1、淺析愛默生的論自助人生自主的源泉     AbstractEmerson, Ralph Waldo is an outstanding American writer in the nineteenth century. His work Self-Reliance is an important and influential work which encourages a man to be confident and independent. Through the analysis and research of Emerson and his

2、works, the thesis explores four main ideas in the work, including “The Confidence” , “The Independence” , “The Personality” , “Showing no Sympathy to the Poor”, of which “The Confidence” is the core point in this thesis. Based on the research of the four ideas, the thesis discusses the enlightenment

3、s on todays society, including the enlightenments on the confident and optimistic attitudes towards life, the promotion of females self-reliance, the influence on individuals success and a countrys prosperity.Key WordsSelf-reliance; Emerson; enlightenment  摘要拉爾夫華爾多愛默生是美國十九世紀著名的作家，論自助是其極具影響

4、力的一部作品，也是一部激勵人們自信、獨立的作品。論文從分析、研究愛默生及其作品出發，探索了作品中的四種主要思想，包括“自信”、“獨立”、“個性”、“拒絕對窮人的同情”，其中，“自信”是論文的核心。在研究作品主要思想的基礎上，論文探討了作品的主要思想對當今社會的啟迪和影響，包括對樂觀自信生活態度的啟迪、對女性自助思想的促進、對個人成功的影響及對國家繁榮與富強的影響。關鍵詞愛默生； 自助 ； 啟迪 IntroductionEmerson, Ralph Waldo was one of the most outstanding American writers in the19th cen

5、tury; he experienced much in his whole life. His Self-Reliance is an influential work which deeply attracts many readers. “Believe in Oneself” is the main idea expressed and analyzed in the work. In Self-Reliance, there exist four kinds of important thoughts. The first kind of thought is “The Confid

6、ence”. Emerson advocated that a man must show his opinion confidently and bravely in spite of different ideas. “The Independence” is the second kind of important thought which is expressed in Self-Reliance. A man should keep himself firmly but not be easily influenced by environment. The third kind

7、of thought is to keep personality, which is closely related to the confidence and the independence. From Emersons opinion, a man must keep his personality and conform to his own principles. “Showing no Sympathy to the Poor” is the fourth kind of thought in the work. It shows that why the poor are po

8、or is mainly due to their backward thinking. Showing help to this kind of people means doing harm to them. All these ideas in Emersons Self-reliance have enlightenments on todays society. They help people take confident and optimistic attitudes towards life. These important thoughts enlighten the fe

9、male to be confident and strive for their social status. Besides, they are crucial for individuals success. Each man who possesses the thoughts is easy to make progress and achieve success. Moreover, a countrys prosperity is established on the basis of confidence and independence. I. A Brief In

10、troduction to Emerson and His Self-RelianceA. Emerson, Ralph WaldoEmerson was one of the most outstanding American writers in the 19th century. He was born in a clergymans family in Boston in 1803 and raised by his mother and aunt. America was lively but disordered when he was born. Some people were

11、 aware of the appearance of new power, but nobody could express it clearly. He entered Harvard University when he was 14 years old. During this period of time, he read a large numbers of books about Britain romanticism and enriched his thoughts. Three years later, he graduated and became a teacher f

12、or two years. In 1826, he entered seminary of Harvard and formally appointed as priest in 1829. However, he resigned 3 years later for two reasons, that is, he was unsatisfied with the dogma and his wife died of illness. Then he traveled around Europe and got to know some famous writers. He was deep

13、ly influenced by romanticism and gradually formed his own transcendentalism. He returned to his country in 1834 and then settled with his second wife in Concord. In the time following, he published Nature that includes almost all his important ideas. From that time on, he made addresses everywhere p

14、ublicly and gradually became a celebrated scholar in America. Emerson always held a small party with his friends and made discussion about theology, philosophy and sociology. Such kind of party was called transcendentalism club at that time. Naturally, Emerson became the leader of transcendentalism

15、and was responsible for brining transcendentalism to England.Emerson collected all his speech materials and made a book called Essays, including Self-reliance, Love, and Friendship and so on. Emersons Essays speaks highly of the man who should trust their own suggestion. He advocated that a man shou

16、ld develop the national pride and opposed following the others saying. Almost all his speeches made a deep influence on Americas national civilization. In 1837, he published a famous speech which declared that the American literature was separated from Britain literature. He was also the spokesman o

17、f transcendentalism. Emerson abandoned the thought which takes god as the centre. He raised the idea that the man could know the truth by instinct, so to some extent, the man is the god. Then he cried out that Believe in Yourself. His opinion reflected the advancing spirit of capitalism society. Thi

18、s positive spirit was called as American religion and it pushed the development of national spirit of America. He was the clairvoyant of American spirit and belonged to America, Emersons thoughts and works largely promoted the establishment and development of American national spirit.B. Self-Relianc

19、e Emersons works deeply attract readers, especially Self-Reliance, which is from Essays. This prose is finished according to a series of speech materials between 1836 and 1837. Self-Reliance is his significant work which expresses his idea of transcendentalism. “Believe in Yourself” is the core

20、 point of Self-Reliance. Emerson opposed all forms of imitation in the works. He thought the man should believe he was excellent at any time. The real man should learn how to reject to drift with the stream. If a man is afraid of public opinion or compelled him to do something unchanged, he will pos

21、sibly lose the innovative ability which leads him to success. If a person doesnt want to let him or the society down, he must comply with the principles in his inner heart, yet the people who comply with the authority, tradition or current system means break this principle. The ideas which Emerson e

22、xpressed in his prose are largely different. They agreed with the American peoples optimistic spirit at that time. Above all, he believed in individualism, independence and self-reliance. His works is not easy to be understood. He reconstructed the common literature images in writing skill and endow

23、ed the works with new ideas. Generally, the readers have a common view that his ideas are special and unique.Nowadays, there are many books about self-support. The authors express a series of ideas as Emerson did. The difference is that the common books are easier to be understood. The authors use s

24、imple sentences in their works so that all readers can easily know what the authors express. But Emersons Self-reliance is needed to read many times. He mainly expressed four important ideas in this works, including “The Confidence”, “The Independence”, “The Personality”, “Showing No Sympathy to the

25、 Poor”. “The confidence” is a core point which Emerson stressed in Self-Reliance. All men should trust their own opinions in spite of the different ideas. Emerson thought a man should trust himself firmly. “The Independence” is another subject which Self-Reliance fully elaborates. It expresses that

26、a man should act independently but not always relies on the other people. Besides, “Showing no Sympathy to the Poor” agrees with the idea of self-support. In the works, Emerson gave the opinion that the poor are lack of advancing ideas. The result of supporting the poor is to do harm to them. At las

27、t, to be a self-reliant person, the man should keep his personality. These ideas are important in todays society. This prose exerts much influence on many ordinary people. II. The Analysis on Emersons Thoughts in Self-RelianceSelf-Reliance is not an average work. Its content is difficult for re

28、aders to understand. Emerson showed many of his opinions about life in the work. The most important ideas include “The Confidence”, “The Independence”, “The Personality”, and “Showing no Sympathy to the Poor”. These ideas are practicable and meaningful for the readers lives.A. The Confidence Self-Re

29、liance is one of Emersons important works which express his transcendentalism. “Believe in Oneself” is the core point in it. In the works, Emerson showed his opinions about the confidence. He criticized all forms of imitation and opposed all self-abased people. The confidence is an evident idea whic

30、h Emerson gave in Self-Reliance. He thought that the confidence was a very important virtue. The philosophical idea which he expressed in Self-Reliance had its special power. It enlightened many people and catered to the spirit of optimism in America at that time.Emerson believed a man must trust hi

31、mself and be himself. Many self-abased people cant express themselves bravely and are ashamed of their divine ideas just because the ideas are their own. Emerson believed that the man should concern his own points of view and keep them steadfastly. In his opinion: “A man should learn to detect and w

32、atch the gleam of light flashes across his mind from within, more than the luster of the firmament of bards and cages. Yet he dismisses without notice his thought, because it is his.”(Emerson, P7, 2005) From this sentence, it can be acquired that Emerson gave support for expressing ones own ideas lo

33、udly and bravely in spite of the others existence. Emersons opinions enlighten a man to keep his original saying in the face of mixed voices. As an individual in society, a man shouldnt suspect himself, or the suspicion from the other people will attack him constantly. The person who doesnt believe

34、in himself will never win the others credibility. In Emersons Self-Reliance, It is a little difficult to understand the meaning. However, “Trust Yourself” is expressed clearly and can be known by readers easily. The author showed the idea that the man should own the spirit of self-confidence and try

35、 to be the true himself. For example, Emerson said in Self-reliance: “Let us never bow and apologize more. A great man is coming to eat at my house, I do not wish to please him; I wish that he should wish to please me”. (Emerson, P20, 2005) On Emersons saying, it is known that he supported the man t

36、o be himself generously in spite of the other peoples social status. Once a person comes to the world, he is possible to be the best one. However, many people are generally timid, and they are no longer upright, they are afraid of saying “I think”, but only quote motto. As a matter of fact, Emerson

37、encouraged the people to express “I think”, “I am” bravely and directly. These words clearly prove the spirit of self-trust.There is a popular saying that “if you think you can, you can”. The confidence is the first step to make success. And Emerson showed the valuable idea in his works. It is belie

38、ved that the readers are more confident after they finished Self-reliance.B. The IndependenceJust as “The Confidence”, “The Independence” is also a significant idea which Emerson showed in the works. “The Independence” is closely related with the spirit of self-reliance. The author mentioned “The In

39、dependence” everywhere in the works. Emerson supported the man to be the true himself independently.Each person should act according to what he thinks. According to Emersons original words: “what I must do is all that concerns me, not what the people think”(Emerson, P15, 2005)，Emerson thought that t

40、he people shouldnt be influenced by the others. Each one is the first who knows himself much. It is known that the only right is to conform to the mans own will, namely, the only wrong thing is what is against his own will. Emerson supported that the people insist on carrying themselves in the face

41、of all opposition. The true self-independence is void of others encouragement; prize is just as an auxiliary function for achievements. The true self-independent man is one who still stand firmly when all people fall over, and who himself plays the major role in his world, while all the other person

42、s are supporting roles. Emerson pointed out that it was easy to live after the worlds opinion. Most people prefer to this in daily lives. But a great man always separates himself from the crowds.Generally speaking, many people are easily influenced by environment. Emerson sharply opposed this idea i

43、n Self-Reliance. He thought the man should cultivate the personality of self-independence. Emerson expressed another kind of viewpoint, that is, consistency, which is in large scale a kind of self-trust. He once said: “A reverence for our past act or word, because the eyes of others have no other da

44、ta for computing our orbit than our past acts, and we are loath to disappoint them”. (Emerson, P16, 2005) Indeed, a large number of person always cope with their lives in the same way, because they are afraid of being defeated by new methods. However, they are lack of innovation, which makes them la

45、ck of self-independence. Because of their consistency, it is very difficult for them to make progress or stride in life. Independence is established on the basis of continuous new progress.  Therefore, the spirit of innovation can strengthen self-reliance. Emerson said: “Nature suffers nothing

46、to remain in her kingdoms which cannot help itself. The genesis and maturation of a planet, its poise and orbit, the bended tree recovering itself from the strong wind, the vital resources of every animal and vegetable, are demonstrations of self-sufficing, and therefore self-relying soul”. (Emerson

47、, p30, 2005) According to Emersons words, the society refuses the persons without self-reliance. No one can help the man except himself. Those independent people can stand easily and stably.Independence is an indispensable quality for ones success. Emerson pointed out that the man without any indepe

48、ndent idea is difficult to conduct himself. Therefore, it is very necessary to form the habit of self-reliance.C. The PersonalityIn Self-Reliance, Emerson advocated that a man should do everything according to his own will. This thought is closely related with the idea of confidence. A confident man

49、 is the one who always keeps his own personality. It is a very important thought which Emerson expressed in the works. It does help the readers to be confident.Nowadays, many people tend to chase fashion and imitate stars. Some people love the stars characters deeply and even want to be a star. In f

50、act, these people are excellent in many aspects, but they never look for their merits carefully. It is said in The Best Seller in the World: “Im the greatest miracle in the nature; no one is same with me since the god created the world. My head, eyes, ears, hands are distinctive. Im the uniqueness i

51、n the world.”(Og Mandino, p45, 1996) From this opinion, it is known that each man is different, and each man has his own worth in the world. It is useless to imitate anyone. Emerson suggested the man express their opinions loudly and bravely even if they are wrong. A man should conform to his own pr

52、inciples and live on his way. Emerson said: “No law can be scared to me but that of my nature. Good and bad are but names very readily transferable to that or this; the only right is what is after my constitution, the only wrong what is against it. A man is to carry himself in the presence of all op

53、position, as if everything were titular and ephemeral but me.”(Emerson, P10, 2005) From the words, it is evident that a man should keep himself in spite of the others existence. Once the decision has been made, it is uneasy to change it or give it up. There is a fact that some people are different f

54、rom before after the environments are changed. It is obvious that these people are influenced by the others and are easy to follow the others principles and forget their own. Emerson gave the readers a very typical example: “Infancy conforms to nobody, all conforms to it, so that one baby commonly m

55、akes four or fives out of adults who pattle and play to it”. (Emerson, p8, 2005) It shows that if a man often keeps his own personality, he is able to make the environment different. The mans inner power is limitless; he is able to change the whole world if he stands on his own feet forever. Emerson

56、 always lived in his own world and never mixed with the man whom he did not belong to. He said; “I will not hide my tastes or aversions, I will so trust that what is deep is holy, that I will do strongly before the sun and moon whatever inly rejoices me, and the heart appoints, if you are noble, I w

57、ill love you, if you are not, I will not hurt you and myself by hypocritical attentions”. (Emerson, P32, 2005) These points of view are easy to be understood. The core point is that a man should insist that his idea be the best one.As a mater of fact, it is the mans faith, not the environment that i

58、nfluences peoples lives. A successful man is the one who deeply trusts his inner power. He is never influenced by the environment.D. Showing no Sympathy to the PoorIn Self-reliance, Emerson fundamentally showed the idea of confidence and independence. Besides these ideas, he illustrated the idea of

59、“Showing no sympathy to the Poor”. This point of view agrees with the confidence and independence. Emerson indirectly showed the reason why the man is poor and why no sympathy should be showed to the poor. From Self-Reliance, Emerson never sympathized with the person who had no relation with him. He just did what he should do. He said: “Expect me not to show causes why I seek or why I exclude company. Then again, do not tell me, as a good man did today, of my obligation to put all poor men in good situations. Are they my poor? I tell your, your foolish philanthropist, that I grudge th