1、外文資料翻譯 系 別 .專 業 .班 級 .姓 名 .學 號 .指導教師 .2011年 4 月一、Die history and die trend1、Die position in industrial production采用模具生產零部件，具有生產效率高、質量好、成本低、節約能源和原材料等一系列優點，用模具生產制件所具備的高精度、高復雜程度、高一致性、高生產率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比 With mold components, with high efficiency, good quality, low cost, saving energy and raw materia

2、ls and a series of advantages, with the mold workpieces possess high accuracy, high complexity, high consistency, high productivity and low consumption , other manufacturing methods can not match. 已成為當代工業生產的重要手段和工藝發展方向。 Have already become an important means of industrial production and technologica

3、l development. 現代經濟的基礎工The basis of the modern industrial economy. Mold is a high-volume products with the shape tool, is the main process of industrial production equipment. 現代工業品的發展和技術水平的提高，很大程度上取決于模具工業的發展水平，因此模具工業對國民經濟和社會發展將起越來越大的作用。The development of modern industrial and technological level dep

4、ends largely on the level of industrial development die, so die industry to national economic and social development will play an increasing role. 1989 年 3 月國務院頒布的關于當前產業政策要點的決定中，把模具列為機械工業技術改造序列的第一位、生產和基本建設序列的第二位 ( 僅次于大型發電設備及相應的輸變電設備 ) ，確立模具工業在國民經濟中的重要地位。 March 1989 the State Council promulgated &quo

5、t;on the current industrial policy decision points" in the mold as the machinery industry transformation sequence of the first, production and capital construction of the second sequence (after the large-scale power generation equipment and the corresponding power transmission equipment), estab

6、lish tooling industry in an important position in the national economy. 1997 年以來，又相繼把模具及其加工技術和設備列入了當前國家重點鼓勵發展的產業、產品和技術目錄和鼓勵外商投資產業目錄。 Since 1997, they have to mold and its processing technology and equipment included in the "current national focus on encouraging the development of industries, pr

7、oducts and technologies catalog" and "to encourage foreign investment industry directory." 經國務院批準，從 1997 年到 2000 年，對 80 多家國有專業模具廠實行增值稅返還 70% 的優惠政策，以扶植模具工業的發展。 Approved by the State Council, from 1997 to 2000, more than 80 professional mold factory owned 70% VAT refund of preferential

8、policies to support mold industry. 所有這些，都充分體現了國務院和國家有關部門對發展模具工業的重視和支持。 All these have fully demonstrated the development of the State Council and state departments tooling industry attention and support. 目前全世界模具年產值約為 600 億美元，日、美等工業發達國家的模具工業產值已超過機床工業，從 1997 年開始，我國模具工業產值也超過了機床工業產值。 Mold around the wor

9、ld about the current annual output of 60 billion U.S. dollars, Japan, the United States and other industrialized countries die of industrial output value of more than machine tool industry, beginning in 1997, China's industrial output value has exceeded the mold machine tool industry output.據統計，

10、在家電、玩具等輕工行業，近 90 的零件是綜筷具生產的；在飛機、汽車、農機和無線電行業，這個比例也超過 60 According to statistics, home appliances, toys and other light industries, nearly 90% of the parts are integrated with production of chopsticks; in aircraft, automobiles, agricultural machinery and radio industries, the proportion exceeded 60%.

11、例如飛機制造業，某型戰斗機模具使用量超過三萬套，其中主機八千套、發動機二千套、輔機二萬套。 Such as aircraft manufacturing, the use of a certain type of fighter dies more than 30,000 units, of which the host 8000 sets, 2000 sets of engines, auxiliary 20 000 sets. 從產值看， 80 年代以來，美、日等工業發達國家模具行業的產值已超過機床行業，并又有繼續增長的趨勢。 From the output of view, since

12、the 80's, the United States, Japan and other industrialized countries die industry output value has exceeded the machine tool industry, and there are still rising. 據國際生產技術協會預測，到 2000 年，產品盡件粗加工的 75% 、精加工的 50 將由模具完成；金屬、塑料、陶瓷、橡膠、建材等工業制品大部分將由模具完成， 50 以上的金屬板材、 80 以上的塑料都特通過模具轉化成制品。 Production technolo

13、gy, according to the International Association predicts that in 2000, the product best pieces of rough 75%, 50% will be finished mold completed; metals, plastics, ceramics, rubber, building materials and other industrial products, most of the mold will be completed in more than 50% metal plates, mor

14、e than 80% of all plastic products, especially through the mold into.2、The historical development of mold模具的出現可以追溯到幾千年前的陶器和青銅器鑄造，但其大規模使用卻是隨著現代工業的掘起而發The emergence of mold can be traced back thousands of years ago, pottery and bronze foundry, but the large-scale use is with the rise of modern industr

15、y and developed.19 世紀，隨著軍火工業 ( 槍炮的彈殼 ) 、鐘表工業、無線電工業的發展，沖模得到廣泛使The 19th century, with the arms industry (gun's shell), watch industry, radio industry, dies are widely used. 二次大戰后，隨著世界經濟的飛速發展，它又成了大量生產家用電器、汽車、電子儀器、照相機、鐘表等零件的最佳方式。 After World War II, with the rapid development of world economy, it be

16、came a mass production of household appliances, automobiles, electronic equipment, cameras, watches and other parts the best way. 從世界范圍看，當時美國的沖壓技術走在前列許多模具先進技術，如簡易模具、高效率模具、高壽命模具和沖壓自動化技術，大多起源于美國；而瑞士的精沖、德國的冷擠壓技術，蘇聯對塑性加工的研究也處于世界先進行列。 From a global perspective, when the United States in the forefront of

17、stamping technology - many die of advanced technologies, such as simple mold, high efficiency, mold, die and stamping the high life automation, mostly originated in the United States; and Switzerland, fine blanking, cold in Germany extrusion technology, plastic processing of the Soviet Union are at

18、the world advanced. 50 年代，模具行業工作重點是根據訂戶的要求，制作能滿足產品要求的模具。 50's, mold industry focus is based on subscriber demand, production can meet the product requirements of the mold. 模具設計多憑經驗，參考已有圖紙和感性認識，對所設計模具零件的機能缺乏真切了解。 Multi-die design rule of thumb, reference has been drawing and perceptual knowledge,

19、 on the design of mold parts of a lack of real understanding of function. 從 1955 年到 1965 年，是壓力加工的探索和開發時代對模具主要零部件的機能和受力狀態進行了數學分橋，并把這些知識不斷應用于現場實際，使得沖壓技術在各方面有飛躍的發展。 From 1955 to 1965, is the pressure processing of exploration and development of the times - the main components of the mold and the stress

20、 state of the function of a mathematical sub-bridge, and to continue to apply to on-site practical knowledge to make stamping technology in all aspects of a leap in development. 其結果是歸納出模具設計原則，并使得壓力機械、沖壓材料、加工方法、梅具結構、模具材料、模具制造方法、自動化裝置等領域面貌一新，并向實用化的方向推進，從而使沖壓加工從儀能生產優良產品的第一階段。 The result is summarized m

21、old design principles, and makes the pressure machine, stamping materials, processing methods, plum with a structure, mold materials, mold manufacturing method, the field of automation devices, a new look to the practical direction of advance, so that pressing processing apparatus capable of produci

22、ng quality products from the first stage.進入 70 年代向高速化、啟動化、精密化、安全化發展的第二Into the 70's to high speed, launch technology, precision, security, development of the second stage. 在這個過程中不斷涌現各種高效率、商壽命、高精度助多功能自動校具。 Continue to emerge in this process a variety of high efficiency, business life, high-precis

23、ion multi-functional automatic school to help with. 其代表是多達別多個工位的級進模和十幾個工位的多工位傳遞模。 Represented by the number of working places as much as other progressive die and dozens of multi-station transfer station module. 在此基礎上又發展出既有連續沖壓工位又有多滑塊成形工位的壓力機彎曲機。 On this basis, has developed both a continuous pressi

24、ng station there are more slide forming station of the press - bending machine. 在此期間，日本站到了世界最前列其模具加工精度進入了微米級，模具壽命，合金工具鋼制造的模具達到了幾千萬次，硬質合金鋼制造的模具達到了幾億次 p 每分鐘沖壓次數，小型壓力機通常為 200 至 300 次，最高為 1200 次至 1500 次。 In the meantime, the Japanese stand to the world's largest - the mold into the micron-level prec

25、ision, die life, alloy tool steel mold has reached tens of millions of times, carbide steel mold to each of hundreds of millions of times p minutes for stamping the number of small presses usually 200 to 300, up to 1200 times to 1500 times. 在此期間，為了適應產品更新快、用期短 ( 如汽車改型、玩具翻新等 ) 的需要，各種經濟型模具，如鋅落合金模具、聚氨酯橡

26、膠模具、鋼皮沖模等也得到了很大發展。 In the meantime, in order to meet product updates quickly, with the short duration (such as cars modified, refurbished toys, etc.) need a variety of economic-type mold, such as zinc alloy die down, polyurethane rubber mold, die steel skin, also has been very great development.從 70

27、 年代中期至今可以說是計算機輔助設計、輔助制造技術不斷發展的時代。From the mid-70s so far can be said that computer-aided design, supporting the continuous development of manufacturing technology of the times. 隨著模具加工精度與復雜性不斷提高，生產周期不斷加快，模具業對設備和人員素質的要求也不斷提高。 With the precision and complexity of mold rising, accelerating the productio

28、n cycle, the mold industry, the quality of equipment and personnel are required to improve. 依靠普通加工設備，憑經驗和手藝越來越不能滿足模具生產的需要。 Rely on common processing equipment, their experience and skills can not meet the needs of mold. 90 年代以來，機械技術和電子技術緊密結合，發展了 NC 機床，如數控線切割機床、數控電火花機床、數控銑床、數控坐標磨床等。 Since the 90'

29、s, mechanical and electronic technologies in close connection with the development of NC machine tools, such as CNC wire cutting machine, CNC EDM, CNC milling, CNC coordinate grinding machine and so on. 而采用電子計算機自動編程、控制的 cNc 機床提高了數控機床的使用效率和范圍。 The use of computer automatic programming, control CNC ma

30、chine tools to improve the efficiency in the use and scope. 近年來又發展出由一臺計算機以分時的方式直接管理和控制一群數控機床的 nNc 系統。 In recent years, has developed a computer to time-sharing by the way a group of direct management and control of CNC machine tools NNC system.隨著計算機技術的發展，計算機也逐步進入模具生產的各個領域，包括設計、制造、管理等。With the develo

31、pment of computer technology, computers have gradually into the mold in all areas, including design, manufacturing and management. 國際生產研究協會預測，到 2000 年，作為設計和制造之間聯系手段的圖紙將失去其主要作用。 International Association for the Study of production forecasts to 2000, as a means of links between design and manufacturi

32、ng drawings will lose its primary role. 模具自動設計的最根本點是必須確立模具零件標準及設計標準。 Automatic Design of die most fundamental point is to establish the mold standard and design standards. 要擺脫過去以人的思考判斷和實際經驗為中心所組成的設計方法，就必須把過去的經驗和思考方法，進行系列化、數值化、數式化，作為設計準則儲存到計算機中。 To get rid of the people of the past, and practical exp

33、erience to judge the composition of the design center, we must take past experiences and ways of thinking, for series, numerical value, the number of type-based, as the design criteria to the computer store. 因為模具構成元件也干差萬別，要搞出一個能適應各種零件的設計軟件幾乎不可能。 Components are dry because of mold constitutes a milli

34、on other differences, to come up with a can adapt to various parts of the design software almost impossible. 但是有些產品的零件形狀變化不大，模具結構有一定的規律，放可總結歸納，為自動設計提供軟件。 But some products do not change the shape of parts, mold structure has certain rules, can be summed up for the automatic design of software. 如日本某公

35、司的 CDM 系統用于級進模設計與制造，其中包括零件圖形輸入、毛坯展開、條料排樣、確定模板尺寸和標準、繪制裝配圖和零件圖、輸出 NC 程序 ( 為數控加工中心和線切割編程 ) 等，所用時間由手工的 20% 、工時減少到 35 小時；從 80 年代初日本就將三維的 cad cam 系統用于汽車覆蓋件模具。 If a Japanese company's CDM system for progressive die design and manufacturing, including the importation of parts of the figure, rough start,

36、 strip layout, determine the size and standard templates, assembly drawing and parts, the output NC program (for CNC machining Center and line cutting program), etc., used in 20% of the time by hand, reduce their working hours to 35 hours; from Japan in the early 80s will be three-dimensional cad /

37、cam system for automotive panel die. 目前，在實體件的掃描輸入，圖線和數據輸入，幾何造形、顯示、繪圖、標注以及對數據的自動編程，產生效控機床控制系統的后置處理文件等方面已達到較高水平；計算機仿真 (CAE) 技術也取得了一定成果。 Currently, the physical parts scanning input, map lines and data input, geometric form, display, graphics, annotations and the data is automatically programmed, resul

38、ting in effective control machine tool control system of post-processing documents have reached a high level; computer Simulation (CAE) technology has made some achievements. 在高層次上， CAD CAM CAE 集成的，即數據是統一的，可以互相直接傳輸信息 At high levels, CAD / CAM / CAE integration, that data is integrated, can transmit

39、information directly with each other. 實現網絡化。 Achieve network. 目前 Present. 國外僅有少數廠家能夠做到。 Only a few foreign manufacturers can do it.3、The trend of the die（1）模具軟件功能集成(1) mold software features integrated模具軟件功能的集成化要求軟件的功能模塊比較齊全，同時各功能模塊采用同一數據模型，以實現信息的綜合管理與共享，從而支持模具設計、制造、裝配、檢驗、測試及生產管理的全過程，達到實現最佳效益的目的Die

40、software features of integrated software modules required relatively complete, while the function module using the same data model, in order to achieve Syndicated news management and sharing of information to support the mold design, manufacture, assembly, inspection, testing and production manageme

41、nt of the entire process to achieve optimal benefits. 如英國Delcam公司的系列化軟件就包括了曲面/實體幾何造型、復雜形體工程制圖、工業設計高級渲染、塑料模設計專家系統、復雜形體CAM、藝術造型及雕刻自動編程系統、逆向工程系統及復雜形體在線測量系統等。 Series such as the UK Delcam's software will include a surface / solid geometric modeling, engineering drawing complex geometry, advanced ren

42、dering industrial design, plastic mold design expert system, complex physical CAM, artistic design and sculpture automatic programming system, reverse engineering and complex systems physical line measurement systems. 集成化程度較高的軟件還包括：Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等。 A higher degree of integration of the softwa

43、re includes: Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA, etc. 國內有上海交通大學金屬塑性成型有限元分析系統和沖裁模CAD/CAM系統；北京北航海爾軟件有限公司的CAXA系列軟件；吉林金網格模具工程研究中心的沖壓模CAD/CAE/CAM系統等。 Shanghai Jiaotong University, China with finite element analysis of metal plastic forming systems and Die CAD / CAM systems; Beijing Beihang Haier Software Ltd.

44、CAXA Series software; Jilin Gold Grid Engineering Research Center of the stamping die mold CAD / CAE / CAM systems .（2）模具設計、分析及制造的三維化(2) mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimensional傳統的二維模具結構設計已越來越不適應現代化生產和集成化技術要求Two-dimensional mold of traditional structural design can no longer meet m

45、odern technical requirements of production and integration. 模具設計、分析、制造的三維化、無紙化要求新一代模具軟件以立體的、直觀的感覺來設計模具，所采用的三維數字化模型能方便地用于產品結構的CAE分析、模具可制造性評價和數控加工、成形過程模擬及信息的管理與共享。 Mold design, analysis, manufacturing three-dimensional technology, paperless software required to mold a new generation of three-dimension

46、al, intuitive sense to design the mold, using three-dimensional digital model can be easily used in the product structure of CAE analysis, tooling manufacturability evaluation and CNC machining, forming process simulation and information management and sharing. 如Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等軟件具備參數化、基于特征、全相

47、關等特點，從而使模具并行工程成為可能。 Such as Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA software such as with parametric, feature-based, all relevant characteristics, so that mold concurrent engineering possible. 另外，Cimatran公司的Moldexpert，Delcam公司的Ps-mold及日立造船的Space-E/mold均是3D專業注塑模設計軟件，可進行交互式3D型腔、型芯設計、模架配置及典型結構設計。 In addition, Cim

48、atran company Moldexpert, Delcam's Ps-mold and Hitachi Shipbuilding of Space-E/mold are professional injection mold 3D design software, interactive 3D cavity, core design, mold base design configuration and typical structure . 澳大利亞Moldflow公司的三維真實感流動模擬軟件MoldflowAdvisers已經受到用戶廣泛的好評和應用。 Australian

49、company Moldflow realistic three-dimensional flow simulation software MoldflowAdvisers been widely praised by users and applications. 國內有華中理工大學研制的同類軟件HSC3D4.5F及鄭州工業大學的Z-mold軟件。 China Huazhong University of Science have developed similar software HSC3D4.5F and Zhengzhou University, Z-mold software. 面

50、向制造、基于知識的智能化功能是衡量模具軟件先進性和實用性的重要標志之一。 For manufacturing, knowledge-based intelligent software function is a measure of die important sign of advanced and practical one. 如Cimatron公司的注塑模專家軟件能根據脫模方向自動產生分型線和分型面，生成與制品相對應的型芯和型腔，實現模架零件的全相關，自動產生材料明細表和供NC加工的鉆孔表格，并能進行智能化加工參數設定、加工結果校驗等。 Such as injection moldin

51、g experts Cimatron's software can automatically generate parting direction based parting line and parting surface, generate products corresponding to the core and cavity, implementation of all relevant parts mold, and for automatically generated BOM Form NC drilling process, and can intelligentl

52、y process parameter setting, calibration and other processing results.（3）模具軟件應用的網絡化趨勢(3) mold software applications, networking trend隨著模具在企業競爭、合作、生產和管理等方面的全球化、國際化，以及計算機軟硬件技術的迅速發展，網絡使得在模具行業應用虛擬設計、敏捷制造技術既有必要，也有可With the mold in the enterprise competition, cooperation, production and management, global

53、ization, internationalization, and the rapid development of computer hardware and software technology, the Internet has made in the mold industry, virtual design, agile manufacturing technology both necessary and possible. 美國在其21世紀制造企業戰略中指出，到2006年要實現汽車工業敏捷生產/虛擬工程方案，使汽車開發周期從40個月縮短到4個月。 The United Sta

54、tes in its "21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise Strategy" that the auto industry by 2006 to achieve agile manufacturing / virtual engineering solutions to automotive development cycle shortened from 40 months to 4 months.二、The injection and Compression MoldingInjection molding si princip

55、ally used for the production of the thermoplastic parts, although some progress has been made in developing a method for injection molding some thermosetting materials. The problem of injecting a melted plastic into a mold cavity form a reservoir of melted material has been extremely difficult to so

56、lve for thermosetting plastics which cure and harden under such conditions within a few minutes. The principle of injection molding is quite similar to that of die-casting. The process consists of feeding a plastic compound in powdered or granular form from a hopper through metering and melting stag

57、es and then injecting it into a mold. After a brief coolling period, the mold is opened and the solidified part ejected. Injection-molding machines can be arranged for manual operation, automatic single-cucle operation, and full automatic operation. The advantage of injection molding are:(i) a high

58、molding speed adapted for mass production is possible;(ii) there is a wide choice of thermoplastic materials providing a variety of usefull properties;(iii) it is possible to mold threads, undercuts, side holes, and large thin sections. Several methods are used to force or inject the melted plastic

59、into the mold. The most commonly used system in the larger machines is the in-line reciprocating screw.The screw acts as a combination and plasticizing unit.As the plastic is fed to the rotating screw,it passes through three zones as shown: feed,compression, and metering. After the feed zone, the screw-flight depth is gradually reduced,forcing the plastic to compress. The work is converted to heat by