1、定語：定語是用來修飾、限定、說明名詞或代詞的品質與特征的。定語從句=先行詞+關系詞+從句1. 定語從句：修飾限定某一名詞或代詞的從句，定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。2. 先行詞：被定語從句修飾限定的詞。3. 關系詞：引導定語從句的詞。關系詞分為關系代詞和關系副詞。定語從句中的所有關系詞不但都有具體的意義而且都在從句中擔任一定的成分. 關系詞有三個作用：1.引導定語從句；2.代詞先行詞；3.在定語從句中擔當一定成分。關系代詞有that,which,who,whom,whose,as 等,關系代詞在從句中作主語，賓語，定語等.關系副詞有when,where,why等,關系副詞在從句中作地

2、點狀語(where)，時間狀語(when)，原因狀語(why)。關系代詞作主語作賓語作定語先行詞指人who/thatwhom/that(可省略）whose先行詞指物which/thatwhich/that(可省略）whose先行詞指人和物thatthatwhose關系副詞關系副詞關系副詞先行詞關系詞在定從中的成分where地點名詞地點狀語why原因名詞原因狀語when時間名詞時間狀語who用于代替"表示人的意義"的先行詞，并且在從句中作主語；在現代英語里，也可取代whom在從句中作動詞的賓語。例如：I have no idea about the man who wrote

3、 the article .The little boy who is singing there can recite quiet a number of Chinese poems .whom 用于代替"表示人的意義"的先行詞，并且在從句中作動詞或介詞的賓語。在現代英語里，如果whom在從句中作動詞的賓語，它與who可以通用；但是如果whom在從句中作介詞的賓語，那么就只能用whom而不能與who通用了。例如：Who is the girl whom ( who ) you talked to just now ? They are looking for t

4、he patient on whom doctors just performed an operation . whose 用于代替"表示人或物意義"的先行詞，在從句中作定語，往往與它所修飾的名詞一起構成一個名詞短語在從句中擔當成分。Whose常表達"某人的、某物的"之意。例如：Do you know the name of that girl whose brother is your roommate ?Water whose boiling point is at 100 degree Centigrade has no color, no fl

5、avor. which 用于代替"表示事物意義"的先行詞，在從句中作主語、賓語。例如：Views which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept .那些全新的或是來自國外的觀點或許也很難被接受。I've got a novel which you may like to read .that 既用于代替"表示人的意義"的先行詞，也用于代替"表示事物意義"的先行詞；在從句中既可以作主語，也可以作謂語動詞的賓語，但是不能作介詞的賓語。在一定范圍內，

6、that = who / whom / which 。例如：Views that (which ) are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept .提示：定語從句中作賓語的關系代詞可以省略;如果關系代詞在定語從句中作賓語可以省略。例如：This is the book ( which ) you were looking for yesterday . 這就是你昨天找的那本書。I don't like the novel ( that ) you are reading . 我不喜歡你看的這本小說。Who is

7、the man ( whom ) you're talking about ?  你們談論的那個人是誰？定語從句中，關系代詞的單復數取決于先行詞的單復數。例如：Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon .請那些年齡在四十幾歲的人于今天下午去進行體檢。This is the magazine which was sent to me by post . 這是通過郵局寄給我的雜志。關系代詞that 和which的區別 that 和wh

8、ich在一般情況都可以用于代替"表示事物意義"的先行詞，在從句中作主語、賓語。但在下列情況下一般只用that而不用which ：1.先行詞本身是all , everything , something , nothing , anything等不定代詞時，例如：Anything that can burn is a source of heat energy . 任何能夠燃燒的東西都是熱能源。There must be something that happened to you . 你一定出了什么事。They had nothing that could cure of

9、his disease . 他們沒有一點能治愈他疾病的東西了。This is all that I want from the school.2.先行詞已有序數詞或形容詞的最高級或the last, the only, the very等作定語時，This is the most interesting book that l have ever read.That is the only way that leads to your success .那是通向你成功的唯一之路。The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.Th

10、is is the very good dictionary that I want to buy.4.、先行詞既有人又有物時Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?5.在以"which"、"who"、"whom" 引起的特殊問句中，為避免重復，常用"that"Who is the man that

11、 is standing there? Which is the dictionary that he used yesterday ? 在下列情況下卻只用which而不用that：1.當先行詞表示事物，并且在從句中作介詞的賓語，那么就只能用which ,關系代詞放在介詞之后 。例如：The world in which we live is made of matter .我們生活的世界是由物質組成的。The world that we live in is made of matter.2.在非限定性定語從句（關于這一點隨后就要講解）中，當關系詞表示事物意義時, 只能用which 。這是語

12、法所規定的，沒有任何解釋。例如：The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .太陽給予大地熱，這就使植物的生長成為可能。The cat, which is black, is eating.This is the book, which is written by Lu Xun. 3.先行詞本身是that, those作主語時 Those which are on the desk are English books. That which you told him about is what we

13、want to know.多用who，不用that的情況1.先行詞為anyone，one，ones時;The comrade I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works hard. Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. 2.先行詞為those，he和people時;These who are going to Beijing are the best students of our school.3.在there be 開頭的句子中 There is a studen

14、t who wants to see you4一個句子中帶有兩個定語從句，其中一個定語從句的關系代詞是that，另一個宜用who，以免重復。 The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hards. 5在非限制性定語從句中 I met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come from Japan. whose(只用作定語) "whose"表示誰(可以為人也可以為物)的(東西)A. whose 的先行詞指物時，可用of which 代替，

15、 但語序不同，即whose+名詞=of which+the+名詞。The novel whose title (of which the title) is Red and Black is very interesting.He lives in a room whose window (of which the window) faces south.B.whose的先行詞指人時，可用of whom 代替，但語序不同，即whose+名詞=of whom + the +名詞。The boy whose mother (of whom the mother) is a teacher is m

16、y friend.A child whose parents (of whom the parents) are dead is called an orphan.雙親都死了的孩子叫做孤兒。as可以作為關系代詞引導限定性定語從句、非限定性定語從句。例如：限定性定語從句 （常用于such as和the same as 等句式中）Such points as you've mentioned are really important in solving the problem .你提到的這些方面在解決這個問題上的確很重要。People such as you describe are r

17、arely seen nowadays .你描述的這種人現在很少見了。This computer has the same functions as that one has .這臺計算機有著和那臺計算機一樣的功能。定語從句的種類兩種定語從句：限定性定語從句與非限定性定語從句。這兩種定語從句在其功能和形式方面都有明顯的區別：限定性定語從句限定性定語從句與主句的關系很緊奏，對其先行詞起限定、修飾的作用。如果將其去掉，會影響句子意思的完整性；有時甚至于引起費解、誤解. 限定性定語從句的先行詞只能是名詞或代詞.例如：They explained the reason to us why they h

18、ad hated us before.他們向我們解釋為什么他們不喜歡我們的原因。非限定性定語從句非限定性定語從句與主句之間有一個逗點"，"隔開；它對其先行詞沒有限定、修飾的作用，只起補充、說明的作用。有時也用它來對全句進行補充、說明。即使將其去掉，也不會影響句子意思。而非限定性定語從句的先行詞則可以是名詞或代詞，也可以是短語或句子非限定性定語從句在中文譯文里，我們往往將其作為一個分句處理，而不把它作定語翻譯。例如： I have a sister who works in a hospital.我有一位在醫院工作的姐姐。I have a sister , who works

19、 in a hospital.我有一位姐姐，她在醫院工作。 Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得開車很快，這是很危險的。(which指drive too fast) He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改變了主意，這使我很生氣。(which指整個主句) 非限定性定語從句 （a

20、s可以作為關系代詞引導非限定性定語從句時，as是指全句：也就是說，將整個主句看成一件事或是一個事實；并對其進行補充、說明。這種非限定性定語從句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后。） As I know , she hasn't got married . 如我所知，她還未結婚。They won the first place in the game, as could be expected.可以預料，他們在比賽中得了第一。Professor Li is extremely popular among students , as is known to all of us

21、 . as和which所代表的都是整個主句所表示的內容。但有兩點不同之處： 1.在形式上as引導的非限制性定語從句可位于主句的后面，也可位于主句的前面；而which引導的非限制性定語從句只能位于主句的后面，不能位于主句的前面。 2.在意義上，as引導的定語從句和主句的關系一般為一致關系，常譯為“正如”，“就像”，而which引導的定語從句和主句的關系是因果關系，或which引導的定語從句是對主句的評論。因此，在意思通順的情況下，which可代替as，而as許多時候不能代替which. 在suchas、the sameas、 as、 as many/much as等結構中,as不能用which代

22、替。1.He was late again, as / which we had expected. =As we had expected, he was late again. 正如我們所料，他又遲到了。/他又遲到了這是我們早就料到的。 2.The street hasnt been cleared for weeks, which makes it very dirty. 街道好多星期沒有打掃了，因此整條街很臟。（不用as） 3.The young man cheated his friend of much money, which was disgraceful. 那年輕人詐騙了他朋

23、友許多錢財，這是不光彩的。（不 用as） 4.As has already been pointed out, English is rather difficult for a foreigner. 正如已經指出的那樣，英語對于初學者說，是相當難學的。非限制性定語從句與先行詞之間一般用逗號隔開。非限制性定語從句只是先行詞的附加說明，如果去掉從句，意義仍然完整。當先行詞是地名人名、世界上獨一無二的事物或家庭唯一成員時，通常用非限制性定語從句。His father , who works in Beijing, came back yesterday。Shanghai , which is in

24、 East China ,is developing rapidly引導非限制性定語從句的關系詞主語賓語定語先行詞指人whowhomwhose先行詞指物whichwhichwhose先行詞是整個句子whichwhichwhose先行詞是時間when=介詞+which時間狀語先行詞是地點where=介詞+which地點狀語why,that 不能引導非限制性定語從句who1.The famous basketball star, who is an American,came to China yesterday.whom2.Lucy is a lovely girl, with whom man

25、y people like to make friends.which3.BeiJing, which is the capital of China, has a very long history.which4.He came late again, which made the teacher very angry.whose5.I like the house, whose window face the sea.when6.People will remember August 8th, 2008, when 29th Olympic Games was held in Beijin

26、g.where8.The school, where I once studied, was built three years ago.關系副詞：when , where , why 等。在定語從句，關系副詞 = 介詞 + which ,至于在英文中用哪個具體的介詞，就得依具體情況而定了。when 代替表示時間的名詞，在從句中充當狀語,例如：People will always remember the time when Hong Kong and Macao returned to our motherland .人們會永遠記住香港和澳門回歸祖國的那一時刻。He came at a ti

27、me when we needed help . 他在我們需要人幫忙的時候來了。We don't know the exact time when the English Evening will be held . 我們不知道英語晚會舉行的確切時間。where 代替表示地點的名詞，在從句中充當狀語。例如：The place where we're to have the Speech Contest has not been decided yet.我們舉行演講比賽的地點還未定下來。He is living in a newly-built house where there

28、 used to be a pond . 他現在居住的新房是原先一個池塘的舊址。That is a beautiful campus where I made a lot dreams .那是一座我曾經在那兒有過許多夢想的美麗的校園。why 代替表示原因的名詞，在從句中充當狀語。例如：He didn't tell her the reason why he was so happy .他沒有告訴她為什么他那么高興的原因。The reason why she was late is not so acceptable .她遲到的原因不那么令人接受。They explained the r

29、eason to us why they had misunderstood us before .他們向我們解釋為什么他們以前誤解了我們的原因。介詞+關系代詞在這種結構中，關系代詞若是表示人的意義，就只能用whom ；關系代詞若是表示事物的意義，就只能用which 。A）動詞與介詞的搭配B）名詞與介詞的搭配C）形容詞與介詞的搭配例如：A）動詞與介詞的搭配He has found a good job for which he is qualified .（ qualify + 名詞+ for "使具有資格" ）他找到了一份他能勝任的工作。The man to whom y

30、ou talked just now will chair the meeting tomorrow . （ talk to + 名詞 "與某人談話" ） 你剛才與他談話的那個人明天主持那個會議。B）名詞與介詞的搭配They are still living in the little house in which they've been lived for 15 years .( in the house "在屋子里")他們現在還住在他們已住了15年的那個小房子里。We've worked out a method by which

31、our production can be raised on a large scale.( by a method通過某種方法) 我們已研制出了一個能大規模提高生產的方法。C）形容詞與介詞的搭配The secretary with whom the boss is not satisfied will be fired for her inefficiency . (be satisfied with "對表示滿意") 老板對其不滿意的那個秘書將由于她沒有工作效率而被解雇。I've found the job for which I've been ea

32、ger for a long time.（ eager for "渴望得到" ） 我已找到了我渴望已久的那份工作。He is a learned man with whom we are familiar .(familiar with 熟悉)他是一位我們熟悉的有學識的人。定語從句專項練習題 1. Dont talk about such things of _ you are not sure. A. which B. what C. as D. those 2. Is this the factory _ you visited the other day?A. tha

33、t B. where C. in which D. the one 3. Is this factory _ some foreign friends visited last Friday?A. that B. where C. which D. the one 4. Is this the factory _ he worked ten years ago?A. that B. where C. which D. the one 5. The wolves hid themselves in the places _ couldnt be found. A. that B. where C

34、. in which D. in that 6. The freezing point is the temperature _ water changes into ice. A. at which B. on that C. in which D. of what 7. This book will show you _ can be used in other contexts. A. how you have observed B. what you have observed C. that you have observed D. how that you have observe

35、d 8. The reason is _ he is unable to operate the machine. A. because B. why C. that D. whether 9. Ill tell you _ he told me last week. A. all which B. that C. all that D. which 10. That tree, _ branches are almost bare, is very old. A. whose B. of which C. in which D. on which 11. I have bought the

36、same dress _ she is wearing. A. as B. that C. which D. what 12. He failed in the examination, _ made his father very angry. A. which B. it C. that D. what 13. Were talking about the piano and the pianist _ were in the concert we attended last night. A. which B. whom C. who D. that 14. The girl _ an

37、English song in the next room is Toms sister.A. who is singing B. is singing C. sang D. was singing 15. Those _ not only from books but also through practice will succeed. A. learn B. who C. that learns D. who learn 16. Anyone _ this opinion may speak out. A. that againsts B. that against C. who is

38、against D. who are against 17. Didnt you see the man _? A. I nodded just now B. whom I nodded just now C. I nodded to him just now D. I nodded to just now 18. Can you lend me the novel _ the other day? A. that you talked B. you talked about it C. which you talked with D. you talked about 19. Is ther

39、e anything _ to you? A. that is belonged B. that belongs C. that belong D. which belongs 20. - “How do you like the book?” - “Its quite different from _ I read last month.” A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what 21. Mr. Zhang gave the textbook to all the pupils except _ who had already taken th

40、em. A. the ones B. ones C. some D. the others 22. The train _ she was travelling was late. A. which B. where C. on which D. in that 23. He has lost the key to the drawer _ the papers are kept. A. where B. in which C. under which D. which 24. Antarctic _ we know very little is covered with thick ice

41、all the year round. A. which B. where C. that D. about which 25. Its the third time _ late this month. A. that you arrived B. when you arrived C. that youve arrived D. when youve arrived 26. It was in 1969 _ the American astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon. A. that B. which C. when D. in whic

42、h 27. May the fourth is the day _ we Chinese people will never forget. A. which B. when C. on which D. about which 28. We are going to spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, _ live my grandparents and some relatives. A. which B. that C. who D. where 29. The hotel _ during our holidays stands by the

43、 seaside. A. we stayed at B. where we stayed at C. we stayed D. in that we stayed 30. Is it in that factory _ “Red Flag” cars are produced? A. in which B. where C. which D. that 31. It is the Suez Canal _ separates Asia _ Africa. A. which, to B. where, from C. that, from D. that, with 32. Under the

44、bridge, however, almost directly below, _ was a small canoe, with a boy in it.A. there B. where C. it D. which 33. He is not _ a fool _. A. such, as he is looked B. such, as he looks C. as, as he is looked D. so, as he looks 34. Is that the reason _ you are in favour of the proposal?A. which B. what

45、 C. why D. for that 35. He must be from Africa, _ can be seen from his skin. A. that B. as C. who D. what 36. He has two sons, _ work as chemists. A. two of whom B. both of whom C. both of which D. all of whom 37. I, _ your good friend, will try my best to help you out. A. who is B. who am C. that i

46、s D. what is 38. He is a man of great experience, _ much can be learned.A. who B. that C. from which D. from whom 39. - Do you know the town at all? - No, this is the first time I _ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 40. I dont like _ you speak to her. A. the way B. the way in that C. th

47、e way which D. the way of which 41. The two things _ they felt very proud are Jims gold watch and Dellas hair. A. about which B. of which C. in which D. for which 42. The dinner was the most expensive meal we _. A. would have B. have had C. had never had D. had ever had 43. Do you know which hotel _

48、? A. she is staying B. she is staying in C. is she staying D. is she staying in 44. There is only one thing _ I can do. A. what B. that C. all D. which 45. Who can think of a situation _ this idiom can be used? A. which B. that C. where D. in that46. I have many books, some of _ are on chemistry. A.

49、 them B. that C. which D. those 47. They were interested _ you told them. A. in which B. in that C. all that D. in everything 48. The astronaut did many experiments in the spaceship, _ much help for knowing space. A. which we think it is B. which we think are of C. of which we think is D. I think wh

50、ich is of 49. The great day we looked forward to _ at last. A. come B. came C. coming D. comes 50. I like the second football match _ was held last week.A. which B. who C. that D. / 參考答案： 15 AADBA 610 ABCCA 1115 AADAD 1620 CDDBC 2125 ACBDC 2630 AADAD 3135 CABCB 3640 BBDBA 4145 BDBBC 4650 CDBBC  

51、;1  Do you still remember the day _ I first came to Beijing?A. which B. that C. when D. where   2  Im going to visit the school _ my mother taught physics ten years ago.A. where  B. that   C. which  D. what3  She was not the woman _ she was before. A

52、. what  B. that   C. who   D. as 4  In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ they could turn for help.A. whom   B. who    C. to whom    D. from whom5  A paper plant is _ paper is made.  A. which 

53、B. where  C. what  D. in which6  They stayed with me for three weeks, _ they drank all the wine I had.A. which   B. which time  C. during which time  D. during which7. - How do you like the cake?   - Its quite different from _ I had last month.A. that

54、0;  B. which    C. the one    D. the one what8. The Nile, _electricity is produced, no longer destroys villages and crops.A. which   B. from which   C. from it    D. from that9. In the 1950s, _ blacks didnt have equal rights, a lo

55、t of marches took place.A. when  B. that    C. which   D. from which 10. Bobs father, _, spent four years in Egypt.                A. that worked on the project     

56、B. he worked on the project C. who worked on the project   D. whom worked on the project11. The retiring teacher made a speech _ she thanked the class for the gift.A. which   B. of which   C. in which    D. that 12. He has to work on Sundays, _ he do

57、es not like. A. and which  B. which  C. and when   D. when13.Which of the two cows _you keep produces more milk?A. that   B. which   C. whom   D. when14. He paid the boy US $10 for washing ten windows, most _ hadnt been cleaned for at least year.          A. these &#