1、I時間：since, ever since, from then on, soon after, afterward, until, in the meantime, meanwhile, at the same time, simultaneously II列舉：對一類事物舉出具體的例子。通常表現為前面是復數或者抽象的概念，后面是這個概念中的一個或幾個事物。firstly, secondly, finally; next, last；for example/instance, such as；someothersstill others；for one thing, for the

2、 other邪說：一、區分for instance/example和such as. 前者往往是舉“事”（做什么或誰做什么），后者是舉“物”（什么東西）；舉事往往與前文用逗號分開，甚至另起一句再排陣勢；舉物則多結合在一起，當然也可分開。The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West.31Aas to Bfor instance Cin particularD

3、such as題解：前為復數cases案件, 后為單數trial審判, 后者是對前者的列舉，是一個名詞短語代表的“物”，故選D。However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be wise to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, 28 , publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews,

4、displaying student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs.28. A. in effect B. as a result C. for example D. in a sense題解：前為復數activities活動，后為對活動的列舉，與前文逗號分開，且為“事”（做什么），故C。The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors available for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20 the smell of smoke, which

5、might indicate the danger of fire.20. Asimilar toBsuch as Calong with Daside from題解：后面“煙味”是前文“緊急信號”之一種，故B。二、such as有兩種用法。Such A as B及A such as B. 如such teachers as Tom，teachers such as Tom，都是對的。 III：讓步：（對立）though, although, even though/when/if, in spite of, despite, given邪說：注意幾個特殊的詞。一、Though和al

6、though一般做“雖然”，引導從句，也就是重心是在主句“但是”上。但有時這兩個詞都可說成“但是”，反而是意思的核心。Getting enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for excess vitamins. Many people, 50 , believe in being on the "safe side" and thus take extra vitamins.50. (A) nevertheless (B) therefore (C) m

7、oreover (D) meanwhile題解：空格前后是逗號，說明考的句間關系。本句說的是很多人相信吃得多些比較好，要看前一句來決定是因果還是轉折等。前一句說獲取足夠的維他命對生命來說是重要的，although過了沒有用。如果前面主句是重心，則50該選C，構成因果關系。而根據上下文，其實重心已轉移到了although從句，although應該說成“但是”，這樣與下句是反的，選A。Though更是另有絕用，讓人大跌眼鏡。In fact，5 , we are extremely sensitive to smells, 6 we do not generally realize it.5. Aa

8、nyway Bthough Cinstead Dtherefore題解：首先要知道，兩個逗號之間的連接副詞，表示的是與前一句之間的關系。由上文可知是轉折，此處似乎只有though能擔此任,而它恰恰可以勝似無礙。它還可以放在一句的最后，同樣表示轉折。二、given看起來是個過去分詞，但叛變了，多作介詞用，given that還可跟從句，所表示的邏輯關系，可順可反，順的請看下面“因果”中的表現，此處單表反的，即相當于“雖然有”。Given all the disadvantages, he managed to win. 雖有各種不利，他還是爭取到成功。 IV轉折：（對立）but, ho

9、wever, yet；nevertheless, nonetheless；instead, instead of；notbut, rather than；fortunately, unfortunately；in fact邪說：一、區分instead, instead of. Instead of是介詞性，后面跟名詞構成介賓短語，大致可說成“不是”，暗示著后面是“而是”。Instead of Mary, who looks great, he chose Helen, she feels good. 他不是選擇的看起來好的瑪麗，而選擇了感覺好的海倫。Instead則是一個連接副詞，表示兩句間關

10、系。He didnt choose Mary. Instead, he choose Helen. 他沒有選擇瑪麗。相反，他選擇了海倫。二、in fact 事實上，暗含的意思是要對一些主觀的也就是非事實性的猜測進行澄清。You may assume that I am rich. In fact, I have anything but money. 你可能認為我有錢。事實上，俺都有就是沒錢。 V對照:conversely, on the contrary, by/in contrast, on the other hand；while/when/as/whereas；someoth

11、ersstill others邪說：Conversly, on the contrary, by/in contrast，on the other hand多用于連接獨立的句子，表示對照。While, when, as, whereas則用于句內，兩個分句間的對照，用法各有千秋。Whereas是正宗經典，全心全意表對照，用法也標準：引導一個完整的句子。只有While引導的句子可以省略成短語形式。We are trying our best, whereas they are wasting time. 我們正竭盡所能，他們卻在浪費時間。We are not to ask much while

12、doing little. 我們不該要求多卻做得少。Many others, _14_ not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday survival skills need to turn their lives around.14. Awhen Bonce Cwhile Dwhereas 題解：此短語與主句形成相反關系，但只是一個短語，不能用D引導，故C。Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, 9 o

13、thers are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.9. Awhen Bsince Cfor Dwhereas題解：前后相反，且是完整句，選D。理論上似乎A也有希望，誰叫它不是嫡系，是本來表時間，起義過來的呢。 VI因果：（因果）because, for, as, since, now that, in that；due to, owing to, thanks to；therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently as, as a result；derive/stem/result

14、from, result in；cause, lead to, grive rise/birth to, bring about, account for, be responsible for, contribute to；in (the )light of, in view of, by virtue of；oweto., attribute to, ascribeto；given, considering邪說：because, for, as, since, now that, in that是連詞，也就是后面跟一個完整的句子；due to, owing to, thanks to都是介

15、詞性短語，后面跟名詞性成分；therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently as, as a result為連接副詞，常用于句子之間表示因果關系；derive/stem/result from是動詞短語，from后跟原因; result in后跟結果。cause, lead to, grive rise/birth to, bring about, account for, be responsible for, contribute to也是動詞短語，都是前因后果，說成“導致/造成”等；in (the )light of, in view

16、of, by virtue of是三個特殊的介詞性短語，因為字面義與因果關系似乎少有關聯，需特別記憶；oweto., attribute to, ascribeto是追索原因的動詞短語，相當于“將歸因于”；given, considering本來是過去分詞與現在分詞，但發生了基因突變，可用于介詞，都可表因果關系，意思是“因為有，考慮到”。當然如上面已述，given也可表讓步關系。 VII相似：like, likewise, similarly, equally, also, too, as wellVIII遞進：（遞進）furthermore, moreover, whats mor

17、e；besides, in addition, additionally；even, indeed, go so far as to邪說：注意furthermore, moreover, whats more三個表達法，都包含一個more, 決定其遞進的基本義。重點關注indeed, 因為字面上與暗含轉折的in fact相同，邏輯上卻大相徑庭。The homeless make up a growing percentage of Americas population. _1_ homelessness has reached such proportions that local government cant possi