g As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.The sun he

45、ats the earth, which is very important to us.典型例題1) Alice received an invitation from her boss,came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. which D. he答案C.此為非限定性從句，不能用that修飾，而用which., it和he都使后句成為句子，兩個獨立的句子不能單以逗號連接。況且選he句意不通。2) The weather turned out to be very good,was more than we could expect.A. what B. wh

46、ich C. that D. it答案Bo which可代替句子，用于非限定性定語從句，而what不可。That不能用于非限定性定語從句，it不為連詞，使由逗號連接的兩個句子并在一起在英語語法上行不通。3) It rained hard yesterday,prevented me from going to the park.A. that B. which C. as D. it答案B.as和which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，這兩個關(guān)系代詞都指主句所表達(dá)的整個意思，且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點：(1)as引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首，而 which不可。(2)as代

47、表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時，從句中的謂語必須是系動詞；若為行為動詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which. o在本題中，prevent由于是行為動詞，所以正確選項應(yīng)為B。As的用法例1. the same as； such- as中的as是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu)，和一樣。I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例2. as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常含有正如的意思。As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.As is known, smoking is harmful to one's

48、health.As是關(guān)系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語；例2中，它充當(dāng)從句的主語，謂語動詞know要用被動式。6.介詞+關(guān)系詞1）介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。2） that前不能有介詞。3）某些在從句中充當(dāng)時間，地點或原因狀語的"介詞+關(guān)系詞"結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞 when和where互換。 e.g This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined

49、our club?Do you remember the day when you joined our club?7.關(guān)系代詞that的用法1）不用that的情況a）在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時。（錯） The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b）介詞后不能用。We depend on the land from that we get our food.（錯）改為： We depend on the land from which we get our food.We depend on the land th

50、at/which we get our food from.2）只能用that,不能用which作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞時 ，如:all, little, much, none, one, everyone, something, anything, everything, nothing 等。e.g That ' s all that I could do at that time.就是我那是所能為你做的全部。當(dāng)先行詞被 the only, the very, the same, little, few, no,等修飾時。e.g The only thing t

51、hat I can do is to have a rest.我唯一能做的事情就是休息。當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時。e.g He was the first person that passed the examination他是第個通過這個考試的人。This is the best way that can solve the problem.這是解決那個問題的最好辦法。被修飾詞為數(shù)詞時，只能用 that。e.g Yesterday my mother bought two dogs. Now you can see the two that are playing over th

52、ere. 昨天我媽媽買了 兩只狗?，F(xiàn)在你能看見它們在那邊玩。主句是there be結(jié)構(gòu)，修飾其主語的定語從句thate.g There is a book on the desk that belongs to Jack桌上那本書是杰克的。主句是以which或who開頭的特殊疑問句時，關(guān)系代詞只能用that。e.g Who is the girl that is talking with Mr. Brown ?如果出現(xiàn)兩個或兩個以上的先行詞，并同時兼指人和物時，關(guān)系代詞用that。e.g We are talking about the people and countries that we

53、 have visited.如果兩個從句，其中一個關(guān)系代詞已用which,另一個關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用that,以避免重復(fù)。e.g He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.他辦了一家工廠，生產(chǎn)過去從未見到的東西。三.狀語從句副詞性從句(狀語從句)狀語從句主要用來修飾主句或主句的謂語。一般可分為十大類，分別表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、 條件、讓步、比較 、方式和程度。1 .時間狀語從句(1)常用弓I導(dǎo)詞： when, as, while, as soon as, before, after

54、, since , till, ( until )特殊弓I導(dǎo)詞： the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day, the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly - when, scarcely whene.g I didn't realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.While John was watching TV , his wife was cooking.The

55、children ran away from the orchard (果園)the moment they saw the guard.when, while, as引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句時的異同when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中的謂語動詞既可以是延續(xù)性動詞，也可以是短暫性動詞；從句的動作可以和主句的動作同時發(fā)生，也可以先于主句的動作發(fā)生，此時相當(dāng)于aftero當(dāng)when從句謂語動詞是延續(xù)性動詞時，可與while互換。e.g I often missed my home a lot when I was abroad. ( =while )When they came home, I was cooki

56、ng dinner.(不能用 while)When the film ended, people rushed out of the hall. ( =after )when從句置于主句后面，同時從句中謂語動詞又是短暫性動詞時，常表示此時突然”。e.g I was walking along the street when I caught sight of a tailor' s shop.He was enjoying his dinner when a loud noise came on the door.while引導(dǎo)的動作必須是持續(xù)性的，強調(diào)主句和從句動作的同時發(fā)生，有時側(cè)

57、重主句和從句動作的對比。He took a bath while I was preparing dinner.as常可與when, while通用，但它較強調(diào)主句和從句動作的同時發(fā)生，常譯作 邊邊”也可用來說明 兩種正在發(fā)展和變化的情況，此時常譯作 隨著”。e.g He sang happily as he walked along the path.The day gets longer and longer as summer comes.until, till引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句主句謂語動詞為延續(xù)性動詞時，主句和從句都用肯定句式，意為直到"，表示主句動作一直延續(xù)到until/till從句表示的時間才終止；主句謂語動詞為短暫性動詞時，主句用否定式，從句用肯定式，意思是-直到才”，表示主句動作到until/till從句表示的時間才開始。e.g He worked until/till it was dark.He didn ' t work until/till it was dark.until和till意義相同，通?？蓳Q用，但在強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)、倒裝句或句首，一般用