1、過去完成時一、過去完成時的概念與結(jié)構(gòu)特點概念：過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作，即“過去的過去 (past-in-the-past )”。一| |1>那時以前那時現(xiàn)在構(gòu)成：過去完成時由“助動詞had + 過去分詞”構(gòu)成，其中 had通用于各種人稱。They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.She had finished writing the composition by 10: 00 this morning.二、過去完成時的判斷依據(jù)1.由時間狀語來判定一般說來，各種時態(tài)

2、都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有：(1 ) by +過去的時間點。如： I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.(2 ) by the end of + 過去的時間點。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.(3 ) before +過去的時間點。如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.2.由“過去的過去”

3、來判定。過去完成時表示“過去的過去”，是指過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作，即動作有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的用過去完成時，在后的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在：(1 )賓語從句中當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時，且從句的動作先于主句的動作時，從句要用過去完成時。在told, said, knew, heard,thought等動詞后的賓語從句。如：She said that she had seen the film before.(2 )狀語從句中在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的，要用過去完成時，動作在后的要用一般過去時。如:When I got t

4、o the station, the train had already left.After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.注意：before, after引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中，由于 before和after本身已表達了動作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表 示的動作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時。如：Where did you study before you came hereAfter he closed the door, he left the classroom.(3 )表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect,

5、 think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用過去完成時表示 "原本，未能"We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.3.根據(jù)上、下文來判定。I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.、過去完成時的主要用法1. 過去完成時表示一個動作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，即發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。如：When I woke up, it h

6、ad stopped raining.我醒來時，雨已經(jīng)停了。（主句的動作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”）2. 過去完成時是一個相對的時態(tài)，表示的是“過去的過去”，只有和過去某一時間或某一動作相比較時才使用它。如：He told me that he had written a new book. （had written 發(fā)生在 told 之前 ）3. 過去完成時需要與一個表示過去的時間狀語連用，它不能離開過去時間而獨立存在。此時多與already ，yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等時間副詞及by ， before ， until 等引導(dǎo)的短語或從句連用。如：B

7、efore she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.4. 過去完成時表示某一動作或狀態(tài)在過去某時之前已經(jīng)開始，一直延續(xù)到這一過去時間，而且動作尚未結(jié)束，仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。5. By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.（ h

8、ad worked 已有了 20 年，還有繼續(xù)進行下去的可能）四、過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時表示的動作發(fā)生在過去，但側(cè)重對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響，與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為 “助動詞 have（has） + 過去分詞”；過去完成時則是一個相對的時態(tài)，它所表示的動作不僅發(fā)生在過去，更強調(diào)“過去的過去”，只有和過去某時或某動作相比較時，才用到它。試比較：I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會了1000 個英語單詞。I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那時為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會了10

9、00 個英語單詞。6. I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 對不起，讓你久等了。7. Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.沒什么，我只等了幾分鐘。（ “等”的動作從過去某一時間點持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在）8. John returned home yesterday. 約翰昨天回到家的。9. Where had he been他去哪兒了（答語中使用過去完成時是指約翰在returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“過去的過去”）五、過去完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別雖然這兩種時態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)

10、，但在使用時應(yīng)注意以下幾點：1. 時間狀語不同：過去完成時在時間上強調(diào)“過去的過去”；而一般過去時只強調(diào)過去某一特定的時間。試比較：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.2. 在沒有明確的過去時間狀語作標志時，謂語動詞動作發(fā)生的時間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷：先發(fā)生的用過去完成時，后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時。如：won the first in the compositionShe was very happy. Her whole family wer

11、e pleased with her, too. She had just competition.3. 當(dāng)兩個或兩個以上接連發(fā)生的動作用and或but連接時，按時間順序，只需用一般過去時來代替過去完成時;另外，在 before , after , as soon as引導(dǎo)的從句中，由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時間的先后，因此也可以用過去時來代替過去完成時。如：He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.I （had） called her before I left the office.重點英語中，已經(jīng)

12、有了一個過去一般時表示在過去發(fā)生的動作，為什么還有過去完成時呢要記住：過去完成時的關(guān)鍵概念是：假設(shè)在過去發(fā)生了兩件（或以上）的事件，一件是A事件，另一件是B事件，如果A、B兩個事件幾乎是同時發(fā)生的，那就用一般過去時；但是，如果A、B兩個事件不是同時發(fā)生的，怎么辦呢那就是：哪個事件先發(fā)生，就用過去完成時；哪個事件后發(fā)生，就用過去完成時。在上面的假設(shè)中，如果A事件先發(fā)生，A就用過去完成時；如果 B事件先發(fā)生，B就用過去完成時；而不管兩件事是用什么樣的時間狀語或其它 形式表示的。 請看例句：例 1 She said （that） she had never been to Paris.例 2 Whe

13、n the police arrived, the thieves had run away.例 3 We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.例 4 Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.例 5 The students were writing, busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office.在上面的五個例子中

14、，我們只要稍微分析一下，就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)：每個例子講述的內(nèi)容中，都包含著兩個（或以上）在過去發(fā)生的事件。我們將兩件事抽取出來看一下，就非常明白：必定有一件事是先生的，另一件是后發(fā)生的：例 1 said had never been to （先沒有"去"，后"說"）例 2 arrivedhad run away.（先“跑"了，后"到"）例 3 had hoped would comedidn't （先"希望"，后才發(fā)生"沒去"）例 4 was disappointed had left

15、 arrived （先"離開"，后"到達"和"失望"）例 5 were writing went had left （先"離開"，后"到"和"寫"）難點過去完成時的難點在于：有時候一句話中并沒有出現(xiàn)兩個事件，因此無法比較兩個事件的先后。那為什么也用過去 完成時呢請看下面的例句：例 1 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.實際上，在上面的例句中，仍然有著“先、后”之分的。

16、不過，這次不是A、B兩件事件的先后，而是有兩個過去時間的“先、后”關(guān)系。首先，句子中有個明確的過去時間點：12歲。說他“12歲”，顯然是過去式。那么，緊接著說“他已經(jīng)開始謀生了” ，這個“謀生”是發(fā)生在“12歲”時，還是“ 12歲”前，還是“ 12歲”后答案是肯定的：他的“謀生”發(fā)生在“12歲”之前！也就是說，“12歲”已經(jīng)是一般過去時，而在“12歲”之前發(fā)生的事，當(dāng)然是過去完成時。所以，在那么多表示時間狀語的詞中，大家要特別注意By、Until等的用法。可以說，在講述過去的事件中，如果出現(xiàn)By時間狀語，很有可能要用過去完成時了。(當(dāng)然,我說的是很有可能。)類似的時間表達方式還有 Until、

17、Before等。只要大家把握了過去完成時的基本含義，不管句 子怎么變化，應(yīng)該沒有多大的問題。例如： 例 2 Until then, his family hadn't heard from him for six month. 此句的分析同上面差不多。首先有個明確的過去時間點 "then"(那時)，而"hadn't heard" 發(fā)生在then之前(包才then)。所以此句用的是過去完成時。再舉兩個例子例 3 We had learned about 4000 English words by the end of last term.例

18、 4 I waited until he had finished his homework.例 5 We had got to the station before 10:00.專項練習(xí)一.用動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1. We(paint) the house before we(move) in.2. That rich old man(make) a will before he(die).3. They(study) the map of the country before they (leave).4. The robbers(run away ) before the policeme

19、n(arrive).5. I(turn off) all the lights before I(go) to bed.6. Paul(go) out with Jane after he (make) a phone call.7. Tom(say) he(read) the book twice.8. Our plan(fail ) because we(make) a bad mistake.9. When the chairman(finish) speaking, he(leave)the hall. Reads(have) lunch when I(get) to their ho

20、use.I(arrive) at the station, he(leave). (learn) about 4000 English words by the end of last term.13. I waited until he(finish) his homework. 14. We were surprised at what she already(do)(not go) to Qingdao because she(be) there before.16. He(not tell) you the news yet.17. He said he already(give) t

21、he book to the teacher.18. I(be) to Shanghai before.19. She told me she(be) to Sanya three times. (play) the guitar while her sister(sing).二.句型轉(zhuǎn)換1. I had sold the ticket when she came.(改否定句)had sung a song to us before she danced.(改否定句)began to climb the mountain after they had bought all the food a

22、nd drinks.(否定)10:00 a.m, I had been very hungry.(改一般疑問)（改一般疑問）had already completed the project when I arrived.(改一般疑問)the time he got to the airport, the plane had taken off.7.He had broken his arm when I saw him.（對劃線部分提問）he had read the note, he ate it.（對劃線部分提問）9.Jack didn ' t go to the cinemca

23、use he had seen the film.（對劃線部分提問）had had the toys for ten years before we gave them to the child.（對劃線部分提問）had written the book by the end of 1960.（對劃線部分提問）cooked the dumplings. We ate them up.（用過去完成時連接兩句）'s father mended the car. It was broken.（用過去完成時連接兩句）had our tests. Then we had a long holid

24、ay.（用過去完成時連接兩句）After we, weshowed us the picture. Then he showed us around the house.用過去完成時連接兩句 ）Before he, he.參考答案:.用動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1. had painted. moved 2. had made . died had run away.arrived 5. had turned off went7. said had read 8 failed had made were having/had had got 11. arrived . had left3. had studied left6. went had made9. （had） finished left12. had learned13. （had） finished hasn't told14. had .done17 had given15 didn't go hadbeen18. have been9. h