1、僅供學(xué)習(xí)與交流收集于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，如有侵權(quán)請(qǐng)聯(lián)系管理員刪除2017年"普譯獎(jiǎng)"全國(guó)大學(xué)生翻譯比賽英譯漢Things are not just inert objects that simply do what we make themdo. They carry meanings, meanings sometimes so powerful that they over- whe I m the i r use ent i re I y. The doub I e I ife of thi ngs i s most eas i I y spotted at the upper e

2、nd of consum pt ion. The court, for i nstance. had to be fi I led w i th objects of the f i nest qua I i ty. not because an expens i ve el egant stoo I was more usefuI than a cheap sturdy one. but because it was doing more work than supporting the rear end of the person sitting on it. It was what it

3、 was because it had to publ icize the wea I th and elegance that the court was expected to embody.The Yuan and Ming courts were accord ingly major consumers of Iuxury objects; paintings to be hung on walls, furniture to be sat on, place settings ordered from the porcelain kilns in Jingdezhen. silks

4、to dress themseIves and thei r families, eIegantIy bound books to read and to present to loyal subordinates. The scale of courtly consumption was vast.An ent i re app aratus of state workshops, some of them within the p rec in cts of the pa I ace i tse I f. some i n key manufactur i ng cities such a

5、s Suzhou and Hangzhou, came into being to manufacture the Iuxury objects the court commanded. Popular taste foI I owed suit, of course. People outs i de the i mper i a I fami I y eyed these I uxur i es for themse I ves and conn i ved to consume them, though they cou I d on I y do so within some very

6、 p art i cu I ar rules such as making sure that whenever you bought something with a dragon on it, that dragon's feet sp orted only four claws i nstead of five. Reca I I that the di scovery of bowls decorated with dragons counted against the Jesuits.Taste was not a one-way conveyor belt extendin

7、g from the court to corded with the i r own consumption prefersnces These hinged not on what was costly and conspicuous (though it was always nice to be noticed, esp eci a I I y whe n you had p aid a lot for the thing being consumed) but on what was elegant. EIegance was a tough cr iter ion to maste

8、r, tough enough to stump the nouveaux riches. It couId even be tough enough to put emperors at a disadvantage, which was the point. What did an emperor have except Heaven* s mandate, a secur ity apparatus, and an apparent ly endless supply of cash? Without hi s Confuc i an tutors, he could have no k

9、no w I edge of the subjects of which men of good taste should be in fuI I command: ant iquit ies, pa inti ng, calligraphy, books, even comportment. Khubi lai and Zhu Yuanzhang did not trouble themseIves about master ing such arcana. Thei rsociety- Some people might wi sh to imitate the emperor by ac

10、qui r i ng objects he consumed, or more likely knock-offs of the reaI things. to men of discrimination, th i s was a losing game. Better to set your standardsand this i s what the gentry did. developing styles thatthebutownac-one.descendants, many of whom came to the throne as chi Idren, did no bett

11、er. They had tutors i n such matters, but they I istened to them half-hearted I y. Compared to thei r Song predecessors, the thi rty Yuan and Ming emperors stand out for thei r utter lack of cultural attainments. The exce pt ion i s the Xuande emperor (r. 1426 - 1435), grandson of Yong Ie and great-

12、grandson of the founder he rare case of an emperor suff iciently absorbed in the culture of elegance to achieve reaI ski I I as a painter. But he is the on IyI n an economy based as much on taste as on money, the emperor as wea I thy consumer had to cede place to the gentry connoi sseur as eIegant c

13、onsumer. Emperors mere Iy possessed things, whereas connoi sseurs used them to express the highest i deas of thei r culture; thoughtful contempl at ion, aesthetic discernment, and good taste. The two pract i ces of consumpt ion the conspicuous and the eIeganti nfIuenced each other, but large Iy went

14、 on in separate social realms. Thus, while Zhu Yuanzhang was f urn ishing h i s pa I ace i n Nan j i ng, a wea I thy co I I ector by the name of CaoZhao was in the same city com pi I i ng a guide to col I ect ing elegant artifacts. Essent i a I Cr iter ia for Discrim inat i ng Antiquities (Gewu yaol

15、un), which taught gentry readers how to identify objects worth collecting and to appreci ate them without being tainted by the urge to possess them. The emperor would not have been interested. Still, whether merely acquisitive or deeply cultural, consumption had the powerfuI effect of stimulating th

16、e Greation of an extraordinary oeuvre of art and artifacts that defines what most people think of as "Ming"From：THE TROUBLED EMP I RE-CH INA IN THE YUAN AND MI NG DYNAST IESAuthor: CANADA Timothy Brook事物不僅僅是惰性物體，只做我們讓它們做的事情。它們具有意義，意義有時(shí) 如此強(qiáng)大，以至于完全超出了他們的使用范圍。事物的雙重生活最容易發(fā)現(xiàn)在消 學(xué)習(xí)中不僅要向書(shū)本學(xué)習(xí)，也要向?qū)嵺`學(xué)

17、習(xí)。與此同時(shí)，也應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)勇于打破常規(guī) 創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)的開(kāi)拓精神。"大眾創(chuàng)業(yè)、萬(wàn)眾創(chuàng)新”，核心在于激發(fā)人的創(chuàng)造力，尤其在于激發(fā)青年的創(chuàng) 造力。青年愿創(chuàng)業(yè)，社會(huì)才生機(jī)盎然：青年?duì)巹?chuàng)新，國(guó)家就朝氣蓬勃。我很欣賞你們信中所說(shuō)的，在創(chuàng)客的時(shí)代，創(chuàng)造不再是少數(shù)人的專業(yè)，而是 多數(shù)人的機(jī)會(huì)。政府將會(huì)出臺(tái)更多的積極政策，為"眾創(chuàng)空間"清障搭臺(tái)，為創(chuàng)客 們施展才華、實(shí)現(xiàn)人生價(jià)值提供更加廣闊的舞臺(tái)。希望你們不斷豐富創(chuàng)客文化， 把創(chuàng)客種子在更大范圍播撒開(kāi)來(lái)。有機(jī)會(huì)我會(huì)去清華大學(xué)看望你們的創(chuàng)客團(tuán)隊(duì)。 向老師和同學(xué)們問(wèn)好！出處：http:/www gov cn/prem i er/2015-05/

18、04/content_2856705- htmTsinghua University students:"May Fourth" youth before the hoi iday. recei ved your letter. I am touched by your vital i ty and the spirit of your i nnovat i on. The mystery will be transformed i nto a rea I product by makes, which i s engraved on your cam pus sundia

19、l "line i s better than words, the school spirit complement each other. There i s no doubt that I earn i ng i s the f i rst task of the students I hope that contemporary col lege students have to study the fine attitude of learning, I earn basic knowledge, imp rove the basic skills, build sol i

20、d basic research, and study from both books and practics. At the same time, students should a I so be encouraged to break the convent i on and deveI op i nnovat i on."Mass entrepreneurship and i nnovat i on", the core i s to stimulate people's creativity, especially to stimulate the cr

21、eativity of young people Society i s fulI of vital ity,as youth i s willing to start a business;And our country will be vibrant as youth i s striving for i nnovat i on.I appreci ate what you sa i d i n the letter, i n the era of creation, creat i on i s no Ionger the profess i on, but most minority people's opportunities. The government wiI I introduce more positive policies for the creat i ve peop I e to d i sp I ay the i r ta I ent to ach i eve the va I ue of I i fe.