1、各專業(yè)全套優(yōu)秀畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)圖紙The Investigation Of Car new energy'S Present Condition And DevelopmentAs the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil - and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be cl

2、ean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation.In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic te

3、chnology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile elect

4、rical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and

5、 emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic con

6、trol ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the auto

7、matic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response, the use function of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards.The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us inf

8、inite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example, automatic transmission in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly o

9、f hydraulic torque converter, gear transmission, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability.

10、When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height, low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite, gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force powe

11、r steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state, so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car, car motions of state and optimum control per

12、formance, and increased automobile adhesion, controlling and stability. Besides these, appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of t

13、he directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passenger's safety, and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer, to protect the safety of life.Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promot

14、e safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities and to judge whether the vehicles and drivers in danger, has the indepen

15、dent pathfinding, navigation, avoid bump, no parking fees etc. Function. Effectively improve the safe transport of manipulation, reduce the pilot fatigue, improve passenger comfort. Of course battery electric vehicle is the key, the electric car battery mainly has: the use of lead-acid batteries, ni

16、ckel cadmium battery, the battery, sodium sulfide sodium sulfide lithium battery, the battery, the battery, the flywheel zinc - air fuel cell and solar battery, the battery. In many kind of cells, the fuel cell is by far the most want to solve the problem of energy shortage car. Fuel cells have high

17、 pollution characteristics, different from other battery, the battery, need not only external constantly supply of fuel and electricity can continuously steadily. Fuel cell vehicles (FCEV) can be matched with the car engine performance and fuel economy and emission in the aspects of superior interna

18、l-combustion vehicles.Along with the computer and electronic product constantly upgrading electric car, open class in mature technology and perfected, that drive more safe, convenient and flexible, comfortable. Now, the electric car from ordinary consumers distance is still very far away, only a few

19、 people in bandwagon. Electric cars with traditional to compete in the market, the car will was electric cars and intelligent car replaced. This is the question that day after timing will come. ABS, GPS, and various new 4WD 4WS, electronic products and the modern era, excellent performance auto taci

20、t understanding is tie-in, bring us unparalleled precision driving comfort and safety of driving.First, the development of natural gas vehicle Reduce pollution to protect the environment, many countries have issued a series of government regulations and the introduction of a number of incentive poli

21、cies to promote the development of gas vehicle, such as the development of more stringent vehicle emission standards, in the natural gas supply, car purchase taxes and fees, equipment supply, gas station construction grant funds, tax incentives. or the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles and the c

22、onstruction of stations in detail the provisions of the tax relief, but also enacted a tax cut that the use of natural gas and natural gas companies exempt from motor vehicle fuel sales tax. There are more than 40 states in accordance with the policy of the federal government, law, drawn up on the m

23、andatory state and encourage the use of clean fuel CNG vehicles, such as policies and measures to promote the CNG filling station development and construction of motor vehicles. At present, more than 40 countries around the world have a gas car, mainly in the rich natural gas resources in Italy, New

24、 Zealand, Argentina, Brazil and other countries and stricter environmental regulations the United States, Japan and other countries.Second, natural gas vehicle (CNG) fuel and other environmental and economic benefits compared Compressed natural gas vehicles:20MPa compressed natural gas in the car to

25、 compressed natural gas cylinders in use by the supply of internal combustion engine after the pressure reducer.To CNG fuel for vehicles compared with gasoline has the following advantages: l, reduce pollution and improve the atmospheric environment: natural gas is a clean energy, with a high calori

26、fic value, high efficiency, pollution, etc., the comparison is totally burned, not carbon deposition, CO, NOx and particulate emissions than gasoline, significantly reduced exhaust pollution. Motor vehicle exhaust is the major source of urban air pollution, one of which is carbon monoxide harmful in

27、gredients (C0), hydrocarbons (HC), nitric oxide (N0) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and so on. According to the data, the use of gas as a motor fuel and gasoline as fuel can reduce emissions compared to 90% CO, 90% S02, 72% HC, 39% NOx, 24% CO2, non-dust emissions, to improve the urban environment has a

28、 significant role in . A typical diesel engine and gasoline engine emissions and gas machine is shown in table l.2, CNG vehicle for a higher securityCompared with gasoline, compressed natural gas is a relatively safe fuel.(1) natural gas explosion limit is 5% higher than gasoline (lower explosion li

29、mit for the l%) high, methane ignition for 645 , ignition than gasoline high 218 , compared to not ignite. Low density of methane, the relative density of about 0.55, resulting in leakage of gas will soon be distributed in the air, in the case of the natural environment it is difficult to form a hot

30、 combustion conditions, once the compressed natural gas from the tank or pipe leaks, leak immediately surrounding the formation of low-temperature zone, so that the difficulties of natural gas combustion. Therefore is a fairly safe CNG motor fuel. Natural gas and fuel properties of gasoline is shown

31、 in table 2(2) Department of natural gas vehicle cylinder pressure vessel(20MPa), its materials and manufacture and testing in order that all States have strict control, in China there are "compressed natural gas cylinder vehicle standards) (GBl7258-1998).Cylinders fitted with explosion-proof f

32、acilities, pressure reducer, valves and other equipment, strict standards high, and gas supply system is safe and reliable and will not tip over due to vehicle collision or cause fire or explosion, and the petrol tank of motor vehicles department of non-pressure vessels, fire easily after the explos

33、ion.3, will help ease the contradiction between energy supply and demand tension.China's economy is in a stage of rapid development, the number of vehicles to 1 million / year above the rate of increase of a substantial increase in gasoline demand of resources, our need to import large quantitie

34、s of crude oil per year, refined oil and LPG. Optimize the use of gas carsMotor fuel supply structure has changed only motor fuel gasoline, diesel patterns, not only eased the problem of shortage of petrol and transport services to meet the needs of the development.4, extend engine life. The spread

35、of natural gas to the gas entering the engine, the engine easily and uniformly mixed air, burning the comparison is totally clean; can improve the thermal cycle efficiency, speed up the burning speed, full use of combustion heat; CNG octane number at the same time high performance uprising, when age

36、nts do not need to add the uprising will not dilute the lubricating oil, making the parts inside the engine cylinder greatly reduce wear and tear, so that the engine oil life and increase the use of the period. All of these vehicles will reduce maintenance and operating costs, thereby enhancing the

37、economy of the use of vehicles. 5, have a higher economic efficiency. At present, domestic gasoline prices continued to rise, the price system and the world has been the use of CNG vehicle will be able to save nearly 40% of fuel costs, as shown in table 3.Third, CNG cars and filling stations to expl

38、ore the development of countermeasuresIn order to speed up the use of natural gas as a clean fuel vehicle development, makes the following recommendations:1, the Government has introduced policies to encourage and support: the development of all countries in the world experience shows that governmen

39、t support is a necessary condition for accelerated development, the impact of its economic policy is an important factor in their development should be guaranteed in law, in the gas automobile production, modification, parts and components production, station construction, vehicle purchase and use o

40、f gas, maintenance and other aspects of pricing, taxation, investment, subsidies and other aspects of the preferential policies supporting. Gas prices affect gas vehicle development is an important factor, only the gas prices and gasoline prices when the difference is large enough to form, gas car b

41、efore the development of an economic foundation and driving force.2, strengthen leadership, the implementation of unified management.The development of CNG vehicles to the construction of high-quality, convenient filling stations, the need for planning, public security, fire safety, labor, technical

42、 support supervisor and other departments. 3, in the municipal plan, filling stations and gas stations should be considered co-ordination, rational distribution and coordinated development. To make full use of existing land resources and in ensuring the environmental safety of oil and gas under the

43、premise of building one station. 4, followed by motor cars and CNG filling stations in the simultaneous development of the principles, only in the stations into a network under the conditions, CNG vehicle can really develop. At the same time scale of only CNG car to a certain number, the normal oper

44、ation of filling stations in order to achieve profitability. 5, the strict legal system: the development of stringent vehicle emissions regulations, and make sure that standards are not road vehicles are determined not to be on the qualifications of CNG vehicle Modify-Factroy critical examination, c

45、ertification. First of all, the city should the city bus, taxi, as the focus of the development of CNG vehicle, bus stop some of the phenomenon of black smoke pollution of the environment. 6, step up publicity. At present, natural gas car is still at the initial stage, the public nature of its envir

46、onmental protection, safety, economy, reliability, do not fully understand, so, it is necessary to carry out a wide range of social advocacy, efforts to increase awareness of the dangers of automobile exhaust, to make people aware of CNG is a clean, safe and economical fuel, so that the development

47、of natural gas vehicles have been recognized by all sectors of society and support. Compressed natural gas vehicles because of its remarkable economic and social benefits the development of the natural gas market will become a new field of applications. More and more importance in the environmental

48、protection situation, along with natural gas resources in the area of the development and application of the widening, which will reduce the environmental pressure is to ease the oil shortage and achieve sustainable development of a reliable guarantee.汽車新能源現(xiàn)狀與開展的探究隨著世界能源危機(jī)的持續(xù)，以及戰(zhàn)爭和能源-石油的消耗及汽車飽有量的增加，

49、能源在一天一天下降，終有一天它會(huì)消失的無影無蹤。石油不是在生資源。所以必須在石油耗凈之前找到一種代替品。隨著科技的開展社會(huì)的進(jìn)步，有人創(chuàng)造了電動(dòng)汽車。電動(dòng)汽車將成為人們最為理想的交通工具。世界在開展各各方面都取得豐碩成果，尤其是隨著汽車電子技術(shù)和計(jì)算機(jī)以及開展迅速的信息時(shí)代。電子控制技術(shù)在汽車上得到了廣泛應(yīng)用，汽車上應(yīng)用的電子裝置越來越豐富，電子技術(shù)不僅用來改善和提高傳統(tǒng)汽車電器的質(zhì)量和性能，而且還提高了汽車的動(dòng)力性、燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性、可靠性以及廢氣排放的凈化性。汽車上廣泛使用電子產(chǎn)品不僅降低了本錢，并且減少維護(hù)的復(fù)雜性。從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的燃油噴射點(diǎn)火裝置、進(jìn)氣控制、廢氣排放控制、故障自診斷到車身輔助裝置都

50、普遍采用了電子控制技術(shù)，可以說今后汽車開展主要以機(jī)電一體化。汽車上廣泛采用的電子控制點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)主要有電子控制燃油噴射系統(tǒng)、電子控制點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)、電子控制自動(dòng)變速器、電子控制防滑ABS/ASR控制系統(tǒng)、電子控制懸架系統(tǒng)、電子控制動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)、車輛動(dòng)力學(xué)控制系統(tǒng)、平安氣囊系統(tǒng)、主動(dòng)平安帶系統(tǒng)、電子控制自動(dòng)空調(diào)系統(tǒng)、導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)還有GPS等。有了這些系統(tǒng)汽車響應(yīng)敏捷，使用功能強(qiáng)，可靠性高，既保證發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)力又降低燃油的消耗，而且又滿足排放法規(guī)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。汽車是現(xiàn)代人必不可少的交通工具。而電動(dòng)汽車給我們帶來無限樂趣外還能給我們勞累一天的身心得以放松。就拿自動(dòng)變速器來說吧，汽車在行駛時(shí)，可以不踩離合器踏板，就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)自

51、動(dòng)換檔而發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)不會(huì)熄火，這樣有效的提高駕駛方便性減輕駕駛員的疲勞強(qiáng)度。自動(dòng)變速器主要由液力變矩器、齒輪變速器、油泵、液壓控制系統(tǒng)、電子控制系統(tǒng)、油冷卻系統(tǒng)等組成。電子控制的懸架主要是用來緩沖路面對(duì)車身的沖擊力以及減少振動(dòng)保證汽車平順性和操縱穩(wěn)定性。當(dāng)汽車行駛在不平坦的道路時(shí)汽車能能根據(jù)底盤和路面高度自動(dòng)調(diào)整。當(dāng)車高比設(shè)置的高度低時(shí)，就向氣室或油缸充氣或充油。如果是相反，就放氣或?yàn)a油。從而保證汽車的水平行駛，提高行駛穩(wěn)定性。可變力動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)因能顯著改變駕駛員的工作效率和狀態(tài)，所以在電動(dòng)汽車上廣泛使用。VDC對(duì)汽車性能有著至關(guān)重要的作用它能根據(jù)需要主動(dòng)對(duì)車輪進(jìn)行制動(dòng)來改變汽車的運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)，使汽車到

52、達(dá)最正確的行駛狀態(tài)和操縱性能，并增加了汽車的附著性，控制性和穩(wěn)定性。除了這些之外4WS、4WD的出現(xiàn)大大提高了電動(dòng)汽車的價(jià)值與性能同步提升。ABS具有減少制動(dòng)距離并能保持轉(zhuǎn)向操作能力有效提高行駛方向的穩(wěn)定性同時(shí)減少輪胎的磨損。平安氣囊的出現(xiàn)在很大程序上保護(hù)了駕駛員和乘客的平安，大大降低汽車在碰撞時(shí)對(duì)駕駛員和乘客的緩沖，以過到保護(hù)生命平安的目的。智能電子技術(shù)在汽車上得以推廣使得汽車在平安行駛和其它功能更上一層樓。通過各種傳感器實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)駕駛。除些之外智能汽車裝備有多種傳感器能充分感知交通設(shè)施及環(huán)境的信息并能隨時(shí)判斷車輛及駕駛員是否處于危險(xiǎn)之中，具備自主尋路、導(dǎo)航、避撞、不停車收費(fèi)等功能。有效提高運(yùn)

53、輸過程中的平安，減少駕駛員的操縱疲勞度，提高乘客的舒適度。當(dāng)然蓄電池是電動(dòng)汽車的關(guān)鍵，電動(dòng)汽車用的蓄電池主要有：鉛酸蓄電池、鎳鎘蓄電池、鈉硫蓄電池、鈉硫蓄電池、鋰電池、鋅空氣電池、飛輪電池、燃料電池和太陽能電池等。在諸多種電池中，燃料電池是迄今為止最有希望解決汽車能源短缺問題的動(dòng)力源。燃料電池具有高效無污染的特性，不同于其他蓄電池，其不需要充電，只要外部不斷地供給燃料，就能連續(xù)穩(wěn)定地發(fā)電。燃料電池汽車(FCEV)具有可與內(nèi)燃機(jī)汽車媲美的動(dòng)力性能，在排放、燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性方面明顯優(yōu)于內(nèi)燃機(jī)車輛。隨著計(jì)算機(jī)和電子產(chǎn)品不斷開級(jí)換代，電動(dòng)汽車技術(shù)也在日趨成熟與完善，使得駕駛更平安、方便、靈活、舒適。現(xiàn)在，電

54、動(dòng)汽車離普通消費(fèi)者的距離還很遙遠(yuǎn)，只有少數(shù)人在趕趕時(shí)髦而已。電動(dòng)汽車真正能夠與傳統(tǒng)的燃油汽車相競(jìng)爭，今后汽車市場(chǎng)終會(huì)被電動(dòng)汽車和智能汽車所取代。這只是時(shí)間性的問題這一天終究會(huì)來到的。ABS、GPS、4WS、4WD以及各種新時(shí)代的電子產(chǎn)品與現(xiàn)代高性能汽車默契組合、絕妙搭配，帶給我們無與倫比的精準(zhǔn)駕駛舒適性和行駛平安性。一、天然氣汽車的開展情況 為保護(hù)環(huán)境減少污染，許多國家政府公布了一系列法規(guī)及出臺(tái)一些鼓勵(lì)性政策，促進(jìn)燃?xì)馄囬_展，如制定更嚴(yán)格的汽車尾氣排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在天然氣供給、汽車購置稅費(fèi)，設(shè)備供給、加氣站建設(shè)等方面給予資金、稅收優(yōu)惠政策。 美國聯(lián)邦政府1992年公布的?能源政策法?，對(duì)于購置或改裝代用燃料汽車及加氣站的建設(shè)減免稅作出詳細(xì)規(guī)定，同時(shí)還公布了使用天然氣的減稅政策，并免征天然氣公司的汽車燃料銷售稅。有40多個(gè)州根據(jù)聯(lián)邦政府的政策、法律，制定了本州有關(guān)強(qiáng)制和鼓勵(lì)使用CNG等清潔燃料汽車的政策和措施，推動(dòng)了CNG汽車開展和加氣站建設(shè)。目前，全世界已有40多個(gè)國家擁有燃?xì)馄嚕饕植荚谔烊粴赓Y源豐富的意大利、新西蘭、阿根廷、巴西等國家和環(huán)保法規(guī)嚴(yán)格的美國、日本等國。二、天然氣汽車(CNG)與其它燃料的環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益比擬 壓縮天然氣汽車：天然氣壓縮至20MPa于汽車用壓縮天然氣鋼瓶中，經(jīng)減壓器