1、tomeet.Itis saidt hat inthe "agriculturalsociety, peoplepl ant" in"industrial society, ma n isana nimal""the information society,returnis one ofthepra cticalformofvalue s.Theso-called val uesrefers tothe objective thi ngs are ofnovalueand thevalue offundamentalperspective.Di

2、fferentvalues, people's behaviour, attitudes,ways aredifferent.People-oriented focus onhuman value and reality,weneedthe br oade stmassesasvalue s.A dhereto pe ople -oriented val ues, ist omakethe economymoredevelopme nt,improve democracy, cult uralprosperit y,and live a happi er;is deeply conce

3、r nedt hat huma n deve lopme ntand humanvalue s, devel opme nt of social a ndhuman developmentofrationalunified,insisted i nthe materialcivili zation,political civilizati on a ndspiritual civilizati on i nthe ov eralladvancement ofSociali st civilizati on toa higher level.Alsowant tosee that person&

4、#39;s value isnotonly meetyour needs,also istomeettheneeds ofot hers andthe community.A dheret ope ople -or iented,to stronglyadvocateeverycommunitymember,serveothers,benefici altothe community ofpeople.Theso-calle d Outl ookattitude is onthe re cord, includingw ho, howto create arecordofachievement

5、s, howtoevaluate performance, a nd so on.What values,what kindofOutlook.Adheretopeople -orie ntedOutlook,is on thepremiseofrespecti ng the i nterestsand powerofpeopl e, creati ng a popul ar,warmhe arts,steady heart performance,creating"servefor one officer,the be nefitof"achievement s,and

6、overallconstruction ofwell-offsociety and pr omoting theall-r ound developmentof peopl e's performa nce.Achi evement evaluati on i n bot heconomic a ccomplishments,take anotherlookatthe effectiveness ofsocialpr ogress; cha nges in bot h ur ban a nd rural change; both harde nvironme nttostrengt h

7、en a ndtake anotherl ook atthe softenvironmentimprovementmomentumofdevel opme ntat present, de pending onthe potentialforsustai nabl edevel opme nt. Leave people totalka bout"values"are worthlessand leave peoplet otalkabout "Outl ook" is not whatt heperforma nce.4. peopleresponde

8、 dtothe startingpoint ofthequestion,andreplie d toquesti onspoi nt. Ma n isthe sumofsocial rel ationshi ps. Weca nnot leav ethe chic hua nyongdu,housi ng,tourism andentertainment,e ntertaini ng,andeven certain politi cal,e conomic,cult uraland social e nvir onme nt, andso on. Due to huma n nee ds,al

9、lw alksoflifewillcomeintobei ng. People create fortheir survival,a nd conti nueenjoying theresultsoftheconstr uction. Colorfulin t hetransformation ofthepeople oftheworl d,communityvitality in thecreati on of man.Therefore , anywork wedo, thestarti ng pointis human,whatare people.Us speed updevelopm

10、ent,thecore ofwhich is t o meetthe needs ofpe ople, incl udi ng survivalnee ds,emoti ona lnee ds and self-actualization needs.It shoul d be note dthatpe opl e arenot machi nes, notthe slave ofan object, nottobecontrolle d.Pe opl e havetheir own personality,hasits ow n personal ity,ha sitsown dig nit

11、y. Person in nee d ofcare,y ou needto understand, need小學(xué)語文課堂教學(xué)有效性研究開題報告 射陽縣實驗小學(xué)一、課題的提出在新課改的大潮中，很多特級教師和優(yōu)秀教師精彩的課堂教學(xué)展示，曾一度讓眾多一線教師看到了語文課堂教學(xué)的春天。那充滿智慧充滿詩意充滿精彩的課堂成了我們追求的理想境界。然而， 幾年過去了，當(dāng)我們冷靜地審視現(xiàn)實中的語文課堂教學(xué),卻發(fā)現(xiàn)許多教師是在邯鄲學(xué)步，更多的教師則是“新瓶裝舊水”， 在應(yīng)試教育的指揮棒下，語文課堂教學(xué)還如從前一樣單調(diào)、枯燥、繁瑣與壓抑，學(xué)生語文素養(yǎng)卻沒有得到真正有效的提高。因此， 如何使我們的教師擁有新課程背景下

12、的課堂教學(xué)有效性的理念，掌握課堂教學(xué)有效性的策略，是擺在我們面前的一個難題。特別是在全面推進(jìn)素質(zhì)教育的今天，在新一輪基礎(chǔ)教育課程改革進(jìn)行之時，討論新課程背景下課堂教學(xué)的有效性就顯得十分迫切與必要了。(1) 、 本課題針對普遍存在于小學(xué)語文常態(tài)課堂教學(xué)中的無效或低效的現(xiàn)實問題而提出。常態(tài)教學(xué)中，“教師苦教、學(xué)生苦學(xué)”的現(xiàn)狀在小學(xué)語文課堂中依然普遍存在著。其典型表現(xiàn)為：三維目標(biāo)的割裂、教學(xué)內(nèi)容的泛化、教學(xué)活動的外化、教學(xué)層次的低下、預(yù)設(shè)與生成的沖突，等等。 造成學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)低迷，學(xué)習(xí)興趣漸失，學(xué)習(xí)能力低下，主動精神與創(chuàng)造力缺乏。課堂上沒有了生命活力的煥發(fā)與學(xué)習(xí)主體個性精神的張揚，課堂上感覺不到生命

13、的挑戰(zhàn)與學(xué)習(xí)者的內(nèi)在愉悅。師生實際的精力付出與實際收效之比實在不協(xié)調(diào)、不對等。ow ,we are i na newhistoricalstage ofall-roundconstr uctionofa w ell-offsociet y.In perform dutie s, andcarried outw ork ofpr oce ss inthe,w eto putpe opl e as ag uide principles,a nda te st standard, efforts frommasses mosthopedo of things do up,frommasses mos

14、tcareof hot proble m grabbed,frommasses most notsatisfactionof placem odifie d up,notmake nomi nal offormalism, not do grandsta ndi ng ofcosmetic,t oseek ingofstyle , helpmasse s share, is pe ople benefit. (C)theinvesteepe ople i s notonlyani dea,iti sajobre quirement.Philosophy through tothe pe opl

15、e -oriented thoug ht int hework ofthe Office,must beclearwork objectives. PartyOfficeinthe citythi syearremains: Adva nce dciv il strife,localbra nd. The County (City)PartyCommittee officesand unitsdirectly underthe Officeto hol d hig h the banner offirsttoexcellence, people -orie nted re quire ment

16、s, strengt hen t heconstructi on a ndma nagement ofthe Officet owardsthe w ork "ahig herlevel".Investee1.politicalpartici pation based on conspiracyt o adhereto people-oriented, will be around topr omotecoordi nationDevel opme ntevents, greatse archi ngs.T he16 sessi on oftheparty's sc

17、ie ntific Outlook on development, i s thene wCe ntralcoll ective lea dershiptothe devel opme nt ofconnotation, developme ntesse ntials, furt herdee penthe essence of developmentand innovation,isourparty' s ruling i dea alea p.Atprese nt,establi shi ngand impleme nting the scientificconceptof dev

18、elopmenthas be comethe party'simportantwork.As the Office ofpartyCommittee,working party should servi ce ce nter, i nitiat ive to claim lea dership ofthe decision,the curre ntfocusis tofocus on promoti ng com prehensive, coordinatedand sustainable developmentwith more suggesti ons,do more resear

19、 ch,summarizedt he typical.One is drafted toraise thelev elofyour presentati on. our pre sentationi sthe main Office of"products",ist he ba siccarrierstaffservice,is importanttomea sureservice leve ls.T he qualityofyour pre sentation,mai nlyde pends on howm uchwe drafteda docume nt recogni

20、ze dbythe leadershi p, howmanyare l isteni ngto thepe ople i n favour ofthe report,how manypaid dividendsint hepra cticalw ork. Im provepre sentati on draftinglev el,requirement swe a ccurategrasple d intent,Generalle d care ofwork aret oas understand,Generalled consi derofpr oblem aret oin-depth t

21、hinki ng;re quirement swehighlight place features, putsuperi orapproa ch poli cyand locala ctual combi ned up,putprese ntationoftheme t hrust a nd masses ofbythought by wants t o combine d up; r equireme ntswe seeks to streamline d clear,wit h simple oflang uage expression de epoft houg ht,with shor

22、t oflengt h hostedri ch ofconnotation. Second,thesurveyresults more.Investigation ofthe ba se,the road t osuccessi ssomet hing, is ourforthe PartyCommittee's policyde cision ag ood idea, animportant part ofa good staff.This year,tofocusar ound i ndustrial XINGcity,andfarmers increase,a nd a ndma

23、npow erdevel opme nt,andseeki ng,major probl em andfostera dvantage industry, a nd adjustme ntagricult uralstructure,a ndcarriedtomeet.Itis saidt hat inthe "agriculturalsociety, peoplepl ant" in"industrial society, ma n isana nimal""the information society,returnis one ofthe

24、pra cticalformofvalue s.Theso-called val uesrefers tothe objective thi ngs are ofnovalueand thevalue offundamentalperspective.Differentvalues, people's behaviour, attitudes,ways aredifferent.People-oriented focus onhuman value and reality,weneedthe br oade stmassesasvalue s.A dhereto pe ople -or

25、iented val ues, ist omakethe economymoredevelopme nt,improve democracy, cult uralprosperity,and live a happi er;is deep lyconcer nedt hat huma n deve lopme ntand humanvalue s, devel opme nt of social a ndhuman developmentofrationalunified,insisted i nthe materialcivili zation,political civilizati on

26、 a ndspiritual civilizati on i nthe ov eralladvancement ofSociali st civilizati on toa higher level.Alsowant tosee that person's value isnotonly meetyour needs,also istomeetthenee ds ofot hers andthe community.A dheret ope ople -or iented,to stronglyadvocateeverycommunitymember,serveothers,benef

27、ici altothe community ofpeople.Theso-calle d Outl ookattitude is onthe re cord, includingw ho, howto create arecordofachievements, howtoevaluate performance, a nd so on.What values,what kindofOutlook.Adheretopeople -orie ntedOutlook,is on thepremiseofrespecti ng the i nterestsand powerofpeopl e, cre

28、ati ng a popul ar,warmhe arts,steady heartperforma nce, creating"servefor one officer,the be nefitof"achievement s,and overallconstruction ofwell-offsociety and pr omoting theall-r ound developmentof peopl e's performa nce.Achi evement evaluati on i n bot heconomic a ccomplishments,tak

29、e anotherlookatthe effectiveness ofsocialpr ogress; cha nges in bot h ur ban a nd rural change; both harde nvironme nttostrengt hen a ndtake anotherl ook atthe softenvironmentimprovementmomentumofdevel opme ntat present, de pending onthe potentialforsustai nabl edevel opme nt. Leave people totalkabo

30、ut"values"are worthlessand leave peoplet otalkabout "Outlook" is not whatt heperforma nce.4. peopleresponde dtothe startingpoint ofthequestion,andreplie d toquesti onspoi nt. Man isthe sumofsocial relationshi ps. Wecannot leav ethe chichua nyongdu,housi ng,tourism andentertainmen

31、t,e ntertaini ng,andeven certain politi cal,e conomic,cult uraland sociale nvironme nt, andso on. Due tohuma n nee ds,allw alksoflifewillcomeintobei ng. People create fortheir survival,a nd conti nueenjoying theresultsoftheconstr uction. Colorfulin t hetransformation ofthepeople oftheworl d,communit

32、yvitality in thecreati on of man.Therefore, anywork wedo, thestarting pointis human,whatare people.Us speed updevelopment,thecore ofwhi chis t o meetthe needs ofpe ople, incl udi ng survivalneeds,emoti ona lnee ds and self-actualization needs.It shoul d be note dthatpe opl e arenot machi nes, notthe

33、 slave ofan object, nottobecontrolle d.Pe opl e havetheirown personality,hasits ow n personal ity,ha sitsown dignity. Person in nee d ofcare,y ou needto understand, need(2) 、 本課題針對教學(xué)改革與研究的慣性思維以尋求解決問題的新思路而提出。以上分析的常態(tài)教學(xué)中的突出問題，許多教師在長期的教學(xué)工作中都會時常發(fā)生， 但往往屈從于應(yīng)試教育的評價體制，而怠慢、 忽視并最終放棄了對自身教學(xué)與學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的有效性的真正審問、慎思與研究。造

34、成新課改的理念與現(xiàn)實行為的人為割裂的尷尬。除此， 長期以來的慣性思維與惰性也抑制了教師創(chuàng)新思維的發(fā)展，屏蔽了問題解決的新角度與新出路，使得“無效低效”這一重大問題的實際研究與解決始終停留在口頭上，處于一種應(yīng)付的狀態(tài)。課堂是教與學(xué)的統(tǒng)一體，不是教的單一體，也不是學(xué)的單一體，也還是單純的一加一等于二。教師在教學(xué)活動中的主導(dǎo)地位，決定了教的改變才能帶來學(xué)的改變，教的優(yōu)化才能導(dǎo)致學(xué)的優(yōu)化。但同時必須認(rèn)識到，教畢竟是為了學(xué)，教與學(xué)是兩個可以不同側(cè)重的角度。新課程理念下的教育教學(xué)，對學(xué)生的了解與學(xué)情的調(diào)研是教師教學(xué)的核心基本功。 對于教學(xué)研究更是如此，沒有調(diào)查沒有發(fā)言權(quán)。在平時的觀察感覺的基礎(chǔ)上， 進(jìn)一步

35、進(jìn)行科學(xué)的全面的調(diào)研顯得尤其重要，是研究與實施的前提條件。在課題研究前期，結(jié)合我們平時的觀察與感受，采用問卷、訪談、聽課觀察或聽后測試等方式，調(diào)查我校學(xué)生目前課堂學(xué)習(xí)的有效程度(參與程度、興奮程度、掌握程度、興趣程度)一一掌握問題研究的第一手資料，形成調(diào)查報告。我校在對語文課堂教學(xué)調(diào)查分析中發(fā)現(xiàn)，在實施新教材的過程中，由于受教師的觀念、施教水平以及教育教學(xué)資源等因素的影響，教學(xué)過程中出現(xiàn)了“穿新鞋、 走老路 ”的現(xiàn)象， 用舊方法教新教材，課堂教學(xué)不能促進(jìn)學(xué)生進(jìn)行有效的學(xué)習(xí)，促進(jìn)學(xué)生ow ,we are i na newhistoricalstage ofall-roundconstr ucti

36、onofa w ell-offsociet y.In perform dutie s, andcarried outw ork ofpr oce ss inthe,w eto putpe opl e as ag uide principles,a nda te st standard, efforts frommasses mosthopedo of things do up,frommasses mostcareof hot proble m grabbed,frommasses most notsatisfactionof placem odifie d up,notmake nomina

37、l offormalism, not do grandsta ndi ng ofcosmetic,t oseek ingofstyle , helpmasse sshare, is pe ople benefit. （C）theinvesteepe ople i s notonlyani dea,iti sajobre quirement.Philosophy through tothe pe ople -oriented thoug ht int hework ofthe Office,must beclearwork objectives. PartyOfficeinthe citythi

38、 syearremains: Adva nce d civil strife,localbra nd. The County （City）PartyCommittee officesand unitsdirectly underthe Officeto hol d hig h the banner offirsttoexcellence, people -orie nted re quire ments, strengt hen t heconstructi on a ndma nagement ofthe Officet owardsthe w ork "ahig herlevel

39、".Investee1.tomeet.Itis saidt hat inthe "agriculturalsociety, peoplepl ant" in"industrial society, ma n isana nimal""the information society,returnis one ofthepra cticalformofvalue s.Theso-called valuesrefers totheobjective thi ngs are ofnovalueand thevalue offundamenta

40、lperspective.Differentvalues, people's behaviour, attitudes,ways aredifferent.People-oriented focus onhuman value and reality,weneedthe br oade stmassesasvalue s.A dhereto pe ople -oriented val ues, ist omakethe economymoredevelopme nt,improve democracy, cult uralprosperit y,and live a happi er;

41、is deep lyconcer nedt hat huma n deve lopme ntand humanvalue s, devel opme nt of social a ndhuman developmentofrationalunified,insisted inthe materialcivilization,political civilizati on a ndspirit ual civilizati on inthe ov eralladvancement ofSociali st civilizati on toa higher l evel.Alsowant tose

42、e thatperson's value isnotonly meetyour needs,also istomeetthenee ds ofot hers andthe community.A dheret ope ople -or iented,to stronglyadvocateeverycommunitymember,serveothers,benefici altothe community ofpeople.Theso-calle d Outl ookattitude is onthe record, includingw ho, howto create arecord

43、ofachievements, howtoevaluate performance, and so on.What values,what kindofOutlook.Adheretopeople -orie ntedOutlook,is on thepremiseofrespecti ng the i nterestsand powerofpeopl e, creati ng a popul ar,warmhearts,steady heartperformance, creating"servefor one officer,the be nefitof"achieve

44、ment s,and overallconstruction ofwell-offsociety and pr omoting theall-r ound developmentof peopl e's performa nce.Achi evement evaluati on i n bot heconomic a ccomplishments,take anotherlookatthe effectiveness ofsocialpr ogress; cha nges in both ur ban a nd ruralchange; both harde nvironme ntto

45、strengt hen a ndtake anotherlook atthe softenvironmentimprovementmomentumofdevel opme ntat present, de pending onthe potentialforsustai nabl edevel opme nt. Leave people totalkabout"values"are worthlessand leave peoplet otalkabout "Outl ook" isnot whatt heperforma nce.4. peoplere

46、sponde dtothe startingpoint ofthequestion,andreplie d toquesti ons poi nt. Man isthe sumofsocial relationshi ps. Wecannot leav ethe chichua nyongdu,housi ng,tourism andentertainment,e ntertaini ng,andeven certain politi cal,e conomic,cult uraland social e nvironme nt,and soon. Due to huma n nee ds,a

47、llw alksoflifewillcomeintobei ng. Pe ople create fortheir survival,a nd conti nueenjoying theresultsoftheconstr uction. Colrfulin thetransformation ofthepeople oftheworl d,communityvitality in thecreati on of man.Therefore , anywork wedo, thestarti ng pointis human ,whatare people.Us speed updevelop

48、ment,thecore ofwhi chis t o meetthe needs ofpe ople, incl udi ng survivalneeds,emoti ona lnee ds and self-actualization needs.It shoul d be note dthatpe opl e arenot machi nes, notthe slave ofan object, nottobecontrolle d.Pe opl e havetheir own personality,hasits ow n personal ity,has its owndig nit

49、y. Person in nee d ofcare,y ou needto understand, need全面發(fā)展的三維目標(biāo)得不到落實，學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新意識和實踐能力得不到培養(yǎng)。很多老師的課堂教學(xué)中導(dǎo)致很多問題： 主體性缺失，情感性缺失，創(chuàng)造性缺失如果不及時有效地解決課堂教學(xué)中存在的種種矛盾和問題，將會嚴(yán)重影響學(xué)生語文綜合素養(yǎng)的形成，限制教學(xué)質(zhì)量的全面提升。二、概念界定及支撐性理論（一）概念的界定所謂 "課堂教學(xué)有效性"，主要是指教師在課堂時間內(nèi)組織的教學(xué)活動，使學(xué)生獲得發(fā)展與優(yōu)化提高達(dá)到的程度。速度、 收益、 安全是有效教學(xué)必須考慮的三個要素：速度可看作學(xué)習(xí)時間（長度） 投入

50、； 收益可看作學(xué)習(xí)結(jié)果（收獲） 產(chǎn)出； 安全可看作學(xué)習(xí)體驗（苦樂）體驗。從教師的角度來講，教學(xué)的有效性依賴于教師有效的“教”，并克服無效的“教”。有效的“教”指的是促進(jìn)學(xué)生“學(xué)”的“教”，它表現(xiàn)在兩個方面：一是直接的促進(jìn)，即通過教師的教，學(xué)生學(xué)得更多、更快、更好、更深；二是間接促進(jìn)，即通過教師的教，學(xué)生學(xué)會了學(xué)習(xí)，掌握了學(xué)習(xí)方法，提升了學(xué)習(xí)能力，達(dá)到了不需要教。從學(xué)生的角度來講，時間、 結(jié)果、 體驗是考量學(xué)生有效學(xué)習(xí)的三個重要指標(biāo)。學(xué)習(xí)時間指學(xué)習(xí)特定內(nèi)容所花費的時間，學(xué)習(xí)特定內(nèi)容所花費的時間越少，效率就越高。它包含兩層意思：一是不能浪費時間；二是要提高單位時間學(xué)習(xí)質(zhì)量。學(xué)習(xí)結(jié)果，指學(xué)生經(jīng)過學(xué)習(xí)

51、產(chǎn)生的變化、獲得的進(jìn)步和取得的成績，這是有效性的核心指標(biāo)。學(xué)習(xí)結(jié)果不僅表現(xiàn)在雙基上，而且表現(xiàn)在智能上，特別是學(xué)習(xí)方法的掌握以及思維方式的發(fā)展。學(xué)習(xí)體驗指的是學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)感受，即伴隨學(xué)習(xí)活動ow ,we are i na newhistoricalstage ofall-roundconstructionofa well-offsociet y.In perform dutie s, andcarried outw ork ofpr oce ss inthe,w eto putpe opl e as ag uide principles,a nda te st standard, efforts

52、frommasses mosthopedo of things do up,frommasses mostcareof hot problem grabbed,frommasses most notsatisfactionof placem odified up,notmake nominal off ormalism,not do grandstandi ng ofcosmetic,t oseek ingofstyle , helpmassesshare, ispe ople benefit. （C）theinvesteepe ople i s notonlyani dea,iti sajo

53、bre quirement.Philosophy through tothe pe ople -oriented thoug ht int hework ofthe Office,must beclearwork objectives. PartyOfficeinthe citythi syearremains: Adva nce d civil strife,localbra nd. The County （City）PartyCommittee officesand unitsdirectly underthe Officeto hol d hig h thebanner offirstt

54、oexcellence, people -orie nted re quire ments, strengthen t heconstruction a ndma nagement ofthe Officet owardsthe w ork "ahig herlevel".Investee1.politicalpartici pation based on conspiracyto adhereto people-oriented, will be around topr omotecoordi nationDevel opme ntevents, greatsearchi

55、 ngs.The16 sessi on oftheparty's scientific Outlook on development, i s thene wCe ntralcoll ective lea dershiptothe devel opme nt ofconnotation, dev elopme ntesse ntials,furt herdee penthe essence of developmentand innovation, isourparty' s ruling i dea alea p.Atprese nt,establi shi ngand im

56、plementing thescie ntificconcept of development has be comethe party'simportantwork.As the Office ofpartyCommittee,working party should servi ce ce nter, i nitiativetoclaim leadership ofthe decision,the curre ntf ocus is tofocus on promoting comprehensive, coordinatedand sustainable developmentw

57、ith more suggestions,do more research,summarizedt he typical.One is drafted toraise thelev elofyour presentati on. our pre sentationisthe main Officeof"products" , isthe ba siccarrierstaffservice,is importanttomea sureservice leve ls.Thequalityofyour pre sentation,mai nlyde pends on howm u

58、chwe drafteda docume nt recognizedbythe leadershi p, howmanyare l isteni ngto thepeople i n favour ofthe report,how manypaid dividendsint hepra cticalw ork. Im provepre sentati on draftinglevel,requirementswe a ccurategrasp le d intent,Generalle d care ofwork aret oas understand,Generalled consi der

59、ofpr oblem aret oin -depth t hinki ng;re quirement swehighlight place features, putsuperi orapproa ch poli cyand locala ctual combi ned up,putprese ntationoftheme t hrust a nd masses ofbythoughtby wants t o combine d up; requireme ntswe seeks tostreamline d clear,wit h simple oflang uage expression deepoft houg ht,withshortoflengt h hostedri ch ofconnotation. Second,thesurveyresults more.Investigation ofthe ba se,the road tos