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1、一 直譯法(Literal translation)直譯法不是一字對一字的翻譯,而是按照字面翻譯,不做太多的引申和注釋。直譯法一般可以保留原文的文化特色。(1) General Motors and Chrysler were working feverishly to bring out their subcompacts. But the head of the Ford Motor Company had stuck his head in the sand. 通用汽車公司和萊克斯勒公司正全力以赴推出他們的超小汽車,而福特公司的老板卻把頭埋在沙里。(2)A traitor to our

2、glorious cause The pots calling the kettle black 好啊,你出賣了我們的光榮事業 得了,你這話豈不是盆叫嚷罐黑二 意譯法 (Free translation)犧牲原文的某些文化特色,結合上下文進行意譯,以保持原文內容的完整性(1) She was driving into such a corner that she was obliged to give up all projects with Cupid had any share她被逼的走投無路了,不得不放棄一切和戀愛婚姻有關的打算(2) but it is as dark as Egypt

3、 outdoors .We might go tomorrow if there is a moon 只是外面漆黑黑的。明個要是有月亮,明個去也成三 借用法 (Borrowing method)用異語文化代替源語文化。這種方法針對文化共性,在源出語和目的語存在內容和形式相似時,或者形式不盡相同但表達意義非常接近時使用(1) Why, I have got gooseflesh this minute, just thinking about it.這會兒,我一想到這點二就渾身起雞皮疙瘩(2) The American ambassador may have a card up his slee

4、ve美國大使也許胸有成竹四 分譯法 (Spitting method)根據行文要求,講一句譯為幾句。The year 1983 began and ended with an unusual oil crisis: fears that the price of crude oil would not go up but down.1983 年新年伊始,就存在著一種異乎尋常的石油危機:人們擔心原油價格下降,而不是上揚。這一年結束的時候,情況依然如故。將一詞分譯成不同的表達方式I respect them; they are good citizens, good husbands and go

5、od fathers.我尊重他們:他們是守法的公民,盡職的丈夫,慈祥的父親。五 合譯法 (Combined translation)主要是根據文章緊湊,簡練的原則,將兩句或數句合并成一句This novel is of no great literary merit. It is merely a pot-boiler這部小說存屬胡編亂造,沒有多大文學價值They talked, they laughed, and they sat up the whole night他們又說又笑,通宵達旦。六 順譯法 (Natural-flow translation)順譯法就是在正確理解原句的基礎上,把句

6、子按意群拆分成一個個部分,然后把各個部分按順序譯出(1)Our country along with other developing countries is (2) experiencing acute shortage of (3) skilled workers, engineers, technicians, and administrative and managerial personal, (4) so we should like to ask you (5) to provide for the training of as many operating personal

7、as possible.(1)我國像其他發展中國家一樣,(2)嚴重缺乏(3)技術熟練的工人,工程技術和行政人員,(4)因此,我們請貴方(5)提供方便,培訓盡可能多的經營人員。七 倒譯法 (Inverted translation)就是按照意群把句子拆散后,逆著原文的句法排列,從后往前逐片翻譯,組合成句(1)It was a keen disappointment(2) when I had to postpone the visit (3)which I had intended to pay to China in January (3)我原打算一月份訪問中國,(2)后來不得不推遲,(1)這

8、使我深感失望。八 拆譯法 (Separated translation)就是把原句中的某個詞或片語抽出來單獨翻譯。This body of knowledge is customarily divided for convenience of study into the classification: mechanics, heat,electricity and sound.為便于學習起見,通常將這門學科分為:力學,熱學,光學,電學和聲學。九 轉換法 (Conversion) 詞類轉化 常把名詞,介詞轉換成動詞1. 名詞轉換為漢語的動詞Joseph beheld my style of c

9、ookery with growing indignation我這種燒飯的方式叫約瑟夫越看越冒火了2. 介詞和副詞轉換成漢語動詞It would not be easy to talk in general terms about Western Europe as a unite, with its differences of climate and culture, its mountains, plains and coasts. 西歐諸國的氣候不同, 文化各異,山巒,平原,海岸各具特色,要想把西歐作為整體加以總述,可不是件容易的事情語態轉換(Passive voice Positiv

10、e voice)1. 被動句轉換成漢語主動句It was soon recognized that this approach offer the best framework for a solution 人們不久就認識到, 這種辦法提供了解決問題的最佳框架2.被動句譯成漢語把字句The stall building has been practically leveled to the ground by the big fire 大火幾乎把這座高大建筑物夷為平地3. 在為數不多的英語主動句中,卻往往譯成漢語的被動句They all succumbed to temptation他們都被誘

11、惑征服了The jewelers was robbed last night, and the Reagans are under suspicion昨夜,珠寶行遭搶劫,里根夫婦成了被懷疑的對象正反轉換1. 正說反譯(1)In the absence of a vaccine, how can HIV be stopped?如果沒有疫苗, 能夠阻止艾滋病毒的傳播嗎(2) Politeness is not always the sign of wisdom, but the want of it always leaves room for the suspicion of folly. 雖然

12、有禮貌并不一定標志著有智慧,但是無禮貌卻會使人懷疑其愚蠢2. 反說正譯(1)I wont keep you waiting long我一會兒就回來(2)The mother gently disengaged her hand form that of her sleeping baby母親小心翼地從熟睡的孩子的手里抽出自己的手來十 變通法 (Adaptation method) 增減詞語增詞 是指在譯文中增加某些原文中雖無其字但有其意的詞以便忠實通順的表達原文的意思(一) 語義性增詞They wanted a generation of Americans conditioned to lo

13、yalty and duty他們都希望把下一代美國人訓練的忠于祖國,恪盡職責(二) 結構性增詞漢譯時往往需要按照句法上的需要補譯英文中省略的各個成分,才能使譯文句子意思完整,表達通順(1) This is as true of nations as it is of individuals 個人是這樣,國家也是這樣(2)A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money 愚人很快忘記說過的話,智者會很快放棄手里的錢(三) 修辭性增詞 往往出現在譯者推敲,校正和潤飾譯文的過程中,而且所增加的詞都不是改變原文詞句意

14、思的語氣詞,強調性副詞或其他修辭上所需要詞匯。(1) Do not take it seriously. It is a joke.不要認真嘛, 這不過是一個玩笑而已。(2) Truth is never pure, and rarely simple 真理從來就不是純潔無暇的,也很少時簡單明了的(3) He deserve not the sweet that will not taste the sour不吃苦中苦,難得甜上甜省略 (一) 句法性省略 1 省略代詞 (1)省略人稱代詞 Give him an inch and he will take an ell 得寸進尺(2)省略物主代

15、詞 In my childhood, I learned a great deal about Russia童年時,我就聽到了許多關于俄國的故事(3)省略非人稱代詞It was a bitterly cold night and at ten o clock it began to blow a gale 那是一個寒冷刺骨的夜晚,10點鐘時,刮起了大風2.省略連詞 (1)并列連詞 and 和 or 有時可以不直接譯出All I am, or can be, I owe to my angel mother我之所有,我之所能,都歸功于我慈愛的母親(2)省略從屬連詞Because everyone

16、 uses language to talk, everyone thinks he can talk about language 人人都用語言交流,人人也就自認為能夠談論語言(3)省略冠詞 略(4) 省略介詞 In the morning 早晨(二)修辭性省略 是從譯文的修辭角度考慮, 省略英文中某些不言而喻的詞,或在譯文中雖無其字但已有其義的詞,以及省略了英文中為了語氣而多加的副詞。1.省略不言而喻的詞(1) The numbers of known hydrocarbons run into tens of thousands 已知的碳氫化合物有幾萬種(2) Stainless ste

17、els posses good hardness and high strength不銹鋼硬度大,強度高2省略重復的名詞The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by means of generator or dynamo 用發電機能把機械能轉變成電能3.省略為了語氣關系而多加的副詞或連詞She came to the dinning room and then cautiously looked in 她來到餐廳窗前,小心翼翼的向里看 改變句式1. 獨立成句法 (Independent syntax)

18、有時關系從句的作用相當于一個并列分句, 我們可以把它譯成與逐句并列的成分In any movement or exercise of the body , the veins get a continual rubbing and pressure from the muscles around them ,which help carry the blood back to the heart在身體的每一或鍛煉的過程中,靜脈周圍的肌肉都對靜脈進行連續不斷的摩擦和擠壓,這些摩擦和擠壓幫助經脈把血液送回心臟2.融合法 (Blending method)當關系從句與主句或先行詞比較密切時, 可以把

19、從句壓縮為短語,與主句或先行詞融合在一起譯We look forward to the day when the scientists can discover more secret of the future 我們期待著有一天科學家們能解開更多關于宇宙的奧秘3 狀語化法 (Adverbial method)當關系從句含有狀語意義時,可以譯成表示時間,地點,原因,結果,目的,讓步,條件,假設等邏輯關系的狀語或狀語成分(1)., which extends support to Kuwait in safeguarding its sovereignty .,旨在支持科威特捍衛自己的主權(表目的)(2) which caused heavy losses of prope

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