1、高三英語語法：名詞冀教版【本講教育信息】一. 教學內容：語法：名詞二. 具體過程：名詞可以分為專有名詞（Proper Nouns）和普通名詞 (Common Nouns)，專有名詞是某個（些）人，地方，機構等專有的名稱，如Beijing，China等。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness等。普通名詞又可分為下面四類： 1）個體名詞（Individual Nouns）：表示某類人或東西中的個體，如：gun。 2）集體名詞（Collective Nouns）：表示若干個個體組成的集合體，如：family。 3）物質名詞（Material Nouns）：表示無法

2、分為個體的實物，如：air。 4）抽象名詞（Abstract Nouns）：表示動作、狀態、品質、感情等抽象概念，如：work。個體名詞和集體名詞可以用數目來計算，稱為可數名詞（Countable Nouns），物質名詞和抽象名詞一般無法用數目計算，稱為不可數名詞（Uncountable Nouns）。歸納一下，名詞的分類可以下圖表示：名詞專有名詞普通名詞個體名詞集體名詞可數名詞物質名詞抽象名詞不可數名詞1.1 名詞復數的規則變化情況 構成方法 讀音 例詞一般情況 加 -s 1.清輔音后讀/s/; map-maps 2.濁輔音和元音后 bag-bags讀 /z/; car-cars以s, sh

3、, ch,x等結尾的詞 加 -es 讀 /iz/ bus-buses watch-watches以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等結尾的詞 加 -s 讀 /iz/ license-licenses以輔音字母+y 變y 為I結尾的詞 再加es 讀 /z/ baby-babies1.2 其它名詞復數的規則變化1) 以y結尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結尾的名詞變復數時，直接加s變復數： 如：the Henrys monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays 比較： 層樓：storey -storeys story-stories 2) 以o 結尾的名詞，變復數時：a. 加s，如：

4、photo-photos piano-pianosradio-radios zoo-zoos； b. 加es，如：potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoesc. 均可，如：zero-zeros / zeroes 3) 以f或fe 結尾的名詞變復數時： a. 加s，如： belief-beliefs roof-roofssafe-safes gulf-gulfs；b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half-halves knife-knives leaf-leaves wolf-wolveswife-wives life-lives thief-thieves；c. 均可,如：

5、 handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves1.3 名詞復數的不規則變化1）child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women 注意：與 man 和 woman構成的合成詞，其復數形式也是 -men 和-women。如： an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成詞，故復數形式為Germans；Bowman是姓，其復數是the Bowmans。2）單復同形 如： deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese

6、 li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin 但除人民幣元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復數形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters 3）集體名詞，以單數形式出現，但實為復數。 如： people police cattle 等本身就是復數，不能說 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以說a person，a policeman，a head of cattle,the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，th

7、e Swiss 等名詞，表示國民總稱時，作復數用。 如： The Chinese are industries and brave. 中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。 4）以s結尾，仍為單數的名詞，如： a. maths，politics，physics等學科名詞，為不可數名詞，是單數。 b. news 是不可數名詞。 c. the United States，the United Nations 應視為單數。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 聯合國是1945年組建起來的。 d. 以復數形式出現的書名，劇名，報紙，雜志名，也可視為單數。 “The Ar

8、abian Nights” is a very interesting story-book. <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事書。 5) 表示由兩部分構成的東西，如：glasses (眼鏡) trousers, clothes 若表達具體數目，要借助數量詞 pair(對，雙); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 6） 另外還有一些名詞，其復數形式有時可表示特別意思，如：goods貨物，waters水域，fishes（各種）魚1.4 不可數名詞量的表示1）物質名詞 a. 當物質名詞轉化為個體名詞時。

9、 比較： Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一種食物。 (不可數)These cakes are sweet. 這些蛋糕很好吃。 (可數) b. 當物質名詞表示該物質的種類時，名詞可數。 This factory produces steel. (不可數) We need various steels. (可數) c. 當物質名詞表示份數時，可數。 Our country is famous for tea. 我國因茶葉而聞名。 Two teas, please. 請來兩杯茶。2） 抽象名詞有時也可數。 four freedoms 四大自由 the four moderni

10、zations四個現代化 物質名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表示一定的數量。 如： a glass of water 一杯水 a piece of advice 一條建議1.5 定語名詞的復數名詞作定語一般用單數，但也有以下例外。1) 用復數作定語。 如：sports meeting 運動會 students reading-room 學生閱覽室 talks table 談判桌 the foreign languages department 外語系 2) man, woman, gentleman等作定語時，其單復數以所修飾的名詞的單復數而定。 如：men workers women teac

11、hers gentlemen officials3) 有些原以s結尾的名詞，作定語時，s保留。 如：goods train (貨車) arms produce 武器生產 customs papers 海關文件 clothes brush衣刷4) 數詞+名詞作定語時，這個名詞一般保留單數形式。 如：two-dozen eggs 兩打/（二十四個雞蛋) a ten-mile walk 十里路 two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹 a five-year plan. 一個五年計劃 個別的有用復數作定語的，如： a seven-years child1.6 不同國家的人的單復數名稱 總稱(謂語

12、用復數) 一個人 兩個人 中國人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss澳大利亞人the an twoAustralians Australian Australians 俄國人 the Russians a Russian two Russians意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians希臘人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks法國人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen日本人 the Japanese

13、a Japanese two Japanese美國人 the Americans an American two Americans印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians德國人 the Germans a German two Germans英國人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes1.7 名詞的格在英語中有些名詞可以加 “s”來表示所有關系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形

14、式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：a teachers book。名詞所有格的規則如下：1） 單數名詞詞尾加 “s”，復數名詞詞尾沒有s，也要加“s”，如the boys bag 男孩的書包，mens room 男廁所。 2） 若名詞已有復數詞尾-s ，只加 “”，如：the workers struggle 工人的斗爭。 3） 凡不能加“s”的名詞，都可以用 “名詞+of +名詞”的結構來表示所有關系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。4） 在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時，名詞所有格的后面常常不出現它所修飾的名詞，如：the barbers 理發店。5） 如果兩個名詞并列

15、，并且分別有s，則表示“分別有”；只有一個s，則表示“共有”。 如：Johns and Marys room（兩間） John and Marys room（一間） 6） 復合名詞或短語，s 加在最后一個詞的詞尾。如：a month or twos absence【模擬試題】1. The _ of the room were covered with _.A. roofs, leafsB. roofs, leavesC. rooves, leafsD. rooves, leaves2. There are three _ in our factory.A. woman doctorsB. wo

16、men doctorsC. woman doctorD. women doctor3. Which do you prefer _ or _?A. potatos, tomatosB. potatos, tomatoesC. potatoes, tomatosD. potatoes, tomatoes4. They are _ of different presses(出版社). Now they are having a meeting in one of the _ office.A. editor-in-chiefs, editors-in-chiefsB. editors-in-chi

17、ef, editor-in-chiefsC. editors-in-chiefs, editors-in-chiefsD. editors-in-chief, editors-in-chiefs5. The ant has two _.A. stomachesB. stomacksC. stomachD. stomachs6. He doesnt like _ for supper.A. chickB. chickenC. chickensD. chicks7. It was _ hot weather that many of us went swimming.A. soB. suchC.

18、so asD. such a8. _ wonderful space they saw on the room!A. HowB. How aC. WhatD. What a9. We know _ travels not so fast as light.A. soundB. soundsC. the soundsD. a sound10. My family raise a lot of _, including two _.A. cattle, cowsB. cows, cattleC. cattles, cowsD. cow, cattles11. A number of soldier

19、s _ at he camp gate（軍營門口）.A. have gatheredB. has gatheredC. isD. was12. The Browns have spent a large _ of money on their new car.A. dealB. amountC. numberD. size13. _ work has been done to improve the peoples living standard.A. ManyB. A great manyC. A great deal ofD. A number of14. Mr. Li shook _ w

20、armly with a friend.A. handB. a handC. handsD. the hands15. Two _, please.A. coffeeB. coffeesC. cup of coffeeD. cups coffee16. I cant pay as _ as he asked for.A. high price aB. high priceC. a high priceD. high a price17. _ knowledge of space develops rapidly.A. MansB. Mens C. MensD. Persons18.I stay

21、ed at _.A. Xiao WangsB. Wangs homeC. the Wangs D. home of Wang19. Sister Carrie works in a _ factory.A. shoesB. shoesC. shoe D. shoes20. Have you ever read _?A. today newspaperB. newspaper todayC. newspaper of todayD. todays newspaper21. Two _ walk didnt made me tired.A. hourB. hoursC. hoursD. hours

22、22. The mother over there is _ mother.A. Julia and MaryB. Julia and MarysC. Julias and MarysD. Julias and Mary23. Li Mings handwriting is better than _ in the class.A. anyonesB. anyone elseC. anyones elsesD. anyone elses24. The children are playing _ on the _.A. sand, sandB. sands, sandsC. sand, san

23、dsD. sands, sand25. If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller _.A. setB. oneC. copyD. pair26. Tom usually takes a _ in bus on rainy days.A. walkB. rideC. tripD. travel27. We have no _ about where she has gone.A. informationB. newsC. messageD. flash28. Food and _ are daily necessities（需要）for the p

24、eople.A. clothB. clotheC. clothesD. clothing29. My _ of hearing is not so good as it used to be.A. strength B. sense C. powerD. skill30. The _ caused by carelessness _ yesterday. Many workers were killed.A. incident, was happenedB. matter, happenedC. event, was taken placeD. accident, took place31.

25、The room was so quiet that she could hear the _ of her heart.A. beatingB. waysC. knockingD. striking32. _ has been told not to throw waste things anywhere.A. The publicB. PeopleC. WomenD. Man33. He was an _ in the government _.A. office, officialB. official, officeC. officer, officeD. official, offi

26、cer34. There are several _ in this novel who are different in _.A. character, characterB. characters, charactersC. character, charactersD. characters, character35. We visited him _ when he was in hospital.A. every other daysB. each other dayC. every other dayD. every two day36. My friend will return

27、 in _.A. one day or twoB. a day or twoC. one or two dayD. a or two days37. _ is always difficult for me.A. TranslationB. TranslateC. The translationD. A translation38. _ of this novel is excellent, quite to my surprise.A. TranslationB. TranslateC. The translationD. A translation39. The police _ look

28、ing into the matter now.A. beB. isC. areD. are going to40. The Chinese are _ brave and hard working people.A. the B. aC. /D. one41. No news _ good news.A. isB. areC. haveD. has42. Maths still _ very difficult for me, though I have done my best.A. looksB. seemsC. isD. are43. “Where _ my trousers?” th

29、e boy asked.A. isB. wasC. were D. are44. How happy they are! Obviously, they are _.A. in nice spiritsB. in nice spiritC. in high spiritsD. in high spirit45. I saw many _ seated in the corner reading something.A. JapaneseB. JapanesesC. of JapaneseD. of Japaneses46. Father went to his doctor for _ abo

30、ut his heart trouble.A. an adviceB. adviceC. advicesD. the advices47. We are _ and they are _.A. Englishmen, GermansB. Englishmen, GermanC. Englishmans, GermansD. Englishmen, Germen48. _ are made of _.A. A glass, a glassB. Glasses, glassC. The glass, the glassD. Glasses, glasses49. Ill have to buy _

31、 trousers.A. aB. twoC. a pair ofD. a couple of50. There are two _ in our class.A. LiuB. LiusC. LiusD. Lius51. _ is needed in cold countries.A. A lot of clothesB. Much clothingC. Many a clothD. Lots of clothes52. They are _.A. mathematics studentB. mathematic studentsC. students in mathematicsD. math

32、ematics students53. The laboratory assistant recorded the _ reactions（反應）.A. mousesB. miceC. micesD. mices54. This letter was sent by _.A. my father friendB. my father friendsC. a friend of my fathersD. a friend of my father55. Ten years had passed. I found she had _.A. a little white hairB. some wh

33、ite hairC. a few white hairD. a few white hairs56. I have made _ with Billy.A. friendsB. friendC. a friendD. the friend57. The population of Beijing is _ than that of Xian.A. moreB. largerC. fewerD. small58. There are thirty-two _ in our school.A. woman teacherB. women teacherC. women teachersD. wom

34、an teachers59. He had tried everything but it made little_ . A. use B. good C. difference D. result60. You must get there within half an hour. There should be no_ in sending the blood to the dying man. A. wait B. delay C. time D. hurry61. Enough of it! Nobody here thinks what you are saying should m

35、ake any_ . A. excuse B. sense C. use D. value62. -How dare you play on such thin ice?-Playing on ice is not my _of spare time. A. idea B. thought C. mind D. intention63. Helen said she would like to go to Atlanta by air, but I wonder if she has enough money to pay for the_ . A. travel B. tourism C.

36、journey D. course64. One splendid mountain_ followed another during our journey from Mieheel more to Rurunz. A. view B. glance C. screen D. scene65.The new law will come into _on the day it is passed. (1999上海) A. effect B. use C. service D. existence66. When you play football, what _do you play? A.

37、situation B. place C. part D. position67. Its important for us to employ a word or a phrase according to the_in language studies. A. situation B. expression C. condition D. translation68. I wrote him a letter to show my _of his thoughtfulness. A. achievement B. agreement C. view D. appreciation69. O

38、ne of the advantages of living on the top floor of a high-rise is that you can get a good_ . A. sight B. scene C. view D. look70. Nowadays natural gas, wind and other forms of _are widely used in the country. A. energy B. force C. power D. materials71. _with foreign countries can bring us much infor

39、mation about the world. A. Contrast B. Competition C. Contact D. Combination72. We all know that _ speak louder than words.A. movements B. performances C. operations D. actions73. We have worked out the plan and now we must put it into _.(NMET1997 38) A. fact B. reality C. practice D. deed 74. Weve missed the last bus. Im afraid we have no _but to take a taxi.(NMET 1993 ,33) A. way B. choice C. possibility D. selection75. He dropped the _and broke it . (NMET 1993, 38) A. cup of coffee B.