1、Unit4 GrammarComplex sentence 復合句：復合句： 連詞連詞連接兩個或多個連接兩個或多個主謂結構主謂結構的句子，其中一個主謂結構是的句子，其中一個主謂結構是句子的句子的主要部分（主句）主要部分（主句），另一個或一個以上的主謂結構，另一個或一個以上的主謂結構只在句子中只在句子中作某個成分作某個成分（如主語、賓語、表語、（如主語、賓語、表語、定語定語、狀、狀語、同位語）。語、同位語）。復合句復合句 = =主句主句從句（定從從句（定從/主從主從/賓從賓從/表從表從/同位從同位從/狀從）狀從）+一個主謂結構是句子一個主謂結構是句子的的主要部分（主句）主要部分（主句）另一個或一

2、個以上的主謂結構另一個或一個以上的主謂結構只在句子中作只在句子中作某個成分（定語）某個成分（定語）The students (who do not study hard )will not pass the exam.主句主語主句主語從句主語從句主語從句謂語結構從句謂語結構主句謂語結構主句謂語結構n在句子中作在句子中作定語定語，修飾，修飾名詞名詞或或代詞代詞的從句。這種從句由的從句。這種從句由關系關系代詞或關系副詞代詞或關系副詞引導，并作句子成分。定語從句還叫做引導，并作句子成分。定語從句還叫做嵌入嵌入句句，因形容詞定語，所以又稱之為，因形容詞定語，所以又稱之為形容詞性從句。形容詞性從句。At

3、tributive clause(定語從句）定語從句）:定語從句的位置：通常在先行詞（在主句中）后。定語從句的位置：通常在先行詞（在主句中）后。定語從句的引導詞關系關系代詞代詞指人指人指物指物who(主語、賓語主語、賓語)，whom(賓語賓語)，that(主語、賓語主語、賓語), whose(定語定語)that(主語、賓語主語、賓語),which(主語、賓語主語、賓語)whose(定語定語)關系關系副詞副詞where (地點狀語地點狀語)when (時間狀語時間狀語)why (原因狀語原因狀語)修飾主語、賓語、表語的句子就叫做修飾主語、賓語、表語的句子就叫做定語從句。定語從句。引導定語從句的關

4、聯詞有：引導定語從句的關聯詞有：定語從句定語從句關系代詞關系代詞：who, whom whose, which, that 關系副詞：關系副詞：when, where定語從句的位置定語從句的位置定語從句放在被修飾成分之后。定語從句放在被修飾成分之后。e.g. This is the car which he bought last year.先行詞先行詞定語從句定語從句Do you know the man?He spoke just now. Do you know the man who spoke just now?applethe redthe greenthe smallthe bi

5、gThe apple which is red is mine.The apple which is green is yours.The apple which is red is small.The apple which is green is big.引導定語從句的關系代詞引導定語從句的關系代詞 that 既指人又指物既指人又指物, 作主語或賓語。作主語或賓語。which 指物指物, 作主語或賓語。作主語或賓語。who, whom 指人指人, who 作主語作主語, whom作賓語。作賓語。that, which, whom在定語從句中在定語從句中作賓語時作賓語時, 可省去?？墒∪?。H

6、e is a little boy.He is eating .He is a little boy who is eating.who, whom 指人指人，在從句中分別作主語和，在從句中分別作主語和賓語賓語 (口語中口語中who也可作賓語也可作賓語)。Declan is a famous singer.He sings the song tell me why.Declan is a famoussinger who sings the song tell me why.Whom 指人指人, 在從句中作賓語，可省略。在從句中作賓語，可省略。e.g. Do you know the man

7、(whom) we saw at the Jiangbin Park?The girl is from America.I called her just now. The girl (whom) I called just now is from America.2) The boy who broke the window is called Michael. (主語主語) 3) The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Li. (賓語賓語) 4) Mr. Read is the professor to whom you should write

8、. (賓語賓語)I showed him the letter.I received it this morning. I showed him the letter (which) I received this morning.Which 在從句中作主語或賓語，在從句中作主語或賓語，指物指物。I have read the newspaper.It carries the important news. I have read the newspaper which carries the important news.1) They planted the trees which did

9、nt need much water. (主語主語) 2) The fish which we bought were not fresh. (賓語賓語)whose 在在從句從句中作中作定語定語，指人或物。，指人或物。1)Miss Wang is the teacher . Her house caught fire last week.Miss Wang is the teacher whose house caught fire last week.2) This is the boy. The teacher talked of his composition. This is the

10、boy whose composition the teacher talked of. that 在從句中作主語或賓語，指人和物。在從句中作主語或賓語，指人和物。 A plane is a machine that can fly. The noodles that I cooked were delicious. 3) Lets ask the man that is reading the book over there.4) The girl that we saw yesterday is Jims sister.(主語主語)(賓語賓語)(主語主語)(賓語賓語)1)A plane i

11、s a machine. The machine can fly.2)The noodles were delicious. I cooked the noodles. that和和which在指物的情況下一般在指物的情況下一般都可以互換，但在下列情況下，一般用都可以互換，但在下列情況下，一般用that而不用而不用which。I am sure she has something (that) you can borrow.(1)先行詞為先行詞為everything, nothing, something, anything, 等等 不定代詞時。不定代詞時。Note This is the f

12、irst book (that) he has read.This is the very book that belongs to him.(3) 先行詞被先行詞被序數詞序數詞或或最高級最高級修飾時。修飾時。(4) 先行詞被先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last 修飾時。修飾時。Ive read all the books that are not mine. (2) 先行詞被先行詞被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修飾時。等修飾時。The boss in whose company my fath

13、er worked is a very kind person. 關系代詞關系代詞whose還可以在從句中還可以在從句中 與它所修飾的詞一起作介詞賓語。與它所修飾的詞一起作介詞賓語。Note The boos is a very kind person. My father worked in his company. 先行詞是疑問詞先行詞是疑問詞who, which, what 時，定語從時，定語從句用句用that而不用而不用who (whom)和和which引導。引導。 Who is the person that is standing at the gate? Which of us

14、that knows something about physics does not know this? What that is on the table belongs to me?Note 1.當有兩個或兩個以上分別表示人和物的先當有兩個或兩個以上分別表示人和物的先行詞時，這個定語從句要用行詞時，這個定語從句要用that而不用而不用who (whom)和和which引導。如：引導。如： He talked about the teachers and school he had visited.2.當關系代詞在從句中作表語時：當關系代詞在從句中作表語時： Mary is no lon

15、ger the girl (that) she used to be.Shenzhen is no longer the town that it used to be. Note 1. The famous basketball star, _ tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention. A. where B. when C. which D. who Key 解析解析: 本題考察定語從句關聯詞的選擇本題考察定語從句關聯詞的選擇, 從句意可知先行詞從句意可知先行詞the famous basketball star (著名的

16、籃球明星著名的籃球明星) 是人，所以應用是人，所以應用 表示人的關聯詞表示人的關聯詞who。真題解析真題解析D2. (2006 北京北京) Women _drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _ dont. A. who;/ B. /; who C. who; who D. /;/ 解析解析: 本題考查兩個定語從句本題考查兩個定語從句, 這兩個這兩個 定語從句都缺少主語定語從句都缺少主語, 在定語從句中在定語從句中, 如果是關系代詞做定語

17、從句的主語如果是關系代詞做定語從句的主語, 關系代詞不能省略關系代詞不能省略, 故答案選故答案選 C。C3. (2006 福建福建) Look out! Dont get too close to the house _ roof is under repair. A. whose B. which C. of which D. that解析解析: whose 在定語從句中做在定語從句中做roof的的 定語，用于修飾定語，用于修飾house。A3. The house _ they built in 1987 stayed up in the earthquake. Fill in the b

18、lanks with who, whom, that, which or whose.1. The earthquake _ hit the city in 1906 was the biggest in American history.2. We dont know the number of people _ lost their homes in 1906 earthquake.that/which that/who that/which 6. Harry is the boy _ mother is our maths teacher.4. A house _ is built on

19、 sand may fall down in an earthquake. 5. Luckily none of the people _ I know were killed in the earthquake.that/whichthat/who/whomwhose7. Look at that lady _ name is Rose.8. He is a teacher _ I like very much.9. Those pictures _ were drawn by Tom are nice.10. That was all the money _I had.whose whom/who/thatwhich/that that11. Is there any one here _ name is Tom?12. T