1、中國科學院2004年3月博士研究生入學考試試題PART VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each) Directions: Choose the word or word below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machinescoring Answer Sheet.2

2、1. A knowledge of history us to deal with the vast range of problems confronting the contemporary world.A. equips B. provides C.offers D. satisfies22. In assessing the impact of the loss of a parent through death and divorce it was the distortion of family relationships not the of the bond with the

3、parent in divorce that was vital.A. disposition B. distinction C.distribution D. disruption23. Finally, let's a critical issue in any honest exploration of our attitudes towards old people, namely the value which our society ascribes to them.A. stick to B. turn to C.lead to D. take to24. Smuggli

4、ng is a_activity which might bring destruction to our economy; therefore, it must be banned.A. pertinent B. fruitful C.detrimental D. casual25. The manufacturer was forced to return the money to the consumers under_of law.A. guideline B. definition C.constraint D. idetity26. The food was divided_acc

5、ording to the age and size of the child.A. equally B. individually C.sufficiently D. proportionally27. Horseback riding_both the skill of handing a horse and the mastery of diverse riding styles.A. embraces B. encourages C.exaggerates D. elaborate28. Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of

6、 food,_their cleanness, toughness, and low cost.A. by virtue of B. in addition to C.for the sake of D. as opposed to29. He cannot_the fact that he was late again for the conference at the university yesterday.A. contribute to B. account for C.identify with D. leave out30. Please do not be_by his had

7、 manners since he is merely trying to attract attention.A. disgusted B. embarrassed C.irritated D. shocked31. For nearly 50 years, Spock has been a_author writing 13 books including an autobiography and numerous magazine articles.A. prevalent B. stand up to C.prospective D. prolific 32. Workers in t

8、his country are getting higher wages while turning out poor products that do not_the test of international competition.A. keep up with B. stand up to C.comply with D. attend to33. The business was forced to close down for a period but was_revived.A. successively B. subsequently C.predominantly D. pr

9、eliminarily34. The book might well have_had it been less expensive.A. worked out B. gone through C.caught on D. fitted in35. We had been taken over by another firm, and a management_was under way.A. cleanup B. setup C.breakout D. takeout36. The poor quality of the film ruined the_perfect product.A.

10、rather B. much C.otherwise D. particularly37. I'll have to_this dress a bit before the wedding next week.A. let off B. let go C.let loose D. let out38. They reached a(n)_to keep their dispute out of the mass madia.A. understanding B. acknowledgement C.limitations D. misgivings39. After walking f

11、or hours without finding the village, we began to have_about our map.A. troubles B. fears C.limitations D. misgivings40. If you don't want to talk to him, I'll speak to him_.A. on your account B. on your behalf C.for your part D. in your interestPAET CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points) Direct

12、ion: There are 15 blanks in this part of the test, read the passage through, Then, go back and choose the suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the world or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on yo

13、ur Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.The process by means of which human beings arbitrarily make certain things stand for other things many be called the symbolic process.Everywhere we turn, we see the symbolic process at work. There are_ 41_things men do or want to do, possess or want to possess, that h

14、ave not a symbolic value.Almost all fashionable clothes are_ 42_symbolic, so is food. We_ 43_our furniture to serve _ 44_visible symbols of our taste, wealth, and social position. We often choose our houses_ 45_the basis of a feeling that it“looks well”to have a “good address.”We trade perfectly goo

15、d cars in for_ 46_models not always to get better transportation, but to give_ 47_to the community that we can _ 48_it.Such complicated and apparently_ 49_behavior leads philosophers to ask over and over again, “why cna't human beings_ 50_simply and naturally.” Often the complexity of human life

16、 makes us look enviously at the relative_ 51_of such live as dogs and cats. Simply, the fact that symbolic process makes complexity possible is no_ 52_for wanting to_ 53_to a cat and to a cat-and-dog existence. A better solution is to understand the symbolic process_ 54_instead of being its slaves w

17、e become, to some degree at least, its_ 55_.41. A. many B. some C. few D. enough42. A. highlyB. nearlyC. merely D. likely43. A. makdB. get C. possess D. select44. A. ofB. forC. asD. with45. A. onB. toC. atD. for46. A. earlier B. laterC. former D. latter47. A. suggestion B. surprise C. explanation D.

18、 evidence48. A. useB. affordC. ride D. find49. A. uselessB. impossible C. inappropriate D. unnecessary50. A. live B. workC. stay D. behave51. A. passivity B. activity C. simplicity D. complexity52. A. meaning B. reasonC. time D. doubt53. A. lead B. devoteC. proceed D. return54. A. so thatB. in that

19、C. considering thatD. by reason that55. A. teachers B. studentsC. masters D. servantsPART READING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points) Directions: You will read five passage in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some question or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is

20、followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage1The Solar Decathlo

21、n is under way, and trams of students from 14 colleges and universities are building solar-powered homes on the National Mall in Washington, D. C. in an effort to promote this alternative energy source. This week judges in this Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored event will evaluate these homes and

22、 declare one the winner. Unfortunately, for the participants, it rained on the Sept 26th opening ceremonies, and the skies over the Washington have remained mostly overcast since. However, the conditions may have made for a more revealing demonstration of solar energy than was originally planned.Alt

23、hough the Solar Decathlon's purpose is to advertise the benefits of electricity-generating solar panels and other residential solar gadgets, the had weather has made it hard to ignore the limitations. As fate so amply demonstrated, not every day is a sunny day, and indeed D O E's“Solar Villa

24、ge on the National Mall” has received very little of what it needs to run.Since solar is not an always available energy source, even a community consisting entirely of solar homes and businesses would still need to be connected to a constantly-running power plant (most likely natural gas or coal fir

25、ed) to provide reliable electricity. For this reason, the fossil fuel savings and environmental benefits of solar are considerably smaller than many proponents suggest.Washington, D. C. gets its share of sunny days as well, but even so, solar equipment proveds only a modest amount of energy in relat

26、ion to its cost. In fact, a $ 5,000 rooftop photovoltaic system typically generates no more than $ 100 of electricity per year, providing a rate of return comparable to a passbook savings account.Nor do the costs end when the system is installed. Like anything exposed to the elements, solar equipmen

27、t is subject to wear and storm damage, and may need ongoing maintenance and repairs. In addition, the materials that turn sunlight into electricity degrade over time. Thus, solar panels will eventually need to be replaced, most likely before the investment has fully paid itself off in the form of re

28、duced utility bills.Solar energy has always has its share of true believers willing to pay extra to feel good about their homes and themselves. But for homeowners who view it as an investment, it is not a good one. The economic realities are rarely acknowledged by the govenment officials and solar e

29、quipment manufactures involved in the Solar Decathlon and similarly one-sided promotions. By failing to be objective, the pro-solar crowd does consumers a real disservice.56. The Solar Decathlon is most probably the name of a_.A. technology B. contest C. strategy D. machine57. What does the author s

30、ay about the weather?A. It is rare for Washington, D. C. to have such long rainy days.B. It has been raining since Sept 26th for the most of the time.C. It is favorable to the manufacturers to promote solar equipment.D. It has helped see the disadvantages of solar energy.58. What has happened to D O

31、 E's“Solar Village on the National Mall”?A. It has revealed a mechanical problem.B. It lacks the energy for operation.C. It needs substantial financial support.D. It has drawn criticism from the government.59. The environmental benefits of solar power are small because_.A. solar power plants can

32、 hardly avoid polluting their surroundingsB. most people prefer the relatively simple use of fossil fuelC. the uses of solar enery still cannot go without fossil fuelD. only several communities entirely consist of solar energy homes60. It can be inferred that “a passbook savings account”_.A. brings

33、little interestB. brings much interestC. is a deposit of at least $ 100D. is a deposit of at least $ 500061. It can be inferred that in promoting solar energy the US government_.A. admits its limitation of being expensiveB. rarely mentions its cost to homeownersC. stands on the side of the majority

34、of consumersD. remains more objective than the solar equipment manufacturersPassage2Every year, the American Lung Association (ALA) releases its annual report card on smog, and every year it gives an“F” to over helf the nation's counties and cities. When ALA's “State of the Air 2002” recentl

35、y came out, dozens of credulous local journalists once again took the bait, ominously reporting that their corner of the nation received a failing grade. The national coverage was no better, repeating as fact ALA's statement that it is “gravely concerned” about air quality, and neglecting to sol

36、icit the views of even one scientist with a differing view. Too bad, because this report card says a lot less about actual air quality than it does about the tactics and motives of the ALA.The very fact that 60 percent of counties were giver an “F” seems to be alarmist. This is particularly true giv

37、en that smog levels have been trending downward for several decades. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) statistics, ozone, the primary constituent of smog, progress will likely continue, even without the wave of new regulations ALA is now demanding.ALA is correct that some areas

38、still occasionally exceed the federal standard for ozone, but such spiles are far less frequent than in the past. Even Los Angeles, the undisputed smon capital of America, has cleaned up its act considerably. Los Angeler,which exceeded federal smog standards for 154 days in 1989, has had 75percent f

39、ewer such spikes in recent years. But an ALA-assigned“F”misleadingly implies that air quality has not improved at all.Most of the nation is currently in attainment with the current smog standard, and much of the rest is getting close, Nonetheless, ALA chose to assign an “ F”to entire county based on

40、 just a few readings above a strict new EPA standard enacted in 1997 but not yet in force. In effect, ALA demanded a standard even more stringent than the federal government's, which allows some leeway for a few anomalously high reading in otherwise clean areas. ALA further exaggerated the publi

41、c-health hazard by grossly overstating the risks of these relatively minor and sporadic increases above the standard.62.The media's response to ALA's “State of the Air 2002”can best be described as_.A. trusting B. suspicious C. critical D. hesitant63. By citing figures from the EPA, the auth

42、er seem to contend that_ .A. the regulations about smog have proved effectiveB. new regulations are necessary to deal with smogC. smog problems have actually become less seriousD. the federal smog standard has been rather low64. In Paragraph 3, the word “spikes”(in boldface) probably refers to_.A. t

43、he increase above the smog standardB. the irregular readings about air quality in some areasC. the occurrences of smog in Los AngelesD. the current standards demanded by ALA65. The author draws on Los Angeles to prove that the ALA_.A. is right to assign an “F”to that areaB. often bases its report on

44、 the past eventsC. has a good reason to stress smog risksD. has overstated smog problems66. The author agrees with the ALA that_.A. present smog standards should be made stricterB. the standard established by the EPA is effectiveC. some areas fail to meet the federal standard at timesD. poor air qua

45、lity is a major problem nationwide67. One of the problems with the ALA seems to be_.A. its lack of opinions from expertsB. its focus on some irregular casesC. its attempt to make up the dateD. its inconsistent smog standardsPassage3It was (and is )common to think that other animals are ruled by“inst

46、inct”whereas humans lost their instincts and ruled by “reason,”and that this is why we are so much more flexibly interlligent than other animals. William James, in his book Principles of psychology, took the opposite view. He argued that human behavior is more flexibly intelligent than that of other

47、 animals because we have more instincts than they do, not fewer. We tend to be blind to the existence of these instincts, however, precisely because they work so well-because they process information so effortlessly and automatically. They structure our thought so powerfully, he argued, that it can

48、be difficult to imagine how things could be otherwise. As a result, we take“normal” behavior for granted. We do not realize that “normal”behavior needs to be explained at all. This“instinct blindness”makes the study of psychology difficult. To get past this problem, James suggested that we try to ma

49、ke the “natural seen strange.”“It takes a mind debauched by learning to carry the process of making the natural seem strange, so far as to ask for the why of any instinctive human act.”In our view, William James was right about evolutionary psychology. Making the natural seem strange is unnaturalit

50、requires the twisted outlook seen, for example, in Gary Larson cartoons. Yet it is a central part of the enterprise. Many psychologists avoid the study of natural competences, thinking that there is nothing there to be explained. As a result, social psychologists are disappointed unless they find a

51、phenomenon “that would surprise their grandmothers,” and cognitie psychologists spend more time studying how we solve problem we are bad at, like learning math or playing chess, than ones we are good at. But natural competencesour abilities to see, to speak, to find someone beautiful, to reciprocate

52、 a favor, to fear disease, to fall in love, to initiate an attack, to experience moral outrage, to navigate a landscape, and myriad othersare possible only because there is a vast and heterogeneous array of complex computational machinery supporting and regulating these activities. This machinery wo

53、rks so well that we don't even realize that it existswe all suffer from instinct blindness. As a result, psychologists have neglected to study some of the most interesting machinery in the human mind.68. William James believed that man is mor flexibly intelligent than other animals because man i

54、s more_.A. adaptive B. reasonable C. instinctive D. sophisticated69. What do we usually think of our normal behavior?A. It is controlled by powerful thoughts.B. It is beyond the study of psychology.C. It doesn't need to be explained.D. It doesn't seem to be natural sometimes.70. According to

55、 the author, which of the following is most likely studied nowadays by psychologists?A. Why do we smile when pleased?B. Why do we love our children?C. How do we appreciates beautiful?D. How do we reason and process information?71. The author thinks that psychology is to_.A. take the normal behavior for grantedB. make the natural seem strangeC. study abnormal competencesD. make easy things difficult72. The author stresses that our natural abilities are_.A. not replaced by resoningB. the same as other animals'sC. not as complex as we thinkD.